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|
| -Markdown: Syntax
|
| -================
|
| -
|
| -<ul id="ProjectSubmenu">
|
| - <li><a href="/projects/markdown/" title="Markdown Project Page">Main</a></li>
|
| - <li><a href="/projects/markdown/basics" title="Markdown Basics">Basics</a></li>
|
| - <li><a class="selected" title="Markdown Syntax Documentation">Syntax</a></li>
|
| - <li><a href="/projects/markdown/license" title="Pricing and License Information">License</a></li>
|
| - <li><a href="/projects/markdown/dingus" title="Online Markdown Web Form">Dingus</a></li>
|
| -</ul>
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -* [Overview](#overview)
|
| - * [Philosophy](#philosophy)
|
| - * [Inline HTML](#html)
|
| - * [Automatic Escaping for Special Characters](#autoescape)
|
| -* [Block Elements](#block)
|
| - * [Paragraphs and Line Breaks](#p)
|
| - * [Headers](#header)
|
| - * [Blockquotes](#blockquote)
|
| - * [Lists](#list)
|
| - * [Code Blocks](#precode)
|
| - * [Horizontal Rules](#hr)
|
| -* [Span Elements](#span)
|
| - * [Links](#link)
|
| - * [Emphasis](#em)
|
| - * [Code](#code)
|
| - * [Images](#img)
|
| -* [Miscellaneous](#misc)
|
| - * [Backslash Escapes](#backslash)
|
| - * [Automatic Links](#autolink)
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -**Note:** This document is itself written using Markdown; you
|
| -can [see the source for it by adding '.text' to the URL][src].
|
| -
|
| - [src]: /projects/markdown/syntax.text
|
| -
|
| -* * *
|
| -
|
| -<h2 id="overview">Overview</h2>
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="philosophy">Philosophy</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown is intended to be as easy-to-read and easy-to-write as is feasible.
|
| -
|
| -Readability, however, is emphasized above all else. A Markdown-formatted
|
| -document should be publishable as-is, as plain text, without looking
|
| -like it's been marked up with tags or formatting instructions. While
|
| -Markdown's syntax has been influenced by several existing text-to-HTML
|
| -filters -- including [Setext] [1], [atx] [2], [Textile] [3], [reStructuredText] [4],
|
| -[Grutatext] [5], and [EtText] [6] -- the single biggest source of
|
| -inspiration for Markdown's syntax is the format of plain text email.
|
| -
|
| - [1]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/mirror/setext.html
|
| - [2]: http://www.aaronsw.com/2002/atx/
|
| - [3]: http://textism.com/tools/textile/
|
| - [4]: http://docutils.sourceforge.net/rst.html
|
| - [5]: http://www.triptico.com/software/grutatxt.html
|
| - [6]: http://ettext.taint.org/doc/
|
| -
|
| -To this end, Markdown's syntax is comprised entirely of punctuation
|
| -characters, which punctuation characters have been carefully chosen so
|
| -as to look like what they mean. E.g., asterisks around a word actually
|
| -look like \*emphasis\*. Markdown lists look like, well, lists. Even
|
| -blockquotes look like quoted passages of text, assuming you've ever
|
| -used email.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="html">Inline HTML</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown's syntax is intended for one purpose: to be used as a
|
| -format for *writing* for the web.
|
| -
|
| -Markdown is not a replacement for HTML, or even close to it. Its
|
| -syntax is very small, corresponding only to a very small subset of
|
| -HTML tags. The idea is *not* to create a syntax that makes it easier
|
| -to insert HTML tags. In my opinion, HTML tags are already easy to
|
| -insert. The idea for Markdown is to make it easy to read, write, and
|
| -edit prose. HTML is a *publishing* format; Markdown is a *writing*
|
| -format. Thus, Markdown's formatting syntax only addresses issues that
|
| -can be conveyed in plain text.
