Add libc++ and libc++abi to third-party.

third_party/libcxx/src/locale.cpp

+//===------------------------- locale.cpp ---------------------------------===//
+//
+//                     The LLVM Compiler Infrastructure
+//
+// This file is dual licensed under the MIT and the University of Illinois Open
+// Source Licenses. See LICENSE.TXT for details.
+//
+//===----------------------------------------------------------------------===//
+
+#define _LIBCPP_EXTERN_TEMPLATE(...) extern template __VA_ARGS__;
+
+// On Solaris, we need to define something to make the C99 parts of localeconv
+// visible.
+#ifdef __sun__
+#define _LCONV_C99
+#endif
+
+#include "string"
+#include "locale"
+#include "codecvt"
+#include "vector"
+#include "algorithm"
+#include "typeinfo"
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#  include "type_traits"
+#endif
+#include "clocale"
+#include "cstring"
+#include "cwctype"
+#include "__sso_allocator"
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+#include <support/win32/locale_win32.h>
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+#include <langinfo.h>
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <stdio.h>
+
+// On Linux, wint_t and wchar_t have different signed-ness, and this causes
+// lots of noise in the build log, but no bugs that I know of. 
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wsign-conversion"
+#endif
+
+_LIBCPP_BEGIN_NAMESPACE_STD
+
+#ifdef __cloc_defined
+locale_t __cloc() {
+  // In theory this could create a race condition. In practice
+  // the race condition is non-fatal since it will just create
+  // a little resource leak. Better approach would be appreciated.
+  static locale_t result = newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, "C", 0);
+  return result;
+}
+#endif // __cloc_defined
+
+namespace {
+
+struct release
+{
+    void operator()(locale::facet* p) {p->__release_shared();}
+};
+
+template <class T, class A0>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A0, class A1>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0, A1 a1)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+template <class T, class A0, class A1, class A2>
+inline
+T&
+make(A0 a0, A1 a1, A2 a2)
+{
+    static typename aligned_storage<sizeof(T)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) T(a0, a1, a2);
+    return *(T*)&buf;
+}
+
+template <typename T, size_t N>
+inline
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+size_t
+countof(const T (&)[N])
+{
+    return N;
+}
+
+template <typename T>
+inline
+_LIBCPP_CONSTEXPR
+size_t
+countof(const T * const begin, const T * const end)
+{
+    return static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
+}
+
+}
+
+#if defined(_AIX)
+// Set priority to INT_MIN + 256 + 150
+# pragma priority ( -2147483242 )
+#endif
+
+const locale::category locale::none;
+const locale::category locale::collate;
+const locale::category locale::ctype;
+const locale::category locale::monetary;
+const locale::category locale::numeric;
+const locale::category locale::time;
+const locale::category locale::messages;
+const locale::category locale::all;
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic push
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wpadded"
+#endif
+
+class _LIBCPP_HIDDEN locale::__imp
+    : public facet
+{
+    enum {N = 28};
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVC)
+// FIXME: MSVC doesn't support aligned parameters by value.
+// I can't get the __sso_allocator to work here
+// for MSVC I think for this reason.
+    vector<facet*> facets_;
+#else
+    vector<facet*, __sso_allocator<facet*, N> > facets_;
+#endif
+    string         name_;
+public:
+    explicit __imp(size_t refs = 0);
+    explicit __imp(const string& name, size_t refs = 0);
+    __imp(const __imp&);
+    __imp(const __imp&, const string&, locale::category c);
+    __imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c);
+    __imp(const __imp&, facet* f, long id);
+    ~__imp();
+
+    const string& name() const {return name_;}
+    bool has_facet(long id) const
+        {return static_cast<size_t>(id) < facets_.size() && facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)];}
+    const locale::facet* use_facet(long id) const;
+
+    static const locale& make_classic();
+    static       locale& make_global();
+private:
+    void install(facet* f, long id);
+    template <class F> void install(F* f) {install(f, f->id.__get());}
+    template <class F> void install_from(const __imp& other);
+};
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(size_t refs)
+    : facet(refs),
+      facets_(N),
+      name_("C")
+{
+    facets_.clear();
+    install(&make<_VSTD::collate<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<char> >((ctype_base::mask*)0, false, 1u));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<numpunct<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<numpunct<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<num_get<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<num_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<num_put<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<num_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<char, false> >(1u));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<char, true> >(1u));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(1u));
+    install(&make<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(1u));
+    install(&make<money_get<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<money_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<money_put<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<money_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<time_get<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<time_get<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<time_put<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<time_put<wchar_t> >(1u));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::messages<char> >(1u));
+    install(&make<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(1u));
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : facet(refs),
+      facets_(N),
+      name_(name)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        facets_ = locale::classic().__locale_->facets_;
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+        install(new collate_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new ctype_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name_));
+        install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name_));
+        install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name_));
+        install(new time_get_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new time_put_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+        install(new messages_byname<char>(name_));
+        install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name_));
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+// NOTE avoid the `base class should be explicitly initialized in the
+// copy constructor` warning emitted by GCC
+#if defined(__clang__) || _GNUC_VER >= 406
+#pragma GCC diagnostic push
+#pragma GCC diagnostic ignored "-Wextra"
+#endif
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other)
+    : facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size())),
+      name_(other.name_)
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+}
+
+#if defined(__clang__) || _GNUC_VER >= 406
+#pragma GCC diagnostic pop
+#endif
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const string& name, locale::category c)
+    : facets_(N),
+      name_("*")
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (c & locale::collate)
+        {
+            install(new collate_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new collate_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::ctype)
+        {
+            install(new ctype_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new ctype_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+            install(new codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::monetary)
+        {
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<char, false>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<char, true>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>(name));
+            install(new moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::numeric)
+        {
+            install(new numpunct_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new numpunct_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::time)
+        {
+            install(new time_get_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new time_get_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+            install(new time_put_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new time_put_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+        if (c & locale::messages)
+        {
+            install(new messages_byname<char>(name));
+            install(new messages_byname<wchar_t>(name));
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+template<class F>
+inline
+void
+locale::__imp::install_from(const locale::__imp& one)
+{
+    long id = F::id.__get();
+    install(const_cast<F*>(static_cast<const F*>(one.use_facet(id))), id);
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, const __imp& one, locale::category c)
+    : facets_(N),
+      name_("*")
+{
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    try
+    {
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (c & locale::collate)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::collate<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::collate<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::ctype)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::ctype<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::ctype<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::monetary)
+        {
+            install_from<moneypunct<char, false> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<char, true> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, false> >(one);
+            install_from<moneypunct<wchar_t, true> >(one);
+            install_from<money_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<money_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<money_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<money_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::numeric)
+        {
+            install_from<numpunct<char> >(one);
+            install_from<numpunct<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<num_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<num_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<num_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<num_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::time)
+        {
+            install_from<time_get<char> >(one);
+            install_from<time_get<wchar_t> >(one);
+            install_from<time_put<char> >(one);
+            install_from<time_put<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+        if (c & locale::messages)
+        {
+            install_from<_VSTD::messages<char> >(one);
+            install_from<_VSTD::messages<wchar_t> >(one);
+        }
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    }
+    catch (...)
