Split the largest classes from resolver.dart to their own files.

pkg/analyzer/lib/src/generated/element_resolver.dart

+// Copyright (c) 2014, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+library engine.resolver.element_resolver;
+
+import 'dart:collection';
+
+import 'error.dart';
+import 'scanner.dart' as sc;
+import 'utilities_dart.dart';
+import 'ast.dart';
+import 'element.dart';
+import 'engine.dart';
+import 'resolver.dart';
+
+/**
+ * Instances of the class `ElementResolver` are used by instances of [ResolverVisitor]
+ * to resolve references within the AST structure to the elements being referenced. The requirements
+ * for the element resolver are:
+ * <ol>
+ * * Every [SimpleIdentifier] should be resolved to the element to which it refers.
+ * Specifically:
+ * * An identifier within the declaration of that name should resolve to the element being
+ * declared.
+ * * An identifier denoting a prefix should resolve to the element representing the import that
+ * defines the prefix (an [ImportElement]).
+ * * An identifier denoting a variable should resolve to the element representing the variable (a
+ * [VariableElement]).
+ * * An identifier denoting a parameter should resolve to the element representing the parameter
+ * (a [ParameterElement]).
+ * * An identifier denoting a field should resolve to the element representing the getter or
+ * setter being invoked (a [PropertyAccessorElement]).
+ * * An identifier denoting the name of a method or function being invoked should resolve to the
+ * element representing the method or function (a [ExecutableElement]).
+ * * An identifier denoting a label should resolve to the element representing the label (a
+ * [LabelElement]).
+ * The identifiers within directives are exceptions to this rule and are covered below.
+ * * Every node containing a token representing an operator that can be overridden (
+ * [BinaryExpression], [PrefixExpression], [PostfixExpression]) should resolve to
+ * the element representing the method invoked by that operator (a [MethodElement]).
+ * * Every [FunctionExpressionInvocation] should resolve to the element representing the
+ * function being invoked (a [FunctionElement]). This will be the same element as that to
+ * which the name is resolved if the function has a name, but is provided for those cases where an
+ * unnamed function is being invoked.
+ * * Every [LibraryDirective] and [PartOfDirective] should resolve to the element
+ * representing the library being specified by the directive (a [LibraryElement]) unless, in
+ * the case of a part-of directive, the specified library does not exist.
+ * * Every [ImportDirective] and [ExportDirective] should resolve to the element
+ * representing the library being specified by the directive unless the specified library does not
+ * exist (an [ImportElement] or [ExportElement]).
+ * * The identifier representing the prefix in an [ImportDirective] should resolve to the
+ * element representing the prefix (a [PrefixElement]).
+ * * The identifiers in the hide and show combinators in [ImportDirective]s and
+ * [ExportDirective]s should resolve to the elements that are being hidden or shown,
+ * respectively, unless those names are not defined in the specified library (or the specified
+ * library does not exist).
+ * * Every [PartDirective] should resolve to the element representing the compilation unit
+ * being specified by the string unless the specified compilation unit does not exist (a
+ * [CompilationUnitElement]).
+ * </ol>
+ * Note that AST nodes that would represent elements that are not defined are not resolved to
+ * anything. This includes such things as references to undeclared variables (which is an error) and
+ * names in hide and show combinators that are not defined in the imported library (which is not an
+ * error).
+ */
+class ElementResolver extends SimpleAstVisitor<Object> {
+  /**
+   * Checks whether the given expression is a reference to a class. If it is then the
+   * [ClassElement] is returned, otherwise `null` is returned.
+   *
+   * @param expression the expression to evaluate
+   * @return the element representing the class
+   */
+  static ClassElementImpl getTypeReference(Expression expression) {
+    if (expression is Identifier) {
+      Element staticElement = expression.staticElement;
+      if (staticElement is ClassElementImpl) {
+        return staticElement;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Helper function for `maybeMergeExecutableElements` that does the actual merging.
+   *
+   * @param elementArrayToMerge non-empty array of elements to merge.
+   * @return
+   */
+  static ExecutableElement _computeMergedExecutableElement(List<ExecutableElement> elementArrayToMerge) {
+    // Flatten methods structurally. Based on
+    // [InheritanceManager.computeMergedExecutableElement] and
+    // [InheritanceManager.createSyntheticExecutableElement].
+    //
+    // However, the approach we take here is much simpler, but expected to work
+    // well in the common case. It degrades gracefully in the uncommon case,
+    // by computing the type [dynamic] for the method, preventing any
+    // hints from being generated (TODO: not done yet).
+    //
+    // The approach is: we require that each [ExecutableElement] has the
+    // same shape: the same number of required, optional positional, and optional named
+    // parameters, in the same positions, and with the named parameters in the
+    // same order. We compute a type by unioning pointwise.
+    ExecutableElement e_0 = elementArrayToMerge[0];
+    List<ParameterElement> ps_0 = e_0.parameters;
+    List<ParameterElementImpl> ps_out = new List<ParameterElementImpl>(ps_0.length);
+    for (int j = 0; j < ps_out.length; j++) {
+      ps_out[j] = new ParameterElementImpl(ps_0[j].name, 0);
+      ps_out[j].synthetic = true;
+      ps_out[j].type = ps_0[j].type;
+      ps_out[j].parameterKind = ps_0[j].parameterKind;
+    }
+    DartType r_out = e_0.returnType;
+    for (int i = 1; i < elementArrayToMerge.length; i++) {
+      ExecutableElement e_i = elementArrayToMerge[i];
+      r_out = UnionTypeImpl.union([r_out, e_i.returnType]);
+      List<ParameterElement> ps_i = e_i.parameters;
+      // Each function must have the same number of params.
+      if (ps_0.length != ps_i.length) {
+        return null;
+        // TODO (collinsn): return an element representing [dynamic] here instead.
+      } else {
+        // Each function must have the same kind of params, with the same names,
+        // in the same order.
+        for (int j = 0; j < ps_i.length; j++) {
+          if (ps_0[j].parameterKind != ps_i[j].parameterKind || !identical(ps_0[j].name, ps_i[j].name)) {
+            return null;
+          } else {
+            // The output parameter type is the union of the input parameter types.