|
| -
|
| -For any markup that is not covered by Markdown's syntax, you simply
|
| -use HTML itself. There's no need to preface it or delimit it to
|
| -indicate that you're switching from Markdown to HTML; you just use
|
| -the tags.
|
| -
|
| -The only restrictions are that block-level HTML elements -- e.g. `<div>`,
|
| -`<table>`, `<pre>`, `<p>`, etc. -- must be separated from surrounding
|
| -content by blank lines, and the start and end tags of the block should
|
| -not be indented with tabs or spaces. Markdown is smart enough not
|
| -to add extra (unwanted) `<p>` tags around HTML block-level tags.
|
| -
|
| -For example, to add an HTML table to a Markdown article:
|
| -
|
| - This is a regular paragraph.
|
| -
|
| - <table>
|
| - <tr>
|
| - <td>Foo</td>
|
| - </tr>
|
| - </table>
|
| -
|
| - This is another regular paragraph.
|
| -
|
| -Note that Markdown formatting syntax is not processed within block-level
|
| -HTML tags. E.g., you can't use Markdown-style `*emphasis*` inside an
|
| -HTML block.
|
| -
|
| -Span-level HTML tags -- e.g. `<span>`, `<cite>`, or `<del>` -- can be
|
| -used anywhere in a Markdown paragraph, list item, or header. If you
|
| -want, you can even use HTML tags instead of Markdown formatting; e.g. if
|
| -you'd prefer to use HTML `<a>` or `<img>` tags instead of Markdown's
|
| -link or image syntax, go right ahead.
|
| -
|
| -Unlike block-level HTML tags, Markdown syntax *is* processed within
|
| -span-level tags.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="autoescape">Automatic Escaping for Special Characters</h3>
|
| -
|
| -In HTML, there are two characters that demand special treatment: `<`
|
| -and `&`. Left angle brackets are used to start tags; ampersands are
|
| -used to denote HTML entities. If you want to use them as literal
|
| -characters, you must escape them as entities, e.g. `<`, and
|
| -`&`.
|
| -
|
| -Ampersands in particular are bedeviling for web writers. If you want to
|
| -write about 'AT&T', you need to write '`AT&T`'. You even need to
|
| -escape ampersands within URLs. Thus, if you want to link to:
|
| -
|
| - http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
| -
|
| -you need to encode the URL as:
|
| -
|
| - http://images.google.com/images?num=30&q=larry+bird
|
| -
|
| -in your anchor tag `href` attribute. Needless to say, this is easy to
|
| -forget, and is probably the single most common source of HTML validation
|
| -errors in otherwise well-marked-up web sites.
|
| -
|
| -Markdown allows you to use these characters naturally, taking care of
|
| -all the necessary escaping for you. If you use an ampersand as part of
|
| -an HTML entity, it remains unchanged; otherwise it will be translated
|
| -into `&`.
|
| -
|
| -So, if you want to include a copyright symbol in your article, you can write:
|
| -
|
| - ©
|
| -
|
| -and Markdown will leave it alone. But if you write:
|
| -
|
| - AT&T
|
| -
|
| -Markdown will translate it to:
|
| -
|
| - AT&T
|
| -
|
| -Similarly, because Markdown supports [inline HTML](#html), if you use
|
| -angle brackets as delimiters for HTML tags, Markdown will treat them as
|
| -such. But if you write:
|
| -
|
| - 4 < 5
|
| -
|
| -Markdown will translate it to:
|
| -
|
| - 4 < 5
|
| -
|
| -However, inside Markdown code spans and blocks, angle brackets and
|
| -ampersands are *always* encoded automatically. This makes it easy to use
|
| -Markdown to write about HTML code. (As opposed to raw HTML, which is a
|
| -terrible format for writing about HTML syntax, because every single `<`
|
| -and `&` in your example code needs to be escaped.)