+    {
+        for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+            if (facets_[i])
+                facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+        throw;
+    }
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+locale::__imp::__imp(const __imp& other, facet* f, long id)
+    : facets_(max<size_t>(N, other.facets_.size()+1)),
+      name_("*")
+{
+    f->__add_shared();
+    unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
+    facets_ = other.facets_;
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < other.facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__add_shared();
+    install(hold.get(), id);
+}
+
+locale::__imp::~__imp()
+{
+    for (unsigned i = 0; i < facets_.size(); ++i)
+        if (facets_[i])
+            facets_[i]->__release_shared();
+}
+
+void
+locale::__imp::install(facet* f, long id)
+{
+    f->__add_shared();
+    unique_ptr<facet, release> hold(f);
+    if (static_cast<size_t>(id) >= facets_.size())
+        facets_.resize(static_cast<size_t>(id+1));
+    if (facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)])
+        facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)]->__release_shared();
+    facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)] = hold.release();
+}
+
+const locale::facet*
+locale::__imp::use_facet(long id) const
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (!has_facet(id))
+        throw bad_cast();
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    return facets_[static_cast<size_t>(id)];
+}
+
+// locale
+
+const locale&
+locale::__imp::make_classic()
+{
+    // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
+    static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
+    locale* c = (locale*)&buf;
+    c->__locale_ = &make<__imp>(1u);
+    return *c;
+}
+
+const locale&
+locale::classic()
+{
+    static const locale& c = __imp::make_classic();
+    return c;
+}
+
+locale&
+locale::__imp::make_global()
+{
+    // only one thread can get in here and it only gets in once
+    static aligned_storage<sizeof(locale)>::type buf;
+    ::new (&buf) locale(locale::classic());
+    return *(locale*)&buf;
+}
+
+locale&
+locale::__global()
+{
+    static locale& g = __imp::make_global();
+    return g;
+}
+
+locale::locale()  _NOEXCEPT
+    : __locale_(__global().__locale_)
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& l)  _NOEXCEPT
+    : __locale_(l.__locale_)
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::~locale()
+{
+    __locale_->__release_shared();
+}
+
+const locale&
+locale::operator=(const locale& other)  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    other.__locale_->__add_shared();
+    __locale_->__release_shared();
+    __locale_ = other.__locale_;
+    return *this;
+}
+
+locale::locale(const char* name)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(name ? new __imp(name)
+                     : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
+#else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(new __imp(name))
+#endif
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const string& name)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(name))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const char* name, category c)
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(name ? new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c)
+                     : throw runtime_error("locale constructed with null"))
+#else  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
+#endif
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const string& name, category c)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, name, c))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale::locale(const locale& other, const locale& one, category c)
+    : __locale_(new __imp(*other.__locale_, *one.__locale_, c))
+{
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+string
+locale::name() const
+{
+    return __locale_->name();
+}
+
+void
+locale::__install_ctor(const locale& other, facet* f, long id)
+{
+    if (f)
+        __locale_ = new __imp(*other.__locale_, f, id);
+    else
+        __locale_ = other.__locale_;
+    __locale_->__add_shared();
+}
+
+locale
+locale::global(const locale& loc)
+{
+    locale& g = __global();
+    locale r = g;
+    g = loc;
+    if (g.name() != "*")
+        setlocale(LC_ALL, g.name().c_str());
+    return r;
+}
+
+bool
+locale::has_facet(id& x) const
+{
+    return __locale_->has_facet(x.__get());
+}
+
+const locale::facet*
+locale::use_facet(id& x) const
+{
+    return __locale_->use_facet(x.__get());
+}
+
+bool
+locale::operator==(const locale& y) const
+{
+    return (__locale_ == y.__locale_)
+        || (__locale_->name() != "*" && __locale_->name() == y.__locale_->name());
+}
+
+// locale::facet
+
+locale::facet::~facet()
+{
+}
+
+void
+locale::facet::__on_zero_shared() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    delete this;
+}
+
+// locale::id
+
+int32_t locale::id::__next_id = 0;
+
+namespace
+{
+
+class __fake_bind
+{
+    locale::id* id_;
+    void (locale::id::* pmf_)();
+public:
+    __fake_bind(void (locale::id::* pmf)(), locale::id* id)
+        : id_(id), pmf_(pmf) {}
+
+    void operator()() const
+    {
+        (id_->*pmf_)();
+    }
+};
+
+}
+
+long
+locale::id::__get()
+{
+    call_once(__flag_, __fake_bind(&locale::id::__init, this));
+    return __id_ - 1;
+}
+
+void
+locale::id::__init()
+{
+    __id_ = __sync_add_and_fetch(&__next_id, 1);
+}
+
+// template <> class collate_byname<char>
+
+collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
+    : collate<char>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(n));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : collate<char>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<char>::collate_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::~collate_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+int
+collate_byname<char>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                                 const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+{
+    string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
+    string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
+    int r = strcoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return -1;
+    if (r > 0)
+        return 1;
+    return r;
+}
+
+collate_byname<char>::string_type
+collate_byname<char>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
+{
+    const string_type in(lo, hi);
+    string_type out(strxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), char());
+    strxfrm_l(const_cast<char*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// template <> class collate_byname<wchar_t>
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const char* n, size_t refs)
+    : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, n, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(n));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : collate<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("collate_byname<wchar_t>::collate_byname(size_t refs)"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::~collate_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+int
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_compare(const char_type* __lo1, const char_type* __hi1,
+                                 const char_type* __lo2, const char_type* __hi2) const
+{
+    string_type lhs(__lo1, __hi1);
+    string_type rhs(__lo2, __hi2);
+    int r = wcscoll_l(lhs.c_str(), rhs.c_str(), __l);
+    if (r < 0)
+        return -1;
+    if (r > 0)
+        return 1;
+    return r;
+}
+
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::string_type
+collate_byname<wchar_t>::do_transform(const char_type* lo, const char_type* hi) const
+{
+    const string_type in(lo, hi);
+    string_type out(wcsxfrm_l(0, in.c_str(), 0, __l), wchar_t());
+    wcsxfrm_l(const_cast<wchar_t*>(out.c_str()), in.c_str(), out.size()+1, __l);
+    return out;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype<wchar_t>;
+
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::space;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::print;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::cntrl;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::upper;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::lower;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::alpha;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::digit;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::punct;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::xdigit;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::blank;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::alnum;
+const ctype_base::mask ctype_base::graph;
+    
+locale::id ctype<wchar_t>::id;
+
+ctype<wchar_t>::~ctype()
+{
+}
+
+bool
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
+{
+    return isascii(c) ? (ctype<char>::classic_table()[c] & m) != 0 : false;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
+        *vec = static_cast<mask>(isascii(*low) ?
+                                   ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] : 0);
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        if (isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m))
+            break;
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        if (!(isascii(*low) && (ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low] & m)))
+            break;
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && iswlower_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-L'a'+L'A' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table()[*low]
+                             : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, __cloc())) ? (*low-L'a'+L'A') : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[c] : c;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return isascii(c) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[c] : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-L'A'+'a' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? _DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[*low] : *low;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table()[*low]
+                             : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-L'A'+L'a' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+    return c;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        *dest = *low;
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+    if (isascii(c))
+        return static_cast<char>(c);
+    return dfault;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *dest = static_cast<char>(*low);
+        else
+            *dest = dfault;
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype<char>;
+
+locale::id ctype<char>::id;
+
+ctype<char>::ctype(const mask* tab, bool del, size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __tab_(tab),
+      __del_(del)
+{
+  if (__tab_ == 0)
+      __tab_ = classic_table();
+}
+
+ctype<char>::~ctype()
+{
+    if (__tab_ && __del_)
+        delete [] __tab_;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ?
+      static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(c)]) : c;
+#elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]);
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    return isascii(c) ? 
+      static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]) : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && islower_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-'a'+'A' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ?
+          static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__mapupper[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(*low)]) : *low;
+#elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+        *low = static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(*low)]);
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ?
+          static_cast<char>(__classic_upper_table()[static_cast<size_t>(*low)]) : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && islower_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-'a'+'A' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+    return isascii(c) ?
+      static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(c)]) : c;
+#elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(c)]);
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN) || defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return isascii(c) ?
+      static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<size_t>(c)]) : c;
+#else
+    return (isascii(c) && isupper_l(c, __cloc())) ? c-'A'+'a' : c;
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_HAS_DEFAULTRUNELOCALE
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? static_cast<char>(_DefaultRuneLocale.__maplower[static_cast<ptrdiff_t>(*low)]) : *low;
+#elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+        *low = static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<unsigned char>(*low)]);
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__) || defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+        *low = isascii(*low) ? static_cast<char>(__classic_lower_table()[static_cast<size_t>(*low)]) : *low;
+#else
+        *low = (isascii(*low) && isupper_l(*low, __cloc())) ? *low-'A'+'a' : *low;
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+    return c;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        *dest = *low;
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype<char>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+    if (isascii(c))
+        return static_cast<char>(c);
+    return dfault;
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype<char>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *dest = *low;
+        else
+            *dest = dfault;
+    return low;
+}
+
+#ifdef EMSCRIPTEN
+extern "C" const unsigned short ** __ctype_b_loc();
+extern "C" const int ** __ctype_tolower_loc();
+extern "C" const int ** __ctype_toupper_loc();
+#endif
+
+const ctype<char>::mask*
+ctype<char>::classic_table()  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
+    return _DefaultRuneLocale.__runetype;
+#elif defined(__NetBSD__)
+    return _C_ctype_tab_ + 1;
+#elif defined(__GLIBC__)
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_b;
+#elif __sun__
+    return __ctype_mask;
+#elif defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    return _ctype+1; // internal ctype mask table defined in msvcrt.dll
+// This is assumed to be safe, which is a nonsense assumption because we're
+// going to end up dereferencing it later...