+            ps_out[j].type = UnionTypeImpl.union([ps_out[j].type, ps_i[j].type]);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO (collinsn): this code should work for functions and methods,
+    // so we may want [FunctionElementImpl]
+    // instead here in some cases? And then there are constructors and property accessors.
+    // Maybe the answer is to create a new subclass of [ExecutableElementImpl] which
+    // is used for merged executable elements, in analogy with [MultiplyInheritedMethodElementImpl]
+    // and [MultiplyInheritedPropertyAcessorElementImpl].
+    ExecutableElementImpl e_out = new MethodElementImpl(e_0.name, 0);
+    e_out.synthetic = true;
+    e_out.returnType = r_out;
+    e_out.parameters = ps_out;
+    e_out.type = new FunctionTypeImpl.con1(e_out);
+    // Get NPE in [toString()] w/o this.
+    e_out.enclosingElement = e_0.enclosingElement;
+    return e_out;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given identifier is the return type of a constructor declaration.
+   *
+   * @return `true` if the given identifier is the return type of a constructor declaration.
+   */
+  static bool _isConstructorReturnType(SimpleIdentifier identifier) {
+    AstNode parent = identifier.parent;
+    if (parent is ConstructorDeclaration) {
+      return identical(parent.returnType, identifier);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given identifier is the return type of a factory constructor.
+   *
+   * @return `true` if the given identifier is the return type of a factory constructor
+   *         declaration.
+   */
+  static bool _isFactoryConstructorReturnType(SimpleIdentifier node) {
+    AstNode parent = node.parent;
+    if (parent is ConstructorDeclaration) {
+      ConstructorDeclaration constructor = parent;
+      return identical(constructor.returnType, node) && constructor.factoryKeyword != null;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given 'super' expression is used in a valid context.
+   *
+   * @param node the 'super' expression to analyze
+   * @return `true` if the 'super' expression is in a valid context
+   */
+  static bool _isSuperInValidContext(SuperExpression node) {
+    for (AstNode n = node; n != null; n = n.parent) {
+      if (n is CompilationUnit) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (n is ConstructorDeclaration) {
+        ConstructorDeclaration constructor = n as ConstructorDeclaration;
+        return constructor.factoryKeyword == null;
+      }
+      if (n is ConstructorFieldInitializer) {
+        return false;
+      }
+      if (n is MethodDeclaration) {
+        MethodDeclaration method = n as MethodDeclaration;
+        return !method.isStatic;
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return a method representing the merge of the given elements. The type of the merged element is
+   * the component-wise union of the types of the given elements. If not all input elements have the
+   * same shape then [null] is returned.
+   *
+   * @param elements the `ExecutableElement`s to merge
+   * @return an `ExecutableElement` representing the merge of `elements`
+   */
+  static ExecutableElement _maybeMergeExecutableElements(Set<ExecutableElement> elements) {
+    List<ExecutableElement> elementArrayToMerge = new List.from(elements);
+    if (elementArrayToMerge.length == 0) {
+      return null;
+    } else if (elementArrayToMerge.length == 1) {
+      // If all methods are equal, don't bother building a new one.
+      return elementArrayToMerge[0];
+    } else {
+      return _computeMergedExecutableElement(elementArrayToMerge);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * The resolver driving this participant.
+   */
+  final ResolverVisitor _resolver;
+
+  /**
+   * The element for the library containing the compilation unit being visited.
+   */
+  LibraryElement _definingLibrary;
+
+  /**
+   * A flag indicating whether we should generate hints.
+   */
+  bool _enableHints = false;
+
+  /**
+   * The type representing the type 'dynamic'.
+   */
+  DartType _dynamicType;
+
+  /**
+   * The type representing the type 'type'.
+   */
+  DartType _typeType;
+
+  /**
+   * A utility class for the resolver to answer the question of "what are my subtypes?".
+   */
+  SubtypeManager _subtypeManager;
+
+  /**
+   * The object keeping track of which elements have had their types promoted.
+   */
+  TypePromotionManager _promoteManager;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize a newly created visitor to resolve the nodes in a compilation unit.
+   *
+   * @param resolver the resolver driving this participant
+   */
+  ElementResolver(this._resolver) {
+    this._definingLibrary = _resolver.definingLibrary;
+    AnalysisOptions options = _definingLibrary.context.analysisOptions;
+    _enableHints = options.hint;
+    _dynamicType = _resolver.typeProvider.dynamicType;
+    _typeType = _resolver.typeProvider.typeType;
+    _subtypeManager = new SubtypeManager();
+    _promoteManager = _resolver.promoteManager;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitAssignmentExpression(AssignmentExpression node) {
+    sc.Token operator = node.operator;
+    sc.TokenType operatorType = operator.type;
+    if (operatorType != sc.TokenType.EQ) {
+      operatorType = _operatorFromCompoundAssignment(operatorType);
+      Expression leftHandSide = node.leftHandSide;
+      if (leftHandSide != null) {
+        String methodName = operatorType.lexeme;
+        DartType staticType = _getStaticType(leftHandSide);
+        MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(leftHandSide, staticType, methodName);
+        node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+        DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(leftHandSide);
+        MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(leftHandSide, propagatedType, methodName);
+        node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+        if (_shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticMethod)) {
+          _recordUndefinedToken(staticType.element, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD, operator, [methodName, staticType.displayName]);
+        } else if (_enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedMethod) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, methodName, true, false)) {
+          _recordUndefinedToken(propagatedType.element, HintCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD, operator, [methodName, propagatedType.displayName]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitBinaryExpression(BinaryExpression node) {
+    sc.Token operator = node.operator;
+    if (operator.isUserDefinableOperator) {
+      Expression leftOperand = node.leftOperand;
+      if (leftOperand != null) {
+        String methodName = operator.lexeme;
+        DartType staticType = _getStaticType(leftOperand);
+        MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(leftOperand, staticType, methodName);
+        node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+        DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(leftOperand);
+        MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(leftOperand, propagatedType, methodName);
+        node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+        if (_shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticMethod)) {
+          _recordUndefinedToken(staticType.element, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, operator, [methodName, staticType.displayName]);
+        } else if (_enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedMethod) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, methodName, true, false)) {
+          _recordUndefinedToken(propagatedType.element, HintCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, operator, [methodName, propagatedType.displayName]);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitBreakStatement(BreakStatement node) {
+    _lookupLabel(node, node.label);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitClassDeclaration(ClassDeclaration node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitClassTypeAlias(ClassTypeAlias node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitCommentReference(CommentReference node) {
+    Identifier identifier = node.identifier;
+    if (identifier is SimpleIdentifier) {
+      SimpleIdentifier simpleIdentifier = identifier;
+      Element element = _resolveSimpleIdentifier(simpleIdentifier);
+      if (element == null) {
+        //
+        // This might be a reference to an imported name that is missing the prefix.