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -* * *
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h2 id="block">Block Elements</h2>
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="p">Paragraphs and Line Breaks</h3>
|
| -
|
| -A paragraph is simply one or more consecutive lines of text, separated
|
| -by one or more blank lines. (A blank line is any line that looks like a
|
| -blank line -- a line containing nothing but spaces or tabs is considered
|
| -blank.) Normal paragraphs should not be intended with spaces or tabs.
|
| -
|
| -The implication of the "one or more consecutive lines of text" rule is
|
| -that Markdown supports "hard-wrapped" text paragraphs. This differs
|
| -significantly from most other text-to-HTML formatters (including Movable
|
| -Type's "Convert Line Breaks" option) which translate every line break
|
| -character in a paragraph into a `<br />` tag.
|
| -
|
| -When you *do* want to insert a `<br />` break tag using Markdown, you
|
| -end a line with two or more spaces, then type return.
|
| -
|
| -Yes, this takes a tad more effort to create a `<br />`, but a simplistic
|
| -"every line break is a `<br />`" rule wouldn't work for Markdown.
|
| -Markdown's email-style [blockquoting][bq] and multi-paragraph [list items][l]
|
| -work best -- and look better -- when you format them with hard breaks.
|
| -
|
| - [bq]: #blockquote
|
| - [l]: #list
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="header">Headers</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown supports two styles of headers, [Setext] [1] and [atx] [2].
|
| -
|
| -Setext-style headers are "underlined" using equal signs (for first-level
|
| -headers) and dashes (for second-level headers). For example:
|
| -
|
| - This is an H1
|
| - =============
|
| -
|
| - This is an H2
|
| - -------------
|
| -
|
| -Any number of underlining `=`'s or `-`'s will work.
|
| -
|
| -Atx-style headers use 1-6 hash characters at the start of the line,
|
| -corresponding to header levels 1-6. For example:
|
| -
|
| - # This is an H1
|
| -
|
| - ## This is an H2
|
| -
|
| - ###### This is an H6
|
| -
|
| -Optionally, you may "close" atx-style headers. This is purely
|
| -cosmetic -- you can use this if you think it looks better. The
|
| -closing hashes don't even need to match the number of hashes
|
| -used to open the header. (The number of opening hashes
|
| -determines the header level.) :
|
| -
|
| - # This is an H1 #
|
| -
|
| - ## This is an H2 ##
|
| -
|
| - ### This is an H3 ######
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="blockquote">Blockquotes</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown uses email-style `>` characters for blockquoting. If you're
|
| -familiar with quoting passages of text in an email message, then you
|
| -know how to create a blockquote in Markdown. It looks best if you hard
|
| -wrap the text and put a `>` before every line:
|
| -
|
| - > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
| - > consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
|
| - > Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
| - >
|
| - > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
|
| - > id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
| -
|
| -Markdown allows you to be lazy and only put the `>` before the first
|
| -line of a hard-wrapped paragraph:
|
| -
|
| - > This is a blockquote with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet,
|
| - consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus.
|
| - Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
| -
|
| - > Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit. Suspendisse
|
| - id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
| -
|
| -Blockquotes can be nested (i.e. a blockquote-in-a-blockquote) by
|
| -adding additional levels of `>`:
|
| -
|
| - > This is the first level of quoting.
|
| - >
|
| - > > This is nested blockquote.
|
| - >
|
| - > Back to the first level.
|
| -
|
| -Blockquotes can contain other Markdown elements, including headers, lists,
|
| -and code blocks:
|
| -
|
| - > ## This is a header.
|
| - >
|
| - > 1. This is the first list item.
|
| - > 2. This is the second list item.
|
| - >
|
| - > Here's some example code:
|
| - >
|
| - > return shell_exec("echo $input | $markdown_script");
|
| -
|
| -Any decent text editor should make email-style quoting easy. For
|
| -example, with BBEdit, you can make a selection and choose Increase
|
| -Quote Level from the Text menu.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="list">Lists</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown supports ordered (numbered) and unordered (bulleted) lists.