+#elif defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+    return *__ctype_b_loc();
+#elif defined(_AIX)
+    return (const unsigned long *)__lc_ctype_ptr->obj->mask;
+#else
+    // Platform not supported: abort so the person doing the port knows what to
+    // fix
+# warning  ctype<char>::classic_table() is not implemented
+    printf("ctype<char>::classic_table() is not implemented\n");
+    abort();
+    return NULL;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if defined(__GLIBC__)
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_tolower;
+}
+
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return __cloc()->__ctype_toupper;
+}
+#elif __NetBSD__
+const short*
+ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _C_tolower_tab_ + 1;
+}
+
+const short*
+ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return _C_toupper_tab_ + 1;
+}
+
+#elif defined(EMSCRIPTEN)
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_lower_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return *__ctype_tolower_loc();
+}
+
+const int*
+ctype<char>::__classic_upper_table() _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return *__ctype_toupper_loc();
+}
+#endif // __GLIBC__ || EMSCRIPTEN || __NETBSD__
+
+// template <> class ctype_byname<char>
+
+ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(name));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<char>(0, false, refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<char>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<char>::~ctype_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+    return static_cast<char>(toupper_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), __l));
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<char>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = static_cast<char>(toupper_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(*low), __l));
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+    return static_cast<char>(tolower_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(c), __l));
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<char>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = static_cast<char>(tolower_l(static_cast<unsigned char>(*low), __l));
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class ctype_byname<wchar_t>
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const char* name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(name));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname(const string& name, size_t refs)
+    : ctype<wchar_t>(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, name.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("ctype_byname<wchar_t>::ctype_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + name);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::~ctype_byname()
+{
+    freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+bool
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(mask m, char_type c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+    return static_cast<bool>(iswctype_l(c, m, __l));
+#else
+    bool result = false;
+    wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(c);
+    if (m & space) result |= (iswspace_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & print) result |= (iswprint_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & cntrl) result |= (iswcntrl_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & upper) result |= (iswupper_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & lower) result |= (iswlower_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & alpha) result |= (iswalpha_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & digit) result |= (iswdigit_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & punct) result |= (iswpunct_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & xdigit) result |= (iswxdigit_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    if (m & blank) result |= (iswblank_l(ch, __l) != 0);
+    return result;
+#endif
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_is(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, mask* vec) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++vec)
+    {
+        if (isascii(*low))
+            *vec = static_cast<mask>(ctype<char>::classic_table()[*low]);
+        else
+        {
+            *vec = 0;
+            wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
+            if (iswspace_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= space;
+            if (iswprint_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= print;
+            if (iswcntrl_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= cntrl;
+            if (iswupper_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= upper;
+            if (iswlower_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= lower;
+            if (iswalpha_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= alpha;
+            if (iswdigit_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= digit;
+            if (iswpunct_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= punct;
+            if (iswxdigit_l(ch, __l))
+                *vec |= xdigit;
+        }
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_is(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+        if (iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
+            break;
+#else
+        wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
+        if (m & space && iswspace_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & print && iswprint_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & cntrl && iswcntrl_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & upper && iswupper_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & lower && iswlower_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & alpha && iswalpha_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & digit && iswdigit_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & punct && iswpunct_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & xdigit && iswxdigit_l(ch, __l)) break;
+        if (m & blank && iswblank_l(ch, __l)) break;
+#endif
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_scan_not(mask m, const char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_WCTYPE_IS_MASK
+        if (!iswctype_l(*low, m, __l))
+            break;
+#else
+        wint_t ch = static_cast<wint_t>(*low);
+        if (m & space && iswspace_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & print && iswprint_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & cntrl && iswcntrl_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & upper && iswupper_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & lower && iswlower_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & alpha && iswalpha_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & digit && iswdigit_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & punct && iswpunct_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & xdigit && iswxdigit_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        if (m & blank && iswblank_l(ch, __l)) continue;
+        break;
+#endif
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type c) const
+{
+    return towupper_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_toupper(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = towupper_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type c) const
+{
+    return towlower_l(c, __l);
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_tolower(char_type* low, const char_type* high) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low)
+        *low = towlower_l(*low, __l);
+    return low;
+}
+
+wchar_t
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(char c) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    return btowc_l(c, __l);
+#else
+    return __btowc_l(c, __l);
+#endif
+}
+
+const char*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_widen(const char* low, const char* high, char_type* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        *dest = btowc_l(*low, __l);
+#else
+        *dest = __btowc_l(*low, __l);
+#endif
+    return low;
+}
+
+char
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(char_type c, char dfault) const
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    int r = wctob_l(c, __l);
+#else
+    int r = __wctob_l(c, __l);
+#endif
+    return r != static_cast<int>(WEOF) ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
+}
+
+const wchar_t*
+ctype_byname<wchar_t>::do_narrow(const char_type* low, const char_type* high, char dfault, char* dest) const
+{
+    for (; low != high; ++low, ++dest)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        int r = wctob_l(*low, __l);
+#else
+        int r = __wctob_l(*low, __l);
+#endif
+        *dest = r != static_cast<int>(WEOF) ? static_cast<char>(r) : dfault;
+    }
+    return low;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type*, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type*, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type*, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return true;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    return static_cast<int>(min<size_t>(mx, static_cast<size_t>(end-frm)));
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 1;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __l(_LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __l(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__l == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::codecvt_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+    if (__l != _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
+        freelocale(__l);
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type& st,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    // look for first internal null in frm
+    const intern_type* fend = frm;
+    for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+        if (*fend == 0)
+            break;
+    // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
+    to_nxt = to;
+    for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
+    {
+        // save state in case it is needed to recover to_nxt on error
+        mbstate_t save_state = st;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
+                                static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to), &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __wcsnrtombs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        if (n == size_t(-1))
+        {
+            // need to recover to_nxt
+            for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++frm)
+            {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+                n = wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
+#else
+                n = __wcrtomb_l(to_nxt, *frm, &save_state, __l);
+#endif
+                if (n == size_t(-1))
+                    break;
+                to_nxt += n;
+            }
+            frm_nxt = frm;
+            return error;
+        }
+        if (n == 0)
+            return partial;
+        to_nxt += n;
+        if (to_nxt == to_end)
+            break;
+        if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
+        {
+            // Try to write the terminating null
+            extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+            n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#else
+            n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#endif
+            if (n == size_t(-1))  // on error
+                return error;
+            if (n > static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to_nxt))  // is there room?
+                return partial;
+            for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
+                *to_nxt++ = *p++;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            // look for next null in frm
+            for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+                if (*fend == 0)
+                    break;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type& st,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    // look for first internal null in frm
+    const extern_type* fend = frm;
+    for (; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+        if (*fend == 0)
+            break;
+    // loop over all null-terminated sequences in frm
+    to_nxt = to;
+    for (frm_nxt = frm; frm != frm_end && to != to_end; frm = frm_nxt, to = to_nxt)
+    {
+        // save state in case it is needed to recover to_nxt on error
+        mbstate_t save_state = st;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
+                                static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to), &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __mbsnrtowcs_l(to, &frm_nxt, fend-frm, to_end-to, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        if (n == size_t(-1))
+        {
+            // need to recover to_nxt
+            for (to_nxt = to; frm != frm_nxt; ++to_nxt)
+            {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+                n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, static_cast<size_t>(fend-frm),
+                              &save_state, __l);
+#else
+                n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm, fend-frm, &save_state, __l);
+#endif
+                switch (n)
+                {
+                case 0:
+                    ++frm;
+                    break;
+                case size_t(-1):
+                    frm_nxt = frm;
+                    return error;
+                case size_t(-2):
+                    frm_nxt = frm;
+                    return partial;
+                default:
+                    frm += n;
+                    break;
+                }
+            }
+            frm_nxt = frm;
+            return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+        }
+        if (n == 0)
+            return error;
+        to_nxt += n;
+        if (to_nxt == to_end)
+            break;
+        if (fend != frm_end)  // set up next null terminated sequence
+        {
+            // Try to write the terminating null
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+            n = mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
+#else
+            n = __mbrtowc_l(to_nxt, frm_nxt, 1, &st, __l);
+#endif
+            if (n != 0)  // on error
+                return error;
+            ++to_nxt;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            // look for next null in frm
+            for (fend = frm_nxt; fend != frm_end; ++fend)
+                if (*fend == 0)
+                    break;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt == frm_end ? ok : partial;
+}
+
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type& st,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    extern_type tmp[MB_LEN_MAX];
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t n = wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#else
+    size_t n = __wcrtomb_l(tmp, intern_type(), &st, __l);
+#endif
+    if (n == size_t(-1) || n == 0)  // on error
+        return error;
+    --n;
+    if (n > static_cast<size_t>(to_end-to_nxt))  // is there room?