+        //
+        element = _findImportWithoutPrefix(simpleIdentifier);
+        if (element is MultiplyDefinedElement) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error?
+          element = null;
+        }
+      }
+      if (element == null) {
+        // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error?
+        //        resolver.reportError(
+        //            StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_IDENTIFIER,
+        //            simpleIdentifier,
+        //            simpleIdentifier.getName());
+      } else {
+        if (element.library == null || element.library != _definingLibrary) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error?
+        }
+        simpleIdentifier.staticElement = element;
+        if (node.newKeyword != null) {
+          if (element is ClassElement) {
+            ConstructorElement constructor = (element as ClassElement).unnamedConstructor;
+            if (constructor == null) {
+              // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+            } else {
+              simpleIdentifier.staticElement = constructor;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (identifier is PrefixedIdentifier) {
+      PrefixedIdentifier prefixedIdentifier = identifier;
+      SimpleIdentifier prefix = prefixedIdentifier.prefix;
+      SimpleIdentifier name = prefixedIdentifier.identifier;
+      Element element = _resolveSimpleIdentifier(prefix);
+      if (element == null) {
+        //        resolver.reportError(StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_IDENTIFIER, prefix, prefix.getName());
+      } else {
+        if (element is PrefixElement) {
+          prefix.staticElement = element;
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error?
+          element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(identifier, _definingLibrary);
+          name.staticElement = element;
+          return null;
+        }
+        LibraryElement library = element.library;
+        if (library == null) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) We need to understand how the library could ever be null.
+          AnalysisEngine.instance.logger.logError("Found element with null library: ${element.name}");
+        } else if (library != _definingLibrary) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+        }
+        name.staticElement = element;
+        if (node.newKeyword == null) {
+          if (element is ClassElement) {
+            Element memberElement = _lookupGetterOrMethod((element as ClassElement).type, name.name);
+            if (memberElement == null) {
+              memberElement = (element as ClassElement).getNamedConstructor(name.name);
+              if (memberElement == null) {
+                memberElement = _lookUpSetter(prefix, (element as ClassElement).type, name.name);
+              }
+            }
+            if (memberElement == null) {
+              //              reportGetterOrSetterNotFound(prefixedIdentifier, name, element.getDisplayName());
+            } else {
+              name.staticElement = memberElement;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+          }
+        } else {
+          if (element is ClassElement) {
+            ConstructorElement constructor = (element as ClassElement).getNamedConstructor(name.name);
+            if (constructor == null) {
+              // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+            } else {
+              name.staticElement = constructor;
+            }
+          } else {
+            // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitConstructorDeclaration(ConstructorDeclaration node) {
+    super.visitConstructorDeclaration(node);
+    ConstructorElement element = node.element;
+    if (element is ConstructorElementImpl) {
+      ConstructorElementImpl constructorElement = element;
+      ConstructorName redirectedNode = node.redirectedConstructor;
+      if (redirectedNode != null) {
+        // set redirected factory constructor
+        ConstructorElement redirectedElement = redirectedNode.staticElement;
+        constructorElement.redirectedConstructor = redirectedElement;
+      } else {
+        // set redirected generative constructor
+        for (ConstructorInitializer initializer in node.initializers) {
+          if (initializer is RedirectingConstructorInvocation) {
+            ConstructorElement redirectedElement = initializer.staticElement;
+            constructorElement.redirectedConstructor = redirectedElement;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      _setMetadata(constructorElement, node);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitConstructorFieldInitializer(ConstructorFieldInitializer node) {
+    SimpleIdentifier fieldName = node.fieldName;
+    ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+    FieldElement fieldElement = enclosingClass.getField(fieldName.name);
+    fieldName.staticElement = fieldElement;
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitConstructorName(ConstructorName node) {
+    DartType type = node.type.type;
+    if (type != null && type.isDynamic) {
+      return null;
+    } else if (type is! InterfaceType) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report these errors.
+      //      ASTNode parent = node.getParent();
+      //      if (parent instanceof InstanceCreationExpression) {
+      //        if (((InstanceCreationExpression) parent).isConst()) {
+      //          // CompileTimeErrorCode.CONST_WITH_NON_TYPE
+      //        } else {
+      //          // StaticWarningCode.NEW_WITH_NON_TYPE
+      //        }
+      //      } else {
+      //        // This is part of a redirecting factory constructor; not sure which error code to use
+      //      }
+      return null;
+    }
+    // look up ConstructorElement
+    ConstructorElement constructor;
+    SimpleIdentifier name = node.name;
+    InterfaceType interfaceType = type as InterfaceType;
+    if (name == null) {
+      constructor = interfaceType.lookUpConstructor(null, _definingLibrary);
+    } else {
+      constructor = interfaceType.lookUpConstructor(name.name, _definingLibrary);
+      name.staticElement = constructor;
+    }
+    node.staticElement = constructor;
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitContinueStatement(ContinueStatement node) {
+    _lookupLabel(node, node.label);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitDeclaredIdentifier(DeclaredIdentifier node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitExportDirective(ExportDirective node) {
+    ExportElement exportElement = node.element;
+    if (exportElement != null) {
+      // The element is null when the URI is invalid
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Figure out whether the element can ever be something other than an
+      // ExportElement
+      _resolveCombinators(exportElement.exportedLibrary, node.combinators);
+      _setMetadata(exportElement, node);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitFieldFormalParameter(FieldFormalParameter node) {
+    _setMetadataForParameter(node.element, node);
+    return super.visitFieldFormalParameter(node);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitFunctionDeclaration(FunctionDeclaration node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitFunctionExpressionInvocation(FunctionExpressionInvocation node) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) Can we ever resolve the function being invoked?