|
| -
|
| -Unordered lists use asterisks, pluses, and hyphens -- interchangably
|
| --- as list markers:
|
| -
|
| - * Red
|
| - * Green
|
| - * Blue
|
| -
|
| -is equivalent to:
|
| -
|
| - + Red
|
| - + Green
|
| - + Blue
|
| -
|
| -and:
|
| -
|
| - - Red
|
| - - Green
|
| - - Blue
|
| -
|
| -Ordered lists use numbers followed by periods:
|
| -
|
| - 1. Bird
|
| - 2. McHale
|
| - 3. Parish
|
| -
|
| -It's important to note that the actual numbers you use to mark the
|
| -list have no effect on the HTML output Markdown produces. The HTML
|
| -Markdown produces from the above list is:
|
| -
|
| - <ol>
|
| - <li>Bird</li>
|
| - <li>McHale</li>
|
| - <li>Parish</li>
|
| - </ol>
|
| -
|
| -If you instead wrote the list in Markdown like this:
|
| -
|
| - 1. Bird
|
| - 1. McHale
|
| - 1. Parish
|
| -
|
| -or even:
|
| -
|
| - 3. Bird
|
| - 1. McHale
|
| - 8. Parish
|
| -
|
| -you'd get the exact same HTML output. The point is, if you want to,
|
| -you can use ordinal numbers in your ordered Markdown lists, so that
|
| -the numbers in your source match the numbers in your published HTML.
|
| -But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to.
|
| -
|
| -If you do use lazy list numbering, however, you should still start the
|
| -list with the number 1. At some point in the future, Markdown may support
|
| -starting ordered lists at an arbitrary number.
|
| -
|
| -List markers typically start at the left margin, but may be indented by
|
| -up to three spaces. List markers must be followed by one or more spaces
|
| -or a tab.
|
| -
|
| -To make lists look nice, you can wrap items with hanging indents:
|
| -
|
| - * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
| - Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
| - viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
| - * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
| - Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
| -
|
| -But if you want to be lazy, you don't have to:
|
| -
|
| - * Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
| - Aliquam hendrerit mi posuere lectus. Vestibulum enim wisi,
|
| - viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet vitae, risus.
|
| - * Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum sit amet velit.
|
| - Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
| -
|
| -If list items are separated by blank lines, Markdown will wrap the
|
| -items in `<p>` tags in the HTML output. For example, this input:
|
| -
|
| - * Bird
|
| - * Magic
|
| -
|
| -will turn into:
|
| -
|
| - <ul>
|
| - <li>Bird</li>
|
| - <li>Magic</li>
|
| - </ul>
|
| -
|
| -But this:
|
| -
|
| - * Bird
|
| -
|
| - * Magic
|
| -
|
| -will turn into:
|
| -
|
| - <ul>
|
| - <li><p>Bird</p></li>
|
| - <li><p>Magic</p></li>
|
| - </ul>
|
| -
|
| -List items may consist of multiple paragraphs. Each subsequent
|
| -paragraph in a list item must be intended by either 4 spaces
|
| -or one tab:
|
| -
|
| - 1. This is a list item with two paragraphs. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
| - sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit. Aliquam hendrerit
|
| - mi posuere lectus.
|
| -
|
| - Vestibulum enim wisi, viverra nec, fringilla in, laoreet
|
| - vitae, risus. Donec sit amet nisl. Aliquam semper ipsum
|
| - sit amet velit.
|
| -
|
| - 2. Suspendisse id sem consectetuer libero luctus adipiscing.
|
| -
|
| -It looks nice if you indent every line of the subsequent
|
| -paragraphs, but here again, Markdown will allow you to be
|
| -lazy:
|
| -
|
| - * This is a list item with two paragraphs.
|
| -
|
| - This is the second paragraph in the list item. You're
|
| - only required to indent the first line. Lorem ipsum dolor
|
| - sit amet, consectetuer adipiscing elit.
|
| -
|
| - * Another item in the same list.
|
| -
|
| -To put a blockquote within a list item, the blockquote's `>`
|
| -delimiters need to be indented:
|
| -
|
| - * A list item with a blockquote:
|
| -
|
| - > This is a blockquote
|
| - > inside a list item.