+        return partial;
+    for (extern_type* p = tmp; n; --n)  // write it
+        *to_nxt++ = *p++;
+    return ok;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    if (mbtowc_l((wchar_t*) 0, (const char*) 0, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) == 0)
+#else
+    if (__mbtowc_l((wchar_t*) 0, (const char*) 0, MB_LEN_MAX, __l) == 0)
+#endif
+    {
+        // stateless encoding
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        if (__l == 0 || MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
+#else
+        if (__l == 0 || __mb_cur_max_l(__l) == 1)  // there are no known constant length encodings
+#endif
+            return 1;                // which take more than 1 char to form a wchar_t
+         return 0;
+    }
+    return -1;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type& st,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    int nbytes = 0;
+    for (size_t nwchar_t = 0; nwchar_t < mx && frm != frm_end; ++nwchar_t)
+    {
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t n = mbrlen_l(frm, static_cast<size_t>(frm_end-frm), &st, __l);
+#else
+        size_t n = __mbrlen_l(frm, frm_end-frm, &st, __l);
+#endif
+        switch (n)
+        {
+        case 0:
+            ++nbytes;
+            ++frm;
+            break;
+        case size_t(-1):
+        case size_t(-2):
+            return nbytes;
+        default:
+            nbytes += n;
+            frm += n;
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return nbytes;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    return __l == 0 ? 1 : static_cast<int>(  MB_CUR_MAX_L(__l));
+#else
+    return __l == 0 ? 1 : static_cast<int>(__mb_cur_max_l(__l));
+#endif
+}
+
+//                                     Valid UTF ranges
+//     UTF-32               UTF-16                          UTF-8               # of code points
+//                     first      second       first   second    third   fourth
+// 000000 - 00007F  0000 - 007F               00 - 7F                                 127
+// 000080 - 0007FF  0080 - 07FF               C2 - DF, 80 - BF                       1920
+// 000800 - 000FFF  0800 - 0FFF               E0 - E0, A0 - BF, 80 - BF              2048
+// 001000 - 00CFFF  1000 - CFFF               E1 - EC, 80 - BF, 80 - BF             49152
+// 00D000 - 00D7FF  D000 - D7FF               ED - ED, 80 - 9F, 80 - BF              2048
+// 00D800 - 00DFFF                invalid
+// 00E000 - 00FFFF  E000 - FFFF               EE - EF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF              8192
+// 010000 - 03FFFF  D800 - D8BF, DC00 - DFFF  F0 - F0, 90 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   196608
+// 040000 - 0FFFFF  D8C0 - DBBF, DC00 - DFFF  F1 - F3, 80 - BF, 80 - BF, 80 - BF   786432
+// 100000 - 10FFFF  DBC0 - DBFF, DC00 - DFFF  F4 - F4, 80 - 8F, 80 - BF, 80 - BF    65536
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (wc1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc1 < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t wc2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if ((((((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
+                (((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x003F) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (wc1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc1 < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc1);
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc1 >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc1 & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xDC00)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t wc2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1]);
+            if ((wc2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if ((((((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16) +
+                (((unsigned long)wc1 & 0x003F) << 10) + (wc2 & 0x03FF) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+            uint8_t z = ((wc1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 | (z >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((z & 0x03) << 4)     | ((wc1 & 0x003C) >> 2));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0003) << 4) | ((wc2 & 0x03C0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc2 & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else if (wc1 < 0xE000)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc1 >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc1 & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc1 & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
+                  | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
+                  | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
+            *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xDC00
+                  | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
+                  |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_utf16(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+              uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+              unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(t);
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | (((((c1 & 0x07) << 2) | ((c2 & 0x30) >> 4)) - 1) << 6)
+                  | ((c2 & 0x0F) << 2)
+                  | ((c3 & 0x30) >> 4));
+            *++to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    0xDC00
+                  | ((c3 & 0x0F) << 6)
+                  |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_utf16_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                     size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                     codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = *frm_nxt;
+        if (c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || (frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4 || mx-nchar16_t < 2)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if (((((unsigned long)c1 & 7) << 18) +
+                (((unsigned long)c2 & 0x3F) << 12) +
+                (((unsigned long)c3 & 0x3F) << 6) + (c4 & 0x3F)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++nchar16_t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf8(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x000080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x000800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
+        }
+        else // if (wc < 0x110000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xF0 |  (wc >> 18));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x03F000) >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x000FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x00003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
+                                              | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(((c1 & 0x07) << 18)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c3 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c4 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                    size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                    codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x1Fu) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF5)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            uint8_t c4 = frm_nxt[3];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xF0:
+                if (!(0x90 <= c2 && c2 <= 0xBF))
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            case 0xF4:
+                if ((c2 & 0xF0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80 || (c4 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x07u) << 18) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 12) |
+                 ((c3 & 0x3Fu) << 6)  |  (c4 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf8(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xEF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBB);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xBF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x0080)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 1)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else if (wc < 0x0800)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xC0 | (wc >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | (wc & 0x03F));
+        }
+        else // if (wc <= 0xFFFF)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xE0 |  (wc >> 12));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 | ((wc & 0x0FC0) >> 6));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0x80 |  (wc & 0x003F));
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf8_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+             uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+             unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint16_t>(c1);
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x1F) << 6)
+                                              | (c2 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return codecvt_base::error;
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(((c1 & 0x0F) << 12)
+                                             | ((c2 & 0x3F) << 6)
+                                             |  (c3 & 0x3F));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf8_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                    size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                    codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 3 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xEF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xBB &&
+                                                          frm_nxt[2] == 0xBF)
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint8_t c1 = static_cast<uint8_t>(*frm_nxt);
+        if (c1 < 0x80)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            ++frm_nxt;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xC2)
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xE0)
+        {
+            if ((frm_end-frm_nxt < 2) || ((frm_nxt[1] & 0xC0) != 0x80))
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x1Fu) << 6) | (frm_nxt[1] & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else if (c1 < 0xF0)
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 3)
+                break;
+            uint8_t c2 = frm_nxt[1];
+            uint8_t c3 = frm_nxt[2];
+            switch (c1)
+            {
+            case 0xE0:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0xA0)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                break;
+            case 0xED:
+                if ((c2 & 0xE0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            default:
+                if ((c2 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+                 break;
+            }
+            if ((c3 & 0xC0) != 0x80)
+                break;
+            if ((((c1 & 0x0Fu) << 12) | ((c2 & 0x3Fu) << 6) | (c3 & 0x3Fu)) > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 3;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf16be(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
+                  |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16be_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3]);
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16be_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            break;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[2] << 8 | frm_nxt[3]);
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                break;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs4_to_utf16le(const uint32_t* frm, const uint32_t* frm_end, const uint32_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint32_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xFFFFF800) == 0x00D800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (wc < 0x010000)
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (to_end-to_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t t = static_cast<uint16_t>(
+                    0xD800
+                  | ((((wc & 0x1F0000) >> 16) - 1) << 6)
+                  |   ((wc & 0x00FC00) >> 10));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+            t = static_cast<uint16_t>(0xDC00 | (wc & 0x03FF));
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t);
+            *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(t >> 8);
+        }
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16le_to_ucs4(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint32_t* to, uint32_t* to_end, uint32_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = static_cast<uint32_t>(c1);
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                return codecvt_base::partial;
+            uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2]);
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                return codecvt_base::error;
+            *to_nxt = t;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16le_to_ucs4_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar32_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar32_t < mx; ++nchar32_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) == 0xDC00)
+            break;
+        if ((c1 & 0xFC00) != 0xD800)