+    Expression expression = node.function;
+    if (expression is FunctionExpression) {
+      FunctionExpression functionExpression = expression;
+      ExecutableElement functionElement = functionExpression.element;
+      ArgumentList argumentList = node.argumentList;
+      List<ParameterElement> parameters = _resolveArgumentsToFunction(false, argumentList, functionElement);
+      if (parameters != null) {
+        argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitFunctionTypeAlias(FunctionTypeAlias node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitFunctionTypedFormalParameter(FunctionTypedFormalParameter node) {
+    _setMetadataForParameter(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitImportDirective(ImportDirective node) {
+    SimpleIdentifier prefixNode = node.prefix;
+    if (prefixNode != null) {
+      String prefixName = prefixNode.name;
+      for (PrefixElement prefixElement in _definingLibrary.prefixes) {
+        if (prefixElement.displayName == prefixName) {
+          prefixNode.staticElement = prefixElement;
+          break;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    ImportElement importElement = node.element;
+    if (importElement != null) {
+      // The element is null when the URI is invalid
+      LibraryElement library = importElement.importedLibrary;
+      if (library != null) {
+        _resolveCombinators(library, node.combinators);
+      }
+      _setMetadata(importElement, node);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitIndexExpression(IndexExpression node) {
+    Expression target = node.realTarget;
+    DartType staticType = _getStaticType(target);
+    DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(target);
+    String getterMethodName = sc.TokenType.INDEX.lexeme;
+    String setterMethodName = sc.TokenType.INDEX_EQ.lexeme;
+    bool isInGetterContext = node.inGetterContext();
+    bool isInSetterContext = node.inSetterContext();
+    if (isInGetterContext && isInSetterContext) {
+      // lookup setter
+      MethodElement setterStaticMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, staticType, setterMethodName);
+      MethodElement setterPropagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, propagatedType, setterMethodName);
+      // set setter element
+      node.staticElement = setterStaticMethod;
+      node.propagatedElement = setterPropagatedMethod;
+      // generate undefined method warning
+      _checkForUndefinedIndexOperator(node, target, getterMethodName, setterStaticMethod, setterPropagatedMethod, staticType, propagatedType);
+      // lookup getter method
+      MethodElement getterStaticMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, staticType, getterMethodName);
+      MethodElement getterPropagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, propagatedType, getterMethodName);
+      // set getter element
+      AuxiliaryElements auxiliaryElements = new AuxiliaryElements(getterStaticMethod, getterPropagatedMethod);
+      node.auxiliaryElements = auxiliaryElements;
+      // generate undefined method warning
+      _checkForUndefinedIndexOperator(node, target, getterMethodName, getterStaticMethod, getterPropagatedMethod, staticType, propagatedType);
+    } else if (isInGetterContext) {
+      // lookup getter method
+      MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, staticType, getterMethodName);
+      MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, propagatedType, getterMethodName);
+      // set getter element
+      node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+      node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+      // generate undefined method warning
+      _checkForUndefinedIndexOperator(node, target, getterMethodName, staticMethod, propagatedMethod, staticType, propagatedType);
+    } else if (isInSetterContext) {
+      // lookup setter method
+      MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, staticType, setterMethodName);
+      MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(target, propagatedType, setterMethodName);
+      // set setter element
+      node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+      node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+      // generate undefined method warning
+      _checkForUndefinedIndexOperator(node, target, setterMethodName, staticMethod, propagatedMethod, staticType, propagatedType);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitInstanceCreationExpression(InstanceCreationExpression node) {
+    ConstructorElement invokedConstructor = node.constructorName.staticElement;
+    node.staticElement = invokedConstructor;
+    ArgumentList argumentList = node.argumentList;
+    List<ParameterElement> parameters = _resolveArgumentsToFunction(node.isConst, argumentList, invokedConstructor);
+    if (parameters != null) {
+      argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitLibraryDirective(LibraryDirective node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitMethodDeclaration(MethodDeclaration node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitMethodInvocation(MethodInvocation node) {
+    SimpleIdentifier methodName = node.methodName;
+    //
+    // Synthetic identifiers have been already reported during parsing.
+    //
+    if (methodName.isSynthetic) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    //
+    // We have a method invocation of one of two forms: 'e.m(a1, ..., an)' or 'm(a1, ..., an)'. The
+    // first step is to figure out which executable is being invoked, using both the static and the
+    // propagated type information.
+    //
+    Expression target = node.realTarget;
+    if (target is SuperExpression && !_isSuperInValidContext(target)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    Element staticElement;
+    Element propagatedElement;
+    DartType staticType = null;
+    DartType propagatedType = null;
+    if (target == null) {
+      staticElement = _resolveInvokedElement(methodName);
+      propagatedElement = null;
+    } else if (methodName.name == FunctionElement.LOAD_LIBRARY_NAME && _isDeferredPrefix(target)) {
+      LibraryElement importedLibrary = _getImportedLibrary(target);
+      methodName.staticElement = importedLibrary.loadLibraryFunction;
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      staticType = _getStaticType(target);
+      propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(target);
+      //
+      // If this method invocation is of the form 'C.m' where 'C' is a class, then we don't call
+      // resolveInvokedElement(..) which walks up the class hierarchy, instead we just look for the
+      // member in the type only.
+      //
+      ClassElementImpl typeReference = getTypeReference(target);
+      if (typeReference != null) {
+        staticElement = propagatedElement = _resolveElement(typeReference, methodName);
+      } else {
+        staticElement = _resolveInvokedElementWithTarget(target, staticType, methodName);
+        propagatedElement = _resolveInvokedElementWithTarget(target, propagatedType, methodName);
+      }
+    }
+    staticElement = _convertSetterToGetter(staticElement);
+    propagatedElement = _convertSetterToGetter(propagatedElement);
+    //
+    // Record the results.