|
| -
|
| -To put a code block within a list item, the code block needs
|
| -to be indented *twice* -- 8 spaces or two tabs:
|
| -
|
| - * A list item with a code block:
|
| -
|
| - <code goes here>
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -It's worth noting that it's possible to trigger an ordered list by
|
| -accident, by writing something like this:
|
| -
|
| - 1986. What a great season.
|
| -
|
| -In other words, a *number-period-space* sequence at the beginning of a
|
| -line. To avoid this, you can backslash-escape the period:
|
| -
|
| - 1986\. What a great season.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="precode">Code Blocks</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Pre-formatted code blocks are used for writing about programming or
|
| -markup source code. Rather than forming normal paragraphs, the lines
|
| -of a code block are interpreted literally. Markdown wraps a code block
|
| -in both `<pre>` and `<code>` tags.
|
| -
|
| -To produce a code block in Markdown, simply indent every line of the
|
| -block by at least 4 spaces or 1 tab. For example, given this input:
|
| -
|
| - This is a normal paragraph:
|
| -
|
| - This is a code block.
|
| -
|
| -Markdown will generate:
|
| -
|
| - <p>This is a normal paragraph:</p>
|
| -
|
| - <pre><code>This is a code block.
|
| - </code></pre>
|
| -
|
| -One level of indentation -- 4 spaces or 1 tab -- is removed from each
|
| -line of the code block. For example, this:
|
| -
|
| - Here is an example of AppleScript:
|
| -
|
| - tell application "Foo"
|
| - beep
|
| - end tell
|
| -
|
| -will turn into:
|
| -
|
| - <p>Here is an example of AppleScript:</p>
|
| -
|
| - <pre><code>tell application "Foo"
|
| - beep
|
| - end tell
|
| - </code></pre>
|
| -
|
| -A code block continues until it reaches a line that is not indented
|
| -(or the end of the article).
|
| -
|
| -Within a code block, ampersands (`&`) and angle brackets (`<` and `>`)
|
| -are automatically converted into HTML entities. This makes it very
|
| -easy to include example HTML source code using Markdown -- just paste
|
| -it and indent it, and Markdown will handle the hassle of encoding the
|
| -ampersands and angle brackets. For example, this:
|
| -
|
| - <div class="footer">
|
| - © 2004 Foo Corporation
|
| - </div>
|
| -
|
| -will turn into:
|
| -
|
| - <pre><code><div class="footer">
|
| - &copy; 2004 Foo Corporation
|
| - </div>
|
| - </code></pre>
|
| -
|
| -Regular Markdown syntax is not processed within code blocks. E.g.,
|
| -asterisks are just literal asterisks within a code block. This means
|
| -it's also easy to use Markdown to write about Markdown's own syntax.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="hr">Horizontal Rules</h3>
|
| -
|
| -You can produce a horizontal rule tag (`<hr />`) by placing three or
|
| -more hyphens, asterisks, or underscores on a line by themselves. If you
|
| -wish, you may use spaces between the hyphens or asterisks. Each of the
|
| -following lines will produce a horizontal rule:
|
| -
|
| - * * *
|
| -
|
| - ***
|
| -
|
| - *****
|
| -
|
| - - - -
|
| -
|
| - ---------------------------------------
|
| -
|
| - _ _ _
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -* * *
|
| -
|
| -<h2 id="span">Span Elements</h2>
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="link">Links</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown supports two style of links: *inline* and *reference*.
|
| -
|
| -In both styles, the link text is delimited by [square brackets].
|
| -
|
| -To create an inline link, use a set of regular parentheses immediately
|
| -after the link text's closing square bracket. Inside the parentheses,
|
| -put the URL where you want the link to point, along with an *optional*
|
| -title for the link, surrounded in quotes. For example:
|
| -
|
| - This is [an example](http://example.com/ "Title") inline link.