+        {
+            if (c1 > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+        }
+        else
+        {
+            if (frm_end-frm_nxt < 4)
+                break;
+            uint16_t c2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[3] << 8 | frm_nxt[2]);
+            if ((c2 & 0xFC00) != 0xDC00)
+                break;
+            uint32_t t = static_cast<uint32_t>(
+                    ((((c1 & 0x03C0) >> 6) + 1) << 16)
+                  |   ((c1 & 0x003F) << 10)
+                  |    (c2 & 0x03FF));
+            if (t > Maxcode)
+                break;
+            frm_nxt += 4;
+        }
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf16be(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16be_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        *to_nxt = c1;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16be_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFE && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFF)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[0] << 8 | frm_nxt[1]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+ucs2_to_utf16le(const uint16_t* frm, const uint16_t* frm_end, const uint16_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint8_t* to, uint8_t* to_end, uint8_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & generate_header)
+    {
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFF);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(0xFE);
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end; ++frm_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t wc = *frm_nxt;
+        if ((wc & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || wc > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        if (to_end-to_nxt < 2)
+            return codecvt_base::partial;
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc);
+        *to_nxt++ = static_cast<uint8_t>(wc >> 8);
+    }
+    return codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+codecvt_base::result
+utf16le_to_ucs2(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end, const uint8_t*& frm_nxt,
+                uint16_t* to, uint16_t* to_end, uint16_t*& to_nxt,
+                unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF, codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    to_nxt = to;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && to_nxt < to_end; ++to_nxt)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            return codecvt_base::error;
+        *to_nxt = c1;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return frm_nxt < frm_end ? codecvt_base::partial : codecvt_base::ok;
+}
+
+static
+int
+utf16le_to_ucs2_length(const uint8_t* frm, const uint8_t* frm_end,
+                       size_t mx, unsigned long Maxcode = 0x10FFFF,
+                       codecvt_mode mode = codecvt_mode(0))
+{
+    const uint8_t* frm_nxt = frm;
+    frm_nxt = frm;
+    if (mode & consume_header)
+    {
+        if (frm_end-frm_nxt >= 2 && frm_nxt[0] == 0xFF && frm_nxt[1] == 0xFE)
+            frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    for (size_t nchar16_t = 0; frm_nxt < frm_end - 1 && nchar16_t < mx; ++nchar16_t)
+    {
+        uint16_t c1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(frm_nxt[1] << 8 | frm_nxt[0]);
+        if ((c1 & 0xF800) == 0xD800 || c1 > Maxcode)
+            break;
+        frm_nxt += 2;
+    }
+    return static_cast<int>(frm_nxt - frm);
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// template <> class codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>
+
+locale::id codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::id;
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::~codecvt()
+{
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::result
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx);
+}
+
+int
+codecvt<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+#if _WIN32
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+#else
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+#endif
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+#if _WIN32
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+#else
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+#endif
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+#if _WIN32
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+#else
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+#endif
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<char16_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 3;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8<char32_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                            _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<wchar_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 4;
+    return 2;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs2_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs2(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs2_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char16_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 4;
+    return 2;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16be(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16be_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16be_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, false>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = ucs4_to_utf16le(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16le_to_ucs4(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                               _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::result
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf16le_to_ucs4_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf16<char32_t, true>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 6;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<wchar_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint16_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint16_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint16_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint16_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to);
+    uint16_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint16_t*>(to_end);
+    uint16_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char16_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_out(state_type&,
+    const intern_type* frm, const intern_type* frm_end, const intern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type* to_end, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint32_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint32_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint32_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint8_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to);
+    uint8_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(to_end);
+    uint8_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf16_to_utf8(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_in(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, const extern_type*& frm_nxt,
+    intern_type* to, intern_type* to_end, intern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_nxt = _frm;
+    uint32_t* _to = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to);
+    uint32_t* _to_end = reinterpret_cast<uint32_t*>(to_end);
+    uint32_t* _to_nxt = _to;
+    result r = utf8_to_utf16(_frm, _frm_end, _frm_nxt, _to, _to_end, _to_nxt,
+                             _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+    frm_nxt = frm + (_frm_nxt - _frm);
+    to_nxt = to + (_to_nxt - _to);
+    return r;
+}
+
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::result
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_unshift(state_type&,
+    extern_type* to, extern_type*, extern_type*& to_nxt) const
+{
+    to_nxt = to;
+    return noconv;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_encoding() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return 0;
+}
+
+bool
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_always_noconv() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    return false;
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_length(state_type&,
+    const extern_type* frm, const extern_type* frm_end, size_t mx) const
+{
+    const uint8_t* _frm = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm);
+    const uint8_t* _frm_end = reinterpret_cast<const uint8_t*>(frm_end);
+    return utf8_to_utf16_length(_frm, _frm_end, mx, _Maxcode_, _Mode_);
+}
+
+int
+__codecvt_utf8_utf16<char32_t>::do_max_length() const  _NOEXCEPT
+{
+    if (_Mode_ & consume_header)
+        return 7;
+    return 4;
+}
+
+// __narrow_to_utf8<16>
+
+__narrow_to_utf8<16>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __narrow_to_utf8<32>
+
+__narrow_to_utf8<32>::~__narrow_to_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __widen_from_utf8<16>
+
+__widen_from_utf8<16>::~__widen_from_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// __widen_from_utf8<32>
+
+__widen_from_utf8<32>::~__widen_from_utf8()
+{
+}
+
+// numpunct<char> && numpunct<wchar_t>
+
+locale::id numpunct< char  >::id;
+locale::id numpunct<wchar_t>::id;
+
+numpunct<char>::numpunct(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __decimal_point_('.'),
+      __thousands_sep_(',')
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<wchar_t>::numpunct(size_t refs)
+    : locale::facet(refs),
+      __decimal_point_(L'.'),
+      __thousands_sep_(L',')
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<char>::~numpunct()
+{
+}
+
+numpunct<wchar_t>::~numpunct()
+{
+}
+
+ char   numpunct< char  >::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
+wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_decimal_point() const {return __decimal_point_;}
+
+ char   numpunct< char  >::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
+wchar_t numpunct<wchar_t>::do_thousands_sep() const {return __thousands_sep_;}
+
+string numpunct< char  >::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
+string numpunct<wchar_t>::do_grouping() const {return __grouping_;}
+
+ string numpunct< char  >::do_truename() const {return "true";}
+wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_truename() const {return L"true";}
+
+ string numpunct< char  >::do_falsename() const {return "false";}
+wstring numpunct<wchar_t>::do_falsename() const {return L"false";}
+
+// numpunct_byname<char>
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<char>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm);
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<char>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm.c_str());
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<char>::~numpunct_byname()
+{
+}
+
+void
+numpunct_byname<char>::__init(const char* nm)
+{
+    if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
+    {
+        __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (loc == nullptr)
+            throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
+                                " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+        lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (*lc->decimal_point)
+            __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
+        if (*lc->thousands_sep)
+            __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
+        __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
+        // localization for truename and falsename is not available
+    }
+}
+
+// numpunct_byname<wchar_t>
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const char* nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm);
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::numpunct_byname(const string& nm, size_t refs)
+    : numpunct<wchar_t>(refs)
+{
+    __init(nm.c_str());
+}
+
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::~numpunct_byname()
+{
+}
+
+void
+numpunct_byname<wchar_t>::__init(const char* nm)
+{
+    if (strcmp(nm, "C") != 0)
+    {
+        __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+        if (loc == nullptr)
+            throw runtime_error("numpunct_byname<char>::numpunct_byname"
+                                " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+        lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (*lc->decimal_point)
+            __decimal_point_ = *lc->decimal_point;
+        if (*lc->thousands_sep)
+            __thousands_sep_ = *lc->thousands_sep;
+        __grouping_ = lc->grouping;
+        // locallization for truename and falsename is not available
+    }
+}
+
+// num_get helpers
+
+int
+__num_get_base::__get_base(ios_base& iob)
+{
+    ios_base::fmtflags __basefield = iob.flags() & ios_base::basefield;
+    if (__basefield == ios_base::oct)
+        return 8;
+    else if (__basefield == ios_base::hex)
+        return 16;
+    else if (__basefield == 0)
+        return 0;
+    return 10;
+}
+
+const char __num_get_base::__src[33] = "0123456789abcdefABCDEFxX+-pPiInN";
+
+void
+__check_grouping(const string& __grouping, unsigned* __g, unsigned* __g_end,
+                 ios_base::iostate& __err)
+{
+    if (__grouping.size() != 0)
+    {
+        reverse(__g, __g_end);
+        const char* __ig = __grouping.data();