+    //
+    methodName.staticElement = staticElement;
+    methodName.propagatedElement = propagatedElement;
+    ArgumentList argumentList = node.argumentList;
+    if (staticElement != null) {
+      List<ParameterElement> parameters = _computeCorrespondingParameters(argumentList, staticElement);
+      if (parameters != null) {
+        argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+      }
+    }
+    if (propagatedElement != null) {
+      List<ParameterElement> parameters = _computeCorrespondingParameters(argumentList, propagatedElement);
+      if (parameters != null) {
+        argumentList.correspondingPropagatedParameters = parameters;
+      }
+    }
+    //
+    // Then check for error conditions.
+    //
+    ErrorCode errorCode = _checkForInvocationError(target, true, staticElement);
+    bool generatedWithTypePropagation = false;
+    if (_enableHints && errorCode == null && staticElement == null) {
+      // The method lookup may have failed because there were multiple
+      // incompatible choices. In this case we don't want to generate a hint.
+      if (propagatedElement == null && propagatedType is UnionType) {
+        // TODO(collinsn): an improvement here is to make the propagated type of the method call
+        // the union of the propagated types of all possible calls.
+        if (_lookupMethods(target, propagatedType as UnionType, methodName.name).length > 1) {
+          return null;
+        }
+      }
+      errorCode = _checkForInvocationError(target, false, propagatedElement);
+      if (identical(errorCode, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD)) {
+        ClassElement classElementContext = null;
+        if (target == null) {
+          classElementContext = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+        } else {
+          DartType type = target.bestType;
+          if (type != null) {
+            if (type.element is ClassElement) {
+              classElementContext = type.element as ClassElement;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+        if (classElementContext != null) {
+          _subtypeManager.ensureLibraryVisited(_definingLibrary);
+          HashSet<ClassElement> subtypeElements = _subtypeManager.computeAllSubtypes(classElementContext);
+          for (ClassElement subtypeElement in subtypeElements) {
+            if (subtypeElement.getMethod(methodName.name) != null) {
+              errorCode = null;
+            }
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      generatedWithTypePropagation = true;
+    }
+    if (errorCode == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (identical(errorCode, StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION, methodName, [methodName.name]);
+    } else if (identical(errorCode, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_FUNCTION)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_FUNCTION, methodName, [methodName.name]);
+    } else if (identical(errorCode, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD)) {
+      String targetTypeName;
+      if (target == null) {
+        ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+        targetTypeName = enclosingClass.displayName;
+        ErrorCode proxyErrorCode = (generatedWithTypePropagation ? HintCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD : StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD);
+        _recordUndefinedNode(_resolver.enclosingClass, proxyErrorCode, methodName, [methodName.name, targetTypeName]);
+      } else {
+        // ignore Function "call"
+        // (if we are about to create a hint using type propagation, then we can use type
+        // propagation here as well)
+        DartType targetType = null;
+        if (!generatedWithTypePropagation) {
+          targetType = _getStaticType(target);
+        } else {
+          // choose the best type
+          targetType = _getPropagatedType(target);
+          if (targetType == null) {
+            targetType = _getStaticType(target);
+          }
+        }
+        if (targetType != null && targetType.isDartCoreFunction && methodName.name == FunctionElement.CALL_METHOD_NAME) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Can we ever resolve the function being invoked?
+          //resolveArgumentsToParameters(node.getArgumentList(), invokedFunction);
+          return null;
+        }
+        targetTypeName = targetType == null ? null : targetType.displayName;
+        ErrorCode proxyErrorCode = (generatedWithTypePropagation ? HintCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD : StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD);
+        _recordUndefinedNode(targetType.element, proxyErrorCode, methodName, [methodName.name, targetTypeName]);
+      }
+    } else if (identical(errorCode, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SUPER_METHOD)) {
+      // Generate the type name.
+      // The error code will never be generated via type propagation
+      DartType targetType = _getStaticType(target);
+      if (targetType is InterfaceType && !targetType.isObject) {
+        targetType = (targetType as InterfaceType).superclass;
+      }
+      String targetTypeName = targetType == null ? null : targetType.name;
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SUPER_METHOD, methodName, [methodName.name, targetTypeName]);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPartDirective(PartDirective node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPartOfDirective(PartOfDirective node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPostfixExpression(PostfixExpression node) {
+    Expression operand = node.operand;
+    String methodName = _getPostfixOperator(node);
+    DartType staticType = _getStaticType(operand);
+    MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(operand, staticType, methodName);
+    node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+    DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(operand);
+    MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(operand, propagatedType, methodName);
+    node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+    if (_shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticMethod)) {
+      _recordUndefinedToken(staticType.element, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, node.operator, [methodName, staticType.displayName]);
+    } else if (_enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedMethod) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, methodName, true, false)) {
+      _recordUndefinedToken(propagatedType.element, HintCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, node.operator, [methodName, propagatedType.displayName]);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPrefixedIdentifier(PrefixedIdentifier node) {
+    SimpleIdentifier prefix = node.prefix;
+    SimpleIdentifier identifier = node.identifier;
+    //
+    // First, check the "lib.loadLibrary" case
+    //
+    if (identifier.name == FunctionElement.LOAD_LIBRARY_NAME && _isDeferredPrefix(prefix)) {
+      LibraryElement importedLibrary = _getImportedLibrary(prefix);
+      identifier.staticElement = importedLibrary.loadLibraryFunction;
+      return null;
+    }
+    //
+    // Check to see whether the prefix is really a prefix.
+    //
+    Element prefixElement = prefix.staticElement;
+    if (prefixElement is PrefixElement) {
+      Element element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(node, _definingLibrary);
+      if (element == null && identifier.inSetterContext()) {
+        element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(new ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier("${node.name}="), _definingLibrary);
+      }
+      if (element == null) {
+        if (identifier.inSetterContext()) {
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SETTER, identifier, [identifier.name, prefixElement.name]);
+        } else if (node.parent is Annotation) {
+          Annotation annotation = node.parent as Annotation;
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_ANNOTATION, annotation, []);
+          return null;
+        } else {
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_GETTER, identifier, [identifier.name, prefixElement.name]);
+        }
+        return null;
+      }
+      if (element is PropertyAccessorElement && identifier.inSetterContext()) {
+        PropertyInducingElement variable = (element as PropertyAccessorElement).variable;
+        if (variable != null) {
+          PropertyAccessorElement setter = variable.setter;
+          if (setter != null) {
+            element = setter;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) The prefix needs to be resolved to the element for the import that
+      // defines the prefix, not the prefix's element.