|
| -
|
| - [This link](http://example.net/) has no title attribute.
|
| -
|
| -Will produce:
|
| -
|
| - <p>This is <a href="http://example.com/" title="Title">
|
| - an example</a> inline link.</p>
|
| -
|
| - <p><a href="http://example.net/">This link</a> has no
|
| - title attribute.</p>
|
| -
|
| -If you're referring to a local resource on the same server, you can
|
| -use relative paths:
|
| -
|
| - See my [About](/about/) page for details.
|
| -
|
| -Reference-style links use a second set of square brackets, inside
|
| -which you place a label of your choosing to identify the link:
|
| -
|
| - This is [an example][id] reference-style link.
|
| -
|
| -You can optionally use a space to separate the sets of brackets:
|
| -
|
| - This is [an example] [id] reference-style link.
|
| -
|
| -Then, anywhere in the document, you define your link label like this,
|
| -on a line by itself:
|
| -
|
| - [id]: http://example.com/ "Optional Title Here"
|
| -
|
| -That is:
|
| -
|
| -* Square brackets containing the link identifier (optionally
|
| - indented from the left margin using up to three spaces);
|
| -* followed by a colon;
|
| -* followed by one or more spaces (or tabs);
|
| -* followed by the URL for the link;
|
| -* optionally followed by a title attribute for the link, enclosed
|
| - in double or single quotes.
|
| -
|
| -The link URL may, optionally, be surrounded by angle brackets:
|
| -
|
| - [id]: <http://example.com/> "Optional Title Here"
|
| -
|
| -You can put the title attribute on the next line and use extra spaces
|
| -or tabs for padding, which tends to look better with longer URLs:
|
| -
|
| - [id]: http://example.com/longish/path/to/resource/here
|
| - "Optional Title Here"
|
| -
|
| -Link definitions are only used for creating links during Markdown
|
| -processing, and are stripped from your document in the HTML output.
|
| -
|
| -Link definition names may constist of letters, numbers, spaces, and punctuation -- but they are *not* case sensitive. E.g. these two links:
|
| -
|
| - [link text][a]
|
| - [link text][A]
|
| -
|
| -are equivalent.
|
| -
|
| -The *implicit link name* shortcut allows you to omit the name of the
|
| -link, in which case the link text itself is used as the name.
|
| -Just use an empty set of square brackets -- e.g., to link the word
|
| -"Google" to the google.com web site, you could simply write:
|
| -
|
| - [Google][]
|
| -
|
| -And then define the link:
|
| -
|
| - [Google]: http://google.com/
|
| -
|
| -Because link names may contain spaces, this shortcut even works for
|
| -multiple words in the link text:
|
| -
|
| - Visit [Daring Fireball][] for more information.
|
| -
|
| -And then define the link:
|
| -
|
| - [Daring Fireball]: http://daringfireball.net/
|
| -
|
| -Link definitions can be placed anywhere in your Markdown document. I
|
| -tend to put them immediately after each paragraph in which they're
|
| -used, but if you want, you can put them all at the end of your
|
| -document, sort of like footnotes.
|
| -
|
| -Here's an example of reference links in action:
|
| -
|
| - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google] [1] than from
|
| - [Yahoo] [2] or [MSN] [3].
|
| -
|
| - [1]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
| - [2]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
| - [3]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
| -
|
| -Using the implicit link name shortcut, you could instead write:
|
| -
|
| - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google][] than from
|
| - [Yahoo][] or [MSN][].
|
| -
|
| - [google]: http://google.com/ "Google"
|
| - [yahoo]: http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search"
|
| - [msn]: http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search"
|
| -
|
| -Both of the above examples will produce the following HTML output:
|
| -
|
| - <p>I get 10 times more traffic from <a href="http://google.com/"
|
| - title="Google">Google</a> than from
|
| - <a href="http://search.yahoo.com/" title="Yahoo Search">Yahoo</a>
|
| - or <a href="http://search.msn.com/" title="MSN Search">MSN</a>.</p>
|
| -
|
| -For comparison, here is the same paragraph written using
|
| -Markdown's inline link style:
|
| -
|
| - I get 10 times more traffic from [Google](http://google.com/ "Google")
|
| - than from [Yahoo](http://search.yahoo.com/ "Yahoo Search") or
|
| - [MSN](http://search.msn.com/ "MSN Search").