+        const char* __eg = __ig + __grouping.size();
+        for (unsigned* __r = __g; __r < __g_end-1; ++__r)
+        {
+            if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
+            {
+                if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__ig) != *__r)
+                {
+                    __err = ios_base::failbit;
+                    return;
+                }
+            }
+            if (__eg - __ig > 1)
+                ++__ig;
+        }
+        if (0 < *__ig && *__ig < numeric_limits<char>::max())
+        {
+            if (static_cast<unsigned>(*__ig) < __g_end[-1] || __g_end[-1] == 0)
+                __err = ios_base::failbit;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+void
+__num_put_base::__format_int(char* __fmtp, const char* __len, bool __signd,
+                             ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
+{
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
+        *__fmtp++ = '+';
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showbase)
+        *__fmtp++ = '#';
+    while(*__len)
+        *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
+    if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::oct)
+        *__fmtp = 'o';
+    else if ((__flags & ios_base::basefield) == ios_base::hex)
+    {
+        if (__flags & ios_base::uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'X';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'x';
+    }
+    else if (__signd)
+        *__fmtp = 'd';
+    else
+        *__fmtp = 'u';
+}
+
+bool
+__num_put_base::__format_float(char* __fmtp, const char* __len,
+                               ios_base::fmtflags __flags)
+{
+    bool specify_precision = true;
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpos)
+        *__fmtp++ = '+';
+    if (__flags & ios_base::showpoint)
+        *__fmtp++ = '#';
+    ios_base::fmtflags floatfield = __flags & ios_base::floatfield;
+    bool uppercase = (__flags & ios_base::uppercase) != 0;
+    if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
+        specify_precision = false;
+    else
+    {
+        *__fmtp++ = '.';
+        *__fmtp++ = '*';
+    }
+    while(*__len)
+        *__fmtp++ = *__len++;
+    if (floatfield == ios_base::fixed)
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'F';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'f';
+    }
+    else if (floatfield == ios_base::scientific)
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'E';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'e';
+    }
+    else if (floatfield == (ios_base::fixed | ios_base::scientific))
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'A';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'a';
+    }
+    else
+    {
+        if (uppercase)
+            *__fmtp = 'G';
+        else
+            *__fmtp = 'g';
+    }
+    return specify_precision;
+}
+
+char*
+__num_put_base::__identify_padding(char* __nb, char* __ne,
+                                   const ios_base& __iob)
+{
+    switch (__iob.flags() & ios_base::adjustfield)
+    {
+    case ios_base::internal:
+        if (__nb[0] == '-' || __nb[0] == '+')
+            return __nb+1;
+        if (__ne - __nb >= 2 && __nb[0] == '0'
+                            && (__nb[1] == 'x' || __nb[1] == 'X'))
+            return __nb+2;
+        break;
+    case ios_base::left:
+        return __ne;
+    case ios_base::right:
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    return __nb;
+}
+
+// time_get
+
+static
+string*
+init_weeks()
+{
+    static string weeks[14];
+    weeks[0]  = "Sunday";
+    weeks[1]  = "Monday";
+    weeks[2]  = "Tuesday";
+    weeks[3]  = "Wednesday";
+    weeks[4]  = "Thursday";
+    weeks[5]  = "Friday";
+    weeks[6]  = "Saturday";
+    weeks[7]  = "Sun";
+    weeks[8]  = "Mon";
+    weeks[9]  = "Tue";
+    weeks[10] = "Wed";
+    weeks[11] = "Thu";
+    weeks[12] = "Fri";
+    weeks[13] = "Sat";
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wweeks()
+{
+    static wstring weeks[14];
+    weeks[0]  = L"Sunday";
+    weeks[1]  = L"Monday";
+    weeks[2]  = L"Tuesday";
+    weeks[3]  = L"Wednesday";
+    weeks[4]  = L"Thursday";
+    weeks[5]  = L"Friday";
+    weeks[6]  = L"Saturday";
+    weeks[7]  = L"Sun";
+    weeks[8]  = L"Mon";
+    weeks[9]  = L"Tue";
+    weeks[10] = L"Wed";
+    weeks[11] = L"Thu";
+    weeks[12] = L"Fri";
+    weeks[13] = L"Sat";
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__weeks() const
+{
+    static const string* weeks = init_weeks();
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__weeks() const
+{
+    static const wstring* weeks = init_wweeks();
+    return weeks;
+}
+
+static
+string*
+init_months()
+{
+    static string months[24];
+    months[0]  = "January";
+    months[1]  = "February";
+    months[2]  = "March";
+    months[3]  = "April";
+    months[4]  = "May";
+    months[5]  = "June";
+    months[6]  = "July";
+    months[7]  = "August";
+    months[8]  = "September";
+    months[9]  = "October";
+    months[10] = "November";
+    months[11] = "December";
+    months[12] = "Jan";
+    months[13] = "Feb";
+    months[14] = "Mar";
+    months[15] = "Apr";
+    months[16] = "May";
+    months[17] = "Jun";
+    months[18] = "Jul";
+    months[19] = "Aug";
+    months[20] = "Sep";
+    months[21] = "Oct";
+    months[22] = "Nov";
+    months[23] = "Dec";
+    return months;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wmonths()
+{
+    static wstring months[24];
+    months[0]  = L"January";
+    months[1]  = L"February";
+    months[2]  = L"March";
+    months[3]  = L"April";
+    months[4]  = L"May";
+    months[5]  = L"June";
+    months[6]  = L"July";
+    months[7]  = L"August";
+    months[8]  = L"September";
+    months[9]  = L"October";
+    months[10] = L"November";
+    months[11] = L"December";
+    months[12] = L"Jan";
+    months[13] = L"Feb";
+    months[14] = L"Mar";
+    months[15] = L"Apr";
+    months[16] = L"May";
+    months[17] = L"Jun";
+    months[18] = L"Jul";
+    months[19] = L"Aug";
+    months[20] = L"Sep";
+    months[21] = L"Oct";
+    months[22] = L"Nov";
+    months[23] = L"Dec";
+    return months;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__months() const
+{
+    static const string* months = init_months();
+    return months;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__months() const
+{
+    static const wstring* months = init_wmonths();
+    return months;
+}
+
+static
+string*
+init_am_pm()
+{
+    static string am_pm[24];
+    am_pm[0]  = "AM";
+    am_pm[1]  = "PM";
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+static
+wstring*
+init_wam_pm()
+{
+    static wstring am_pm[24];
+    am_pm[0]  = L"AM";
+    am_pm[1]  = L"PM";
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string*
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__am_pm() const
+{
+    static const string* am_pm = init_am_pm();
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring*
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__am_pm() const
+{
+    static const wstring* am_pm = init_wam_pm();
+    return am_pm;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__x() const
+{
+    static string s("%m/%d/%y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__x() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%m/%d/%y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__X() const
+{
+    static string s("%H:%M:%S");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__X() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%H:%M:%S");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__c() const
+{
+    static string s("%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__c() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%a %b %d %H:%M:%S %Y");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const string&
+__time_get_c_storage<char>::__r() const
+{
+    static string s("%I:%M:%S %p");
+    return s;
+}
+
+template <>
+const wstring&
+__time_get_c_storage<wchar_t>::__r() const
+{
+    static wstring s(L"%I:%M:%S %p");
+    return s;
+}
+
+// time_get_byname
+
+__time_get::__time_get(const char* nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_get::__time_get(const string& nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_get_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + nm);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_get::~__time_get()
+{
+    freelocale(__loc_);
+}
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif
+#if defined(__GNUG__)
+#pragma GCC   diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-field-initializers"
+#endif
+
+template <>
+string
+__time_get_storage<char>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<char>& ct)
+{
+    tm t = {0};
+    t.tm_sec = 59;
+    t.tm_min = 55;
+    t.tm_hour = 23;
+    t.tm_mday = 31;
+    t.tm_mon = 11;
+    t.tm_year = 161;
+    t.tm_wday = 6;
+    t.tm_yday = 364;
+    t.tm_isdst = -1;
+    char buf[100];
+    char f[3] = {0};
+    f[0] = '%';
+    f[1] = fmt;
+    size_t n = strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), f, &t, __loc_);
+    char* bb = buf;
+    char* be = buf + n;
+    string result;
+    while (bb != be)
+    {
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb))
+        {
+            result.push_back(' ');
+            for (++bb; bb != be && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *bb); ++bb)
+                ;
+            continue;
+        }
+        char* w = bb;
+        ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
+        ptrdiff_t i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
+                               ct, err, false)
+                               - this->__weeks_;
+        if (i < 14)
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            if (i < 7)
+                result.push_back('A');
+            else
+                result.push_back('a');
+            bb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        w = bb;
+        i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
+                           ct, err, false)
+                           - this->__months_;
+        if (i < 24)
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            if (i < 12)
+                result.push_back('B');
+            else
+                result.push_back('b');
+            if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
+                result.back() = 'm';
+            bb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
+        {
+            w = bb;
+            i = __scan_keyword(w, be, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
+                               ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
+            if (i < 2)
+            {
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('p');
+                bb = w;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        w = bb;
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *bb))
+        {
+            switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(bb, be, err, ct, 4))
+            {
+            case 6:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('w');
+                break;
+            case 7:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('u');
+                break;
+            case 11:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('I');
+                break;
+            case 12:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('m');
+                break;
+            case 23:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('H');
+                break;
+            case 31:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('d');
+                break;
+            case 55:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('M');
+                break;
+            case 59:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('S');
+                break;
+            case 61:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('y');
+                break;
+            case 364:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('j');
+                break;
+            case 2061:
+                result.push_back('%');
+                result.push_back('Y');
+                break;
+            default:
+                for (; w != bb; ++w)
+                    result.push_back(*w);
+                break;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (*bb == '%')
+        {
+            result.push_back('%');
+            result.push_back('%');
+            ++bb;
+            continue;
+        }
+        result.push_back(*bb);
+        ++bb;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+#if defined(__clang__)
+#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wmissing-braces"
+#endif
+
+template <>
+wstring
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__analyze(char fmt, const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
+{
+    tm t = {0};
+    t.tm_sec = 59;
+    t.tm_min = 55;
+    t.tm_hour = 23;
+    t.tm_mday = 31;
+    t.tm_mon = 11;
+    t.tm_year = 161;
+    t.tm_wday = 6;
+    t.tm_yday = 364;
+    t.tm_isdst = -1;
+    char buf[100];
+    char f[3] = {0};
+    f[0] = '%';
+    f[1] = fmt;
+    strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), f, &t, __loc_);