+      identifier.staticElement = element;
+      // Validate annotation element.
+      if (node.parent is Annotation) {
+        Annotation annotation = node.parent as Annotation;
+        _resolveAnnotationElement(annotation);
+        return null;
+      }
+      return null;
+    }
+    // May be annotation, resolve invocation of "const" constructor.
+    if (node.parent is Annotation) {
+      Annotation annotation = node.parent as Annotation;
+      _resolveAnnotationElement(annotation);
+    }
+    //
+    // Otherwise, the prefix is really an expression that happens to be a simple identifier and this
+    // is really equivalent to a property access node.
+    //
+    _resolvePropertyAccess(prefix, identifier);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPrefixExpression(PrefixExpression node) {
+    sc.Token operator = node.operator;
+    sc.TokenType operatorType = operator.type;
+    if (operatorType.isUserDefinableOperator || operatorType == sc.TokenType.PLUS_PLUS || operatorType == sc.TokenType.MINUS_MINUS) {
+      Expression operand = node.operand;
+      String methodName = _getPrefixOperator(node);
+      DartType staticType = _getStaticType(operand);
+      MethodElement staticMethod = _lookUpMethod(operand, staticType, methodName);
+      node.staticElement = staticMethod;
+      DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(operand);
+      MethodElement propagatedMethod = _lookUpMethod(operand, propagatedType, methodName);
+      node.propagatedElement = propagatedMethod;
+      if (_shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticMethod)) {
+        _recordUndefinedToken(staticType.element, StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, operator, [methodName, staticType.displayName]);
+      } else if (_enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedMethod) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, methodName, true, false)) {
+        _recordUndefinedToken(propagatedType.element, HintCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR, operator, [methodName, propagatedType.displayName]);
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitPropertyAccess(PropertyAccess node) {
+    Expression target = node.realTarget;
+    if (target is SuperExpression && !_isSuperInValidContext(target)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    SimpleIdentifier propertyName = node.propertyName;
+    _resolvePropertyAccess(target, propertyName);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitRedirectingConstructorInvocation(RedirectingConstructorInvocation node) {
+    ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+    if (enclosingClass == null) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+      return null;
+    }
+    SimpleIdentifier name = node.constructorName;
+    ConstructorElement element;
+    if (name == null) {
+      element = enclosingClass.unnamedConstructor;
+    } else {
+      element = enclosingClass.getNamedConstructor(name.name);
+    }
+    if (element == null) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error and decide what element to associate with the node.
+      return null;
+    }
+    if (name != null) {
+      name.staticElement = element;
+    }
+    node.staticElement = element;
+    ArgumentList argumentList = node.argumentList;
+    List<ParameterElement> parameters = _resolveArgumentsToFunction(false, argumentList, element);
+    if (parameters != null) {
+      argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitSimpleFormalParameter(SimpleFormalParameter node) {
+    _setMetadataForParameter(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitSimpleIdentifier(SimpleIdentifier node) {
+    //
+    // Synthetic identifiers have been already reported during parsing.
+    //
+    if (node.isSynthetic) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    //
+    // We ignore identifiers that have already been resolved, such as identifiers representing the
+    // name in a declaration.
+    //
+    if (node.staticElement != null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    //
+    // The name dynamic denotes a Type object even though dynamic is not a class.
+    //
+    if (node.name == _dynamicType.name) {
+      node.staticElement = _dynamicType.element;
+      node.staticType = _typeType;
+      return null;
+    }
+    //
+    // Otherwise, the node should be resolved.
+    //
+    Element element = _resolveSimpleIdentifier(node);
+    ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+    if (_isFactoryConstructorReturnType(node) && !identical(element, enclosingClass)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_FACTORY_NAME_NOT_A_CLASS, node, []);
+    } else if (_isConstructorReturnType(node) && !identical(element, enclosingClass)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_CONSTRUCTOR_NAME, node, []);
+      element = null;
+    } else if (element == null || (element is PrefixElement && !_isValidAsPrefix(node))) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Recover from this error.
+      if (_isConstructorReturnType(node)) {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_CONSTRUCTOR_NAME, node, []);
+      } else if (node.parent is Annotation) {
+        Annotation annotation = node.parent as Annotation;
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_ANNOTATION, annotation, []);
+      } else {
+        _recordUndefinedNode(_resolver.enclosingClass, StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_IDENTIFIER, node, [node.name]);
+      }
+    }
+    node.staticElement = element;
+    if (node.inSetterContext() && node.inGetterContext() && enclosingClass != null) {
+      InterfaceType enclosingType = enclosingClass.type;
+      AuxiliaryElements auxiliaryElements = new AuxiliaryElements(_lookUpGetter(null, enclosingType, node.name), null);
+      node.auxiliaryElements = auxiliaryElements;
+    }
+    //
+    // Validate annotation element.
+    //
+    if (node.parent is Annotation) {
+      Annotation annotation = node.parent as Annotation;
+      _resolveAnnotationElement(annotation);
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitSuperConstructorInvocation(SuperConstructorInvocation node) {
+    ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+    if (enclosingClass == null) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+      return null;
+    }
+    InterfaceType superType = enclosingClass.supertype;
+    if (superType == null) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+      return null;
+    }
+    SimpleIdentifier name = node.constructorName;
+    String superName = name != null ? name.name : null;
+    ConstructorElement element = superType.lookUpConstructor(superName, _definingLibrary);
+    if (element == null) {
+      if (name != null) {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.UNDEFINED_CONSTRUCTOR_IN_INITIALIZER, node, [superType.displayName, name]);
+      } else {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.UNDEFINED_CONSTRUCTOR_IN_INITIALIZER_DEFAULT, node, [superType.displayName]);
+      }
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      if (element.isFactory) {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.NON_GENERATIVE_CONSTRUCTOR, node, [element]);
+      }
+    }
+    if (name != null) {
+      name.staticElement = element;
+    }
+    node.staticElement = element;
+    ArgumentList argumentList = node.argumentList;
+    List<ParameterElement> parameters = _resolveArgumentsToFunction(isInConstConstructor, argumentList, element);
+    if (parameters != null) {
+      argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitSuperExpression(SuperExpression node) {
+    if (!_isSuperInValidContext(node)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.SUPER_IN_INVALID_CONTEXT, node, []);
+    }
+    return super.visitSuperExpression(node);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitTypeParameter(TypeParameter node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  Object visitVariableDeclaration(VariableDeclaration node) {
+    _setMetadata(node.element, node);
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Generate annotation elements for each of the annotations in the given node list and add them to
+   * the given list of elements.