|
| -
|
| -The point of reference-style links is not that they're easier to
|
| -write. The point is that with reference-style links, your document
|
| -source is vastly more readable. Compare the above examples: using
|
| -reference-style links, the paragraph itself is only 81 characters
|
| -long; with inline-style links, it's 176 characters; and as raw HTML,
|
| -it's 234 characters. In the raw HTML, there's more markup than there
|
| -is text.
|
| -
|
| -With Markdown's reference-style links, a source document much more
|
| -closely resembles the final output, as rendered in a browser. By
|
| -allowing you to move the markup-related metadata out of the paragraph,
|
| -you can add links without interrupting the narrative flow of your
|
| -prose.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="em">Emphasis</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown treats asterisks (`*`) and underscores (`_`) as indicators of
|
| -emphasis. Text wrapped with one `*` or `_` will be wrapped with an
|
| -HTML `<em>` tag; double `*`'s or `_`'s will be wrapped with an HTML
|
| -`<strong>` tag. E.g., this input:
|
| -
|
| - *single asterisks*
|
| -
|
| - _single underscores_
|
| -
|
| - **double asterisks**
|
| -
|
| - __double underscores__
|
| -
|
| -will produce:
|
| -
|
| - <em>single asterisks</em>
|
| -
|
| - <em>single underscores</em>
|
| -
|
| - <strong>double asterisks</strong>
|
| -
|
| - <strong>double underscores</strong>
|
| -
|
| -You can use whichever style you prefer; the lone restriction is that
|
| -the same character must be used to open and close an emphasis span.
|
| -
|
| -Emphasis can be used in the middle of a word:
|
| -
|
| - un*fucking*believable
|
| -
|
| -But if you surround an `*` or `_` with spaces, it'll be treated as a
|
| -literal asterisk or underscore.
|
| -
|
| -To produce a literal asterisk or underscore at a position where it
|
| -would otherwise be used as an emphasis delimiter, you can backslash
|
| -escape it:
|
| -
|
| - \*this text is surrounded by literal asterisks\*
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="code">Code</h3>
|
| -
|
| -To indicate a span of code, wrap it with backtick quotes (`` ` ``).
|
| -Unlike a pre-formatted code block, a code span indicates code within a
|
| -normal paragraph. For example:
|
| -
|
| - Use the `printf()` function.
|
| -
|
| -will produce:
|
| -
|
| - <p>Use the <code>printf()</code> function.</p>
|
| -
|
| -To include a literal backtick character within a code span, you can use
|
| -multiple backticks as the opening and closing delimiters:
|
| -
|
| - ``There is a literal backtick (`) here.``
|
| -
|
| -which will produce this:
|
| -
|
| - <p><code>There is a literal backtick (`) here.</code></p>
|
| -
|
| -The backtick delimiters surrounding a code span may include spaces --
|
| -one after the opening, one before the closing. This allows you to place
|
| -literal backtick characters at the beginning or end of a code span:
|
| -
|
| - A single backtick in a code span: `` ` ``
|
| -
|
| - A backtick-delimited string in a code span: `` `foo` ``
|
| -
|
| -will produce:
|
| -
|
| - <p>A single backtick in a code span: <code>`</code></p>
|
| -
|
| - <p>A backtick-delimited string in a code span: <code>`foo`</code></p>
|
| -
|
| -With a code span, ampersands and angle brackets are encoded as HTML
|
| -entities automatically, which makes it easy to include example HTML
|
| -tags. Markdown will turn this:
|
| -
|
| - Please don't use any `<blink>` tags.