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    wchar_t* wbb = wbuf;
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l( wbb, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbb + j;
+    wstring result;
+    while (wbb != wbe)
+    {
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb))
+        {
+            result.push_back(L' ');
+            for (++wbb; wbb != wbe && ct.is(ctype_base::space, *wbb); ++wbb)
+                ;
+            continue;
+        }
+        wchar_t* w = wbb;
+        ios_base::iostate err = ios_base::goodbit;
+        ptrdiff_t i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__weeks_, this->__weeks_+14,
+                               ct, err, false)
+                               - this->__weeks_;
+        if (i < 14)
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            if (i < 7)
+                result.push_back(L'A');
+            else
+                result.push_back(L'a');
+            wbb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        w = wbb;
+        i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__months_, this->__months_+24,
+                           ct, err, false)
+                           - this->__months_;
+        if (i < 24)
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            if (i < 12)
+                result.push_back(L'B');
+            else
+                result.push_back(L'b');
+            if (fmt == 'x' && ct.is(ctype_base::digit, this->__months_[i][0]))
+                result.back() = L'm';
+            wbb = w;
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (this->__am_pm_[0].size() + this->__am_pm_[1].size() > 0)
+        {
+            w = wbb;
+            i = __scan_keyword(w, wbe, this->__am_pm_, this->__am_pm_+2,
+                               ct, err, false) - this->__am_pm_;
+            if (i < 2)
+            {
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'p');
+                wbb = w;
+                continue;
+            }
+        }
+        w = wbb;
+        if (ct.is(ctype_base::digit, *wbb))
+        {
+            switch(__get_up_to_n_digits(wbb, wbe, err, ct, 4))
+            {
+            case 6:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'w');
+                break;
+            case 7:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'u');
+                break;
+            case 11:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'I');
+                break;
+            case 12:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'm');
+                break;
+            case 23:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'H');
+                break;
+            case 31:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'd');
+                break;
+            case 55:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'M');
+                break;
+            case 59:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'S');
+                break;
+            case 61:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'y');
+                break;
+            case 364:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'j');
+                break;
+            case 2061:
+                result.push_back(L'%');
+                result.push_back(L'Y');
+                break;
+            default:
+                for (; w != wbb; ++w)
+                    result.push_back(*w);
+                break;
+            }
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (ct.narrow(*wbb, 0) == '%')
+        {
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            result.push_back(L'%');
+            ++wbb;
+            continue;
+        }
+        result.push_back(*wbb);
+        ++wbb;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__time_get_storage<char>::init(const ctype<char>& ct)
+{
+    tm t = {0};
+    char buf[100];
+    // __weeks_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_wday = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%A", &t, __loc_);
+        __weeks_[i] = buf;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%a", &t, __loc_);
+        __weeks_[i+7] = buf;
+    }
+    // __months_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_mon = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%B", &t, __loc_);
+        __months_[i] = buf;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%b", &t, __loc_);
+        __months_[i+12] = buf;
+    }
+    // __am_pm_
+    t.tm_hour = 1;
+    strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    __am_pm_[0] = buf;
+    t.tm_hour = 13;
+    strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    __am_pm_[1] = buf;
+    __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
+    __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
+    __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
+    __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+void
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::init(const ctype<wchar_t>& ct)
+{
+    tm t = {0};
+    char buf[100];
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    wchar_t* wbe;
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    // __weeks_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 7; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_wday = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%A", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __weeks_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%a", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __weeks_[i+7].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // __months_
+    for (int i = 0; i < 12; ++i)
+    {
+        t.tm_mon = i;
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%B", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __months_[i].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+        strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%b", &t, __loc_);
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __months_[i+12].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // __am_pm_
+    t.tm_hour = 1;
+    strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    mb = mbstate_t();
+    const char* bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __am_pm_[0].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    t.tm_hour = 13;
+    strftime_l(buf, countof(buf), "%p", &t, __loc_);
+    mb = mbstate_t();
+    bb = buf;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __am_pm_[1].assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    __c_ = __analyze('c', ct);
+    __r_ = __analyze('r', ct);
+    __x_ = __analyze('x', ct);
+    __X_ = __analyze('X', ct);
+}
+
+template <class CharT>
+struct _LIBCPP_HIDDEN __time_get_temp
+    : public ctype_byname<CharT>
+{
+    explicit __time_get_temp(const char* nm)
+        : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
+    explicit __time_get_temp(const string& nm)
+        : ctype_byname<CharT>(nm, 1) {}
+};
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<char>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<char> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const char* __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__time_get_storage(const string& __nm)
+    : __time_get(__nm)
+{
+    const __time_get_temp<wchar_t> ct(__nm);
+    init(ct);
+}
+
+template <>
+time_base::dateorder
+__time_get_storage<char>::__do_date_order() const
+{
+    unsigned i;
+    for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+        if (__x_[i] == '%')
+            break;
+    ++i;
+    switch (__x_[i])
+    {
+    case 'y':
+    case 'Y':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        switch (__x_[i])
+        {
+        case 'm':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'd')
+                return time_base::ymd;
+            break;
+        case 'd':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'm')
+                return time_base::ydm;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'm':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == 'd')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
+                return time_base::mdy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 'd':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == 'm')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == '%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == 'y' || __x_[i] == 'Y')
+                return time_base::dmy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return time_base::no_order;
+}
+
+template <>
+time_base::dateorder
+__time_get_storage<wchar_t>::__do_date_order() const
+{
+    unsigned i;
+    for (i = 0; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+        if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+            break;
+    ++i;
+    switch (__x_[i])
+    {
+    case L'y':
+    case L'Y':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        switch (__x_[i])
+        {
+        case L'm':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'd')
+                return time_base::ymd;
+            break;
+        case L'd':
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'm')
+                return time_base::ydm;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case L'm':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == L'd')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
+                return time_base::mdy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case L'd':
+        for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+            if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                break;
+        if (i == __x_.size())
+            break;
+        ++i;
+        if (__x_[i] == L'm')
+        {
+            for (++i; i < __x_.size(); ++i)
+                if (__x_[i] == L'%')
+                    break;
+            if (i == __x_.size())
+                break;
+            ++i;
+            if (__x_[i] == L'y' || __x_[i] == L'Y')
+                return time_base::dmy;
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    }
+    return time_base::no_order;
+}
+
+// time_put
+
+__time_put::__time_put(const char* nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_put::__time_put(const string& nm)
+    : __loc_(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm.c_str(), 0))
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (__loc_ == 0)
+        throw runtime_error("time_put_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + nm);
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+}
+
+__time_put::~__time_put()
+{
+    if (__loc_ != _LIBCPP_GET_C_LOCALE)
+        freelocale(__loc_);
+}
+
+void
+__time_put::__do_put(char* __nb, char*& __ne, const tm* __tm,
+                     char __fmt, char __mod) const
+{
+    char fmt[] = {'%', __fmt, __mod, 0};
+    if (__mod != 0)
+        swap(fmt[1], fmt[2]);
+    size_t n = strftime_l(__nb, countof(__nb, __ne), fmt, __tm, __loc_);
+    __ne = __nb + n;
+}
+
+void
+__time_put::__do_put(wchar_t* __wb, wchar_t*& __we, const tm* __tm,
+                     char __fmt, char __mod) const
+{
+    char __nar[100];
+    char* __ne = __nar + 100;
+    __do_put(__nar, __ne, __tm, __fmt, __mod);
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* __nb = __nar;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, countof(__wb, __we), &mb, __loc_);
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(__wb, &__nb, countof(__wb, __we), &mb, __loc_);
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    __we = __wb + j;
+}
+
+// moneypunct_byname
+
+template <class charT>
+static
+void
+__init_pat(money_base::pattern& pat, basic_string<charT>& __curr_symbol_,
+           bool intl, char cs_precedes, char sep_by_space, char sign_posn,
+           charT space_char)
+{
+    const char sign = static_cast<char>(money_base::sign);
+    const char space = static_cast<char>(money_base::space);
+    const char none = static_cast<char>(money_base::none);
+    const char symbol = static_cast<char>(money_base::symbol);
+    const char value = static_cast<char>(money_base::value);
+    const bool symbol_contains_sep = intl && __curr_symbol_.size() == 4;
+
+    // Comments on case branches reflect 'C11 7.11.2.1 The localeconv
+    // function'. "Space between sign and symbol or value" means that
+    // if the sign is adjacent to the symbol, there's a space between
+    // them, and otherwise there's a space between the sign and value.
+    //
+    // C11's localeconv specifies that the fourth character of an
+    // international curr_symbol is used to separate the sign and
+    // value when sep_by_space says to do so. C++ can't represent
+    // that, so we just use a space.  When sep_by_space says to
+    // separate the symbol and value-or-sign with a space, we rearrange the
+    // curr_symbol to put its spacing character on the correct side of
+    // the symbol.
+    //
+    // We also need to avoid adding an extra space between the sign
+    // and value when the currency symbol is suppressed (by not
+    // setting showbase).  We match glibc's strfmon by interpreting
+    // sep_by_space==1 as "omit the space when the currency symbol is
+    // absent".
+    //
+    // Users who want to get this right should use ICU instead.