+   *
+   * @param annotationList the list of elements to which new elements are to be added
+   * @param annotations the AST nodes used to generate new elements
+   */
+  void _addAnnotations(List<ElementAnnotationImpl> annotationList, NodeList<Annotation> annotations) {
+    int annotationCount = annotations.length;
+    for (int i = 0; i < annotationCount; i++) {
+      Annotation annotation = annotations[i];
+      Element resolvedElement = annotation.element;
+      if (resolvedElement != null) {
+        ElementAnnotationImpl elementAnnotation = new ElementAnnotationImpl(resolvedElement);
+        annotation.elementAnnotation = elementAnnotation;
+        annotationList.add(elementAnnotation);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given that we have found code to invoke the given element, return the error code that should be
+   * reported, or `null` if no error should be reported.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation, or `null` if there was no target
+   * @param useStaticContext
+   * @param element the element to be invoked
+   * @return the error code that should be reported
+   */
+  ErrorCode _checkForInvocationError(Expression target, bool useStaticContext, Element element) {
+    // Prefix is not declared, instead "prefix.id" are declared.
+    if (element is PrefixElement) {
+      element = null;
+    }
+    if (element is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+      //
+      // This is really a function expression invocation.
+      //
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Consider the possibility of re-writing the AST.
+      FunctionType getterType = element.type;
+      if (getterType != null) {
+        DartType returnType = getterType.returnType;
+        if (!_isExecutableType(returnType)) {
+          return StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (element is ExecutableElement) {
+      return null;
+    } else if (element is MultiplyDefinedElement) {
+      // The error has already been reported
+      return null;
+    } else if (element == null && target is SuperExpression) {
+      // TODO(jwren) We should split the UNDEFINED_METHOD into two error codes, this one, and
+      // a code that describes the situation where the method was found, but it was not
+      // accessible from the current library.
+      return StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SUPER_METHOD;
+    } else {
+      //
+      // This is really a function expression invocation.
+      //
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Consider the possibility of re-writing the AST.
+      if (element is PropertyInducingElement) {
+        PropertyAccessorElement getter = element.getter;
+        FunctionType getterType = getter.type;
+        if (getterType != null) {
+          DartType returnType = getterType.returnType;
+          if (!_isExecutableType(returnType)) {
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION;
+          }
+        }
+      } else if (element is VariableElement) {
+        DartType variableType = element.type;
+        if (!_isExecutableType(variableType)) {
+          return StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION;
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (target == null) {
+          ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+          if (enclosingClass == null) {
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_FUNCTION;
+          } else if (element == null) {
+            // Proxy-conditional warning, based on state of resolver.getEnclosingClass()
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD;
+          } else {
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.INVOCATION_OF_NON_FUNCTION;
+          }
+        } else {
+          DartType targetType;
+          if (useStaticContext) {
+            targetType = _getStaticType(target);
+          } else {
+            // Compute and use the propagated type, if it is null, then it may be the case that
+            // static type is some type, in which the static type should be used.
+            targetType = target.bestType;
+          }
+          if (targetType == null) {
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_FUNCTION;
+          } else if (!targetType.isDynamic && !targetType.isBottom) {
+            // Proxy-conditional warning, based on state of targetType.getElement()
+            return StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_METHOD;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Check that the for some index expression that the method element was resolved, otherwise a
+   * [StaticWarningCode#UNDEFINED_OPERATOR] is generated.
+   *
+   * @param node the index expression to resolve
+   * @param target the target of the expression
+   * @param methodName the name of the operator associated with the context of using of the given
+   *          index expression
+   * @return `true` if and only if an error code is generated on the passed node
+   */
+  bool _checkForUndefinedIndexOperator(IndexExpression node, Expression target, String methodName, MethodElement staticMethod, MethodElement propagatedMethod, DartType staticType, DartType propagatedType) {
+    bool shouldReportMissingMember_static = _shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticMethod);
+    bool shouldReportMissingMember_propagated = !shouldReportMissingMember_static && _enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedMethod) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, methodName, true, false);
+    if (shouldReportMissingMember_static || shouldReportMissingMember_propagated) {
+      sc.Token leftBracket = node.leftBracket;
+      sc.Token rightBracket = node.rightBracket;
+      ErrorCode errorCode = (shouldReportMissingMember_static ? StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR : HintCode.UNDEFINED_OPERATOR);
+      if (leftBracket == null || rightBracket == null) {
+        _recordUndefinedNode(shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticType.element : propagatedType.element, errorCode, node, [
+            methodName,
+            shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticType.displayName : propagatedType.displayName]);
+      } else {
+        int offset = leftBracket.offset;
+        int length = rightBracket.offset - offset + 1;
+        _recordUndefinedOffset(shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticType.element : propagatedType.element, errorCode, offset, length, [
+            methodName,
+            shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticType.displayName : propagatedType.displayName]);
+      }
+      return true;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a list of arguments and the element that will be invoked using those argument, compute
+   * the list of parameters that correspond to the list of arguments. Return the parameters that
+   * correspond to the arguments, or `null` if no correspondence could be computed.
+   *
+   * @param argumentList the list of arguments being passed to the element
+   * @param executableElement the element that will be invoked with the arguments
+   * @return the parameters that correspond to the arguments
+   */
+  List<ParameterElement> _computeCorrespondingParameters(ArgumentList argumentList, Element element) {
+    if (element is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+      //
+      // This is an invocation of the call method defined on the value returned by the getter.
