Implement math.gcd in dart.

pkg/math/lib/math.dart

Index: pkg/math/lib/math.dart
diff --git a/pkg/math/lib/math.dart b/pkg/math/lib/math.dart
index 9958bec52ba1800eb71959658cd887967d62e4f5..323bcf7b4d66da6bab47b94ed916e0269343adf1 100644
--- a/pkg/math/lib/math.dart
+++ b/pkg/math/lib/math.dart
@@ -4,4 +4,151 @@
 
 library dart.pkg.math;
 
-// Placeholder library, reserved for future extension.
+/**
+ * Computes the greatest common divisor between [a] and [b].
+ *
+ * The result is always positive even if either `a` or `b` is negative.
+ */
+int gcd(int a, int b) {
+  if (a == null) throw new ArgumentError(a);
+  if (b == null) throw new ArgumentError(b);
+  a = a.abs();
+  b = b.abs();
+
+  // Iterative Binary GCD algorithm.
+  if (a == 0) return b;
+  if (b == 0) return a;
+  int powerOfTwo = 1;
+  while (((a | b) & 1) == 0) {
+    powerOfTwo *= 2;
+    a ~/= 2;
+    b ~/= 2;
+  }
+
+  while (a.isEven) a ~/= 2;
+
+  do {
+    while (b.isEven) b ~/= 2;
+    if (a > b) {
+      int temp = b;
+      b = a;
+      a = temp;
+    }
+    b -= a;
+  } while (b != 0);
+
+  return a * powerOfTwo;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the greatest common divisor between [a] and [b], as well as [x] and
+ * [y] such that `ax+by == gcd(a,b)`.
+ *
+ * The return value is a List of three ints: the greatest common divisor, `x`,
+ * and `y`, in that order.
+ */
+List<int> gcdext(int a, int b) {
+  if (a == null) throw new ArgumentError(a);
+  if (b == null) throw new ArgumentError(b);
+
+  if (a < 0) {
+    List<int> result = gcdext(-a, b);
+    result[1] = -result[1];
+    return result;
+  }
+  if (b < 0) {
+    List<int> result = gcdext(a, -b);
+    result[2] = -result[2];
+    return result;
+  }
+
+  int r0 = a;
+  int r1 = b;
+  int x0, x1, y0, y1;
+  x0 = y1 = 1;
+  x1 = y0 = 0;
+
+  while (r1 != 0) {
+    int q = r0 ~/ r1;
+    int tmp = r0;
+    r0 = r1;
+    r1 = tmp - q*r1;
+
+    tmp = x0;
+    x0 = x1;
+    x1 = tmp - q*x1;
+
+    tmp = y0;
+    y0 = y1;
+    y1 = tmp - q*y1;
+  }
+
+  return new List<int>(3)
+      ..[0] = r0
+      ..[1] = x0
+      ..[2] = y0;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the inverse of [a] modulo [m].
+ *
+ * Throws an [IntegerDivisionByZeroException] if `a` has no inverse modulo `m`:
+ *
+ *     invert(4, 7); // 2
+ *     invert(4, 10); // throws IntegerDivisionByZeroException
+ */
+int invert(int a, int m) {
+  List<int> results = gcdext(a, m);
+  int g = results[0];
+  int x = results[1];
+  if (g != 1) {
+    throw new IntegerDivisionByZeroException();
+  }
+  return x % m;
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes the least common multiple between [a] and [b].
+ */
+int lcm(int a, int b) {
+  if (a == null) throw new ArgumentError(a);
+  if (b == null) throw new ArgumentError(b);
+  if (a == 0 && b == 0) return 0;
+
+  return a.abs() ~/ gcd(a, b) * b.abs();
+}
+
+/**
+ * Computes [base] raised to [exp] modulo [mod].
+ *
+ * The result is always positive, in keeping with the behavior of modulus
+ * operator (`%`).
+ *
+ * Throws an [IntegerDivisionByZeroException] if `exp` is negative and `base`
+ * has no inverse modulo `mod`.
+ */
+int powmod(int base, int exp, int mod) {
+  if (base == null) throw new ArgumentError(base);
+  if (exp == null) throw new ArgumentError(exp);
+  if (mod == null) throw new ArgumentError(mod);
+
+  // Right-to-left binary method of modular exponentiation.
+  if (exp < 0) {
+    base = invert(base, mod);
+    exp = -exp;
+  }
+  if (exp == 0) { return 1; }
+
+  int result = 1;
+  base = base % mod;
+  while (true) {
+    if (exp.isOdd) {
+      result = (result * base) % mod;
+    }
+    exp ~/= 2;
+    if (exp == 0) {
+      return result;
+    }
+    base = (base * base) % mod;
+  }
+}