|
| -
|
| -into:
|
| -
|
| - <p>Please don't use any <code><blink></code> tags.</p>
|
| -
|
| -You can write this:
|
| -
|
| - `—` is the decimal-encoded equivalent of `—`.
|
| -
|
| -to produce:
|
| -
|
| - <p><code>&#8212;</code> is the decimal-encoded
|
| - equivalent of <code>&mdash;</code>.</p>
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="img">Images</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Admittedly, it's fairly difficult to devise a "natural" syntax for
|
| -placing images into a plain text document format.
|
| -
|
| -Markdown uses an image syntax that is intended to resemble the syntax
|
| -for links, allowing for two styles: *inline* and *reference*.
|
| -
|
| -Inline image syntax looks like this:
|
| -
|
| - 
|
| -
|
| - 
|
| -
|
| -That is:
|
| -
|
| -* An exclamation mark: `!`;
|
| -* followed by a set of square brackets, containing the `alt`
|
| - attribute text for the image;
|
| -* followed by a set of parentheses, containing the URL or path to
|
| - the image, and an optional `title` attribute enclosed in double
|
| - or single quotes.
|
| -
|
| -Reference-style image syntax looks like this:
|
| -
|
| - ![Alt text][id]
|
| -
|
| -Where "id" is the name of a defined image reference. Image references
|
| -are defined using syntax identical to link references:
|
| -
|
| - [id]: url/to/image "Optional title attribute"
|
| -
|
| -As of this writing, Markdown has no syntax for specifying the
|
| -dimensions of an image; if this is important to you, you can simply
|
| -use regular HTML `<img>` tags.
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -* * *
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h2 id="misc">Miscellaneous</h2>
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="autolink">Automatic Links</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown supports a shortcut style for creating "automatic" links for URLs and email addresses: simply surround the URL or email address with angle brackets. What this means is that if you want to show the actual text of a URL or email address, and also have it be a clickable link, you can do this:
|
| -
|
| - <http://example.com/>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown will turn this into:
|
| -
|
| - <a href="http://example.com/">http://example.com/</a>
|
| -
|
| -Automatic links for email addresses work similarly, except that
|
| -Markdown will also perform a bit of randomized decimal and hex
|
| -entity-encoding to help obscure your address from address-harvesting
|
| -spambots. For example, Markdown will turn this:
|
| -
|
| - <address@example.com>
|
| -
|
| -into something like this:
|
| -
|
| - <a href="mailto:addre
|
| - ss@example.co
|
| - m">address@exa
|
| - mple.com</a>
|
| -
|
| -which will render in a browser as a clickable link to "address@example.com".
|
| -
|
| -(This sort of entity-encoding trick will indeed fool many, if not
|
| -most, address-harvesting bots, but it definitely won't fool all of
|
| -them. It's better than nothing, but an address published in this way
|
| -will probably eventually start receiving spam.)
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -
|
| -<h3 id="backslash">Backslash Escapes</h3>
|
| -
|
| -Markdown allows you to use backslash escapes to generate literal
|
| -characters which would otherwise have special meaning in Markdown's
|
| -formatting syntax. For example, if you wanted to surround a word with
|
| -literal asterisks (instead of an HTML `<em>` tag), you can backslashes
|
| -before the asterisks, like this:
|
| -
|
| - \*literal asterisks\*
|
| -
|
| -Markdown provides backslash escapes for the following characters:
|
| -
|
| - \ backslash
|
| - ` backtick
|
| - * asterisk
|
| - _ underscore
|
| - {} curly braces
|
| - [] square brackets
|
| - () parentheses
|
| - # hash mark
|
| - + plus sign
|
| - - minus sign (hyphen)
|
| - . dot
|
| - ! exclamation mark
|
| -
|
|
|
Chromium Code Reviews
Issue 786953007:
npm_modules: Fork bower_components into Polymer 0.4.0 and 0.5.0 versions (Closed)
Base URL: https://chromium.googlesource.com/infra/third_party/npm_modules.git@master