+
+    switch (cs_precedes)
+    {
+    case 0:  // value before curr_symbol
+        if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+            // Move the separator to before the symbol, to place it
+            // between the value and symbol.
+            rotate(__curr_symbol_.begin(), __curr_symbol_.begin() + 3,
+                   __curr_symbol_.end());
+        }
+        switch (sign_posn)
+        {
+        case 0:  // Parentheses surround the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[1] = value;
+            pat.field[2] = none;  // Any space appears in the symbol.
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                // This case may have changed between C99 and C11;
+                // assume the currency symbol matches the intention.
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                // The "sign" is two parentheses, so no space here either.
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 1:  // The sign string precedes the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // has already appeared after the sign.
+                    __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:  // The sign string succeeds the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // should not be removed if showbase is absent.
+                    __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 3:  // The sign string immediately precedes the currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = symbol;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // has already appeared before the sign.
+                    __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 4:  // The sign string immediately succeeds the currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = value;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // should not disappear when showbase is absent.
+                    __curr_symbol_.erase(__curr_symbol_.begin());
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    case 1:  // curr_symbol before value
+        switch (sign_posn)
+        {
+        case 0:  // Parentheses surround the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[1] = symbol;
+            pat.field[2] = none;  // Any space appears in the symbol.
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                // This case may have changed between C99 and C11;
+                // assume the currency symbol matches the intention.
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                // The "sign" is two parentheses, so no space here either.
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.insert(0, 1, space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 1:  // The sign string precedes the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // has already appeared after the sign.
+                    __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 2:  // The sign string succeeds the quantity and currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = symbol;
+            pat.field[3] = sign;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = value;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = value;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // will appear before the sign.
+                    __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 3:  // The sign string immediately precedes the currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = sign;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = symbol;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[2]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = space;
+                pat.field[2] = symbol;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // has already appeared after the sign.
+                    __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
+                }
+                return;
+            default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        case 4:  // The sign string immediately succeeds the currency symbol.
+            pat.field[0] = symbol;
+            pat.field[3] = value;
+            switch (sep_by_space)
+            {
+            case 0:  // No space separates the currency symbol and value.
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = none;
+                return;
+            case 1:  // Space between currency-and-sign or currency and value.
+                pat.field[1] = sign;
+                pat.field[2] = space;
+                if (symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // Remove the separator from the symbol, since it
+                    // should not disappear when showbase is absent.
+                    __curr_symbol_.pop_back();
+                }
+                return;
+            case 2:  // Space between sign and currency or value.
+                pat.field[1] = none;
+                pat.field[2] = sign;
+                if (!symbol_contains_sep) {
+                    // We insert the space into the symbol instead of
+                    // setting pat.field[1]=space so that when
+                    // showbase is not set, the space goes away too.
+                    __curr_symbol_.push_back(space_char);
+                }
+                return;
+           default:
+                break;
+            }
+            break;
+        default:
+            break;
+        }
+        break;
+    default:
+        break;
+    }
+    pat.field[0] = symbol;
+    pat.field[1] = sign;
+    pat.field[2] = none;
+    pat.field[3] = value;
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<char, false>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<char, false> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == nullptr)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    __curr_symbol_ = lc->currency_symbol;
+    if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+        __positive_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+        __negative_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
+    // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
+    // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
+    // represent anything else.
+    string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, false,
+               lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, ' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, false,
+               lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, ' ');
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<char, true>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<char, true> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == nullptr)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = *lc->mon_decimal_point;
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = *lc->mon_thousands_sep;
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    __curr_symbol_ = lc->int_curr_symbol;
+    if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+        __positive_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __positive_sign_ = lc->positive_sign;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    if(lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+        __negative_sign_ = "()";
+    else
+        __negative_sign_ = lc->negative_sign;
+    // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
+    // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
+    // represent anything else.
+    string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
+               lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, ' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
+               lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, ' ');
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
+               lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space,
+               lc->int_p_sign_posn, ' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
+               lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space,
+               lc->int_n_sign_posn, ' ');
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, false> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == nullptr)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = lc->currency_symbol;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    if (lc->frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+        __positive_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->positive_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+        __negative_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->negative_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
+    // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
+    // represent anything else.
+    string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, false,
+               lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, L' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, false,
+               lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, L' ');
+}
+
+template<>
+void
+moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>::init(const char* nm)
+{
+    typedef moneypunct<wchar_t, true> base;
+    __locale_unique_ptr loc(newlocale(LC_ALL_MASK, nm, 0), freelocale);
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    if (loc == nullptr)
+        throw runtime_error("moneypunct_byname"
+                            " failed to construct for " + string(nm));
+#endif  // _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    lconv* lc = localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#else
+    lconv* lc = __localeconv_l(loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (*lc->mon_decimal_point)
+        __decimal_point_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_decimal_point);
+    else
+        __decimal_point_ = base::do_decimal_point();
+    if (*lc->mon_thousands_sep)
+        __thousands_sep_ = static_cast<wchar_t>(*lc->mon_thousands_sep);
+    else
+        __thousands_sep_ = base::do_thousands_sep();
+    __grouping_ = lc->mon_grouping;
+    wchar_t wbuf[100];
+    mbstate_t mb = {0};
+    const char* bb = lc->int_curr_symbol;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+    size_t j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+    size_t j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+    if (j == size_t(-1))
+        __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+    wchar_t* wbe = wbuf + j;
+    __curr_symbol_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    if (lc->int_frac_digits != CHAR_MAX)
+        __frac_digits_ = lc->int_frac_digits;
+    else
+        __frac_digits_ = base::do_frac_digits();
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    if (lc->p_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    if (lc->int_p_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+        __positive_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->positive_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __positive_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    if (lc->n_sign_posn == 0)
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    if (lc->int_n_sign_posn == 0)
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+        __negative_sign_ = L"()";
+    else
+    {
+        mb = mbstate_t();
+        bb = lc->negative_sign;
+#ifdef _LIBCPP_LOCALE__L_EXTENSIONS
+        j = mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#else
+        j = __mbsrtowcs_l(wbuf, &bb, countof(wbuf), &mb, loc.get());
+#endif
+        if (j == size_t(-1))
+            __throw_runtime_error("locale not supported");
+        wbe = wbuf + j;
+        __negative_sign_.assign(wbuf, wbe);
+    }
+    // Assume the positive and negative formats will want spaces in
+    // the same places in curr_symbol since there's no way to
+    // represent anything else.
+    string_type __dummy_curr_symbol = __curr_symbol_;
+#if defined(_LIBCPP_MSVCRT) || defined(__MINGW32__)
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
+               lc->p_cs_precedes, lc->p_sep_by_space, lc->p_sign_posn, L' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
+               lc->n_cs_precedes, lc->n_sep_by_space, lc->n_sign_posn, L' ');
+#else // _LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+    __init_pat(__pos_format_, __dummy_curr_symbol, true,
+               lc->int_p_cs_precedes, lc->int_p_sep_by_space,
+               lc->int_p_sign_posn, L' ');
+    __init_pat(__neg_format_, __curr_symbol_, true,
+               lc->int_n_cs_precedes, lc->int_n_sep_by_space,
+               lc->int_n_sign_posn, L' ');
+#endif // !_LIBCPP_MSVCRT
+}
+
+void __do_nothing(void*) {}
+
+void __throw_runtime_error(const char* msg)
+{
+#ifndef _LIBCPP_NO_EXCEPTIONS
+    throw runtime_error(msg);
+#else
+    (void)msg;
+#endif
+}
+
+template class collate<char>;
+template class collate<wchar_t>;
+
+template class num_get<char>;
+template class num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template struct __num_get<char>;
+template struct __num_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class num_put<char>;
+template class num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template struct __num_put<char>;
+template struct __num_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_get<char>;
+template class time_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_get_byname<char>;
+template class time_get_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_put<char>;
+template class time_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class time_put_byname<char>;
+template class time_put_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class moneypunct<char, false>;
+template class moneypunct<char, true>;
+template class moneypunct<wchar_t, false>;
+template class moneypunct<wchar_t, true>;
+
+template class moneypunct_byname<char, false>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<char, true>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, false>;
+template class moneypunct_byname<wchar_t, true>;
+
+template class money_get<char>;
+template class money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __money_get<char>;
+template class __money_get<wchar_t>;
+
+template class money_put<char>;
+template class money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class __money_put<char>;
+template class __money_put<wchar_t>;
+
+template class messages<char>;
+template class messages<wchar_t>;
+
+template class messages_byname<char>;
+template class messages_byname<wchar_t>;
+
+template class codecvt_byname<char, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<wchar_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<char16_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+template class codecvt_byname<char32_t, char, mbstate_t>;
+
+template class __vector_base_common<true>;
+
+_LIBCPP_END_NAMESPACE_STD