+      //
+      FunctionType getterType = element.type;
+      if (getterType != null) {
+        DartType getterReturnType = getterType.returnType;
+        if (getterReturnType is InterfaceType) {
+          MethodElement callMethod = getterReturnType.lookUpMethod(FunctionElement.CALL_METHOD_NAME, _definingLibrary);
+          if (callMethod != null) {
+            return _resolveArgumentsToFunction(false, argumentList, callMethod);
+          }
+        } else if (getterReturnType is FunctionType) {
+          List<ParameterElement> parameters = getterReturnType.parameters;
+          return _resolveArgumentsToParameters(false, argumentList, parameters);
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (element is ExecutableElement) {
+      return _resolveArgumentsToFunction(false, argumentList, element);
+    } else if (element is VariableElement) {
+      VariableElement variable = element;
+      DartType type = _promoteManager.getStaticType(variable);
+      if (type is FunctionType) {
+        FunctionType functionType = type;
+        List<ParameterElement> parameters = functionType.parameters;
+        return _resolveArgumentsToParameters(false, argumentList, parameters);
+      } else if (type is InterfaceType) {
+        // "call" invocation
+        MethodElement callMethod = type.lookUpMethod(FunctionElement.CALL_METHOD_NAME, _definingLibrary);
+        if (callMethod != null) {
+          List<ParameterElement> parameters = callMethod.parameters;
+          return _resolveArgumentsToParameters(false, argumentList, parameters);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If the given element is a setter, return the getter associated with it. Otherwise, return the
+   * element unchanged.
+   *
+   * @param element the element to be normalized
+   * @return a non-setter element derived from the given element
+   */
+  Element _convertSetterToGetter(Element element) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) Determine whether and why the element could ever be a setter.
+    if (element is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+      return element.variable.getter;
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given element is not a proxy.
+   *
+   * @param element the enclosing element. If null, `true` will be returned.
+   * @return `false` iff the passed [Element] is a [ClassElement] that is a proxy
+   *         or inherits proxy
+   * @see ClassElement#isOrInheritsProxy()
+   */
+  bool _doesntHaveProxy(Element element) => !(element is ClassElement && element.isOrInheritsProxy);
+
+  /**
+   * Look for any declarations of the given identifier that are imported using a prefix. Return the
+   * element that was found, or `null` if the name is not imported using a prefix.
+   *
+   * @param identifier the identifier that might have been imported using a prefix
+   * @return the element that was found
+   */
+  Element _findImportWithoutPrefix(SimpleIdentifier identifier) {
+    Element element = null;
+    Scope nameScope = _resolver.nameScope;
+    for (ImportElement importElement in _definingLibrary.imports) {
+      PrefixElement prefixElement = importElement.prefix;
+      if (prefixElement != null) {
+        Identifier prefixedIdentifier = new ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier("${prefixElement.name}.${identifier.name}");
+        Element importedElement = nameScope.lookup(prefixedIdentifier, _definingLibrary);
+        if (importedElement != null) {
+          if (element == null) {
+            element = importedElement;
+          } else {
+            element = MultiplyDefinedElementImpl.fromElements(_definingLibrary.context, element, importedElement);
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Assuming that the given expression is a prefix for a deferred import, return the library that
+   * is being imported.
+   *
+   * @param expression the expression representing the deferred import's prefix
+   * @return the library that is being imported by the import associated with the prefix
+   */
+  LibraryElement _getImportedLibrary(Expression expression) {
+    PrefixElement prefixElement = (expression as SimpleIdentifier).staticElement as PrefixElement;
+    List<ImportElement> imports = prefixElement.enclosingElement.getImportsWithPrefix(prefixElement);
+    return imports[0].importedLibrary;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the name of the method invoked by the given postfix expression.
+   *
+   * @param node the postfix expression being invoked
+   * @return the name of the method invoked by the expression
+   */
+  String _getPostfixOperator(PostfixExpression node) => (node.operator.type == sc.TokenType.PLUS_PLUS) ? sc.TokenType.PLUS.lexeme : sc.TokenType.MINUS.lexeme;
+
+  /**
+   * Return the name of the method invoked by the given postfix expression.
+   *
+   * @param node the postfix expression being invoked
+   * @return the name of the method invoked by the expression
+   */
+  String _getPrefixOperator(PrefixExpression node) {
+    sc.Token operator = node.operator;
+    sc.TokenType operatorType = operator.type;
+    if (operatorType == sc.TokenType.PLUS_PLUS) {
+      return sc.TokenType.PLUS.lexeme;
+    } else if (operatorType == sc.TokenType.MINUS_MINUS) {
+      return sc.TokenType.MINUS.lexeme;
+    } else if (operatorType == sc.TokenType.MINUS) {
+      return "unary-";
+    } else {
+      return operator.lexeme;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the propagated type of the given expression that is to be used for type analysis.
+   *
+   * @param expression the expression whose type is to be returned
+   * @return the type of the given expression
+   */
+  DartType _getPropagatedType(Expression expression) {
+    DartType propagatedType = _resolveTypeParameter(expression.propagatedType);
+    if (propagatedType is FunctionType) {
+      //
+      // All function types are subtypes of 'Function', which is itself a subclass of 'Object'.
+      //
+      propagatedType = _resolver.typeProvider.functionType;
+    }
+    return propagatedType;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the static type of the given expression that is to be used for type analysis.
+   *
+   * @param expression the expression whose type is to be returned
+   * @return the type of the given expression
+   */
+  DartType _getStaticType(Expression expression) {
+    if (expression is NullLiteral) {
+      return _resolver.typeProvider.bottomType;
+    }
+    DartType staticType = _resolveTypeParameter(expression.staticType);
+    if (staticType is FunctionType) {
+      //
+      // All function types are subtypes of 'Function', which is itself a subclass of 'Object'.
+      //
+      staticType = _resolver.typeProvider.functionType;
+    }
+    return staticType;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given expression is a prefix for a deferred import.
+   *
+   * @param expression the expression being tested
+   * @return `true` if the given expression is a prefix for a deferred import
+   */
+  bool _isDeferredPrefix(Expression expression) {
+    if (expression is! SimpleIdentifier) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    Element element = (expression as SimpleIdentifier).staticElement;
+    if (element is! PrefixElement) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    PrefixElement prefixElement = element as PrefixElement;
+    List<ImportElement> imports = prefixElement.enclosingElement.getImportsWithPrefix(prefixElement);
+    if (imports.length != 1) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return imports[0].isDeferred;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given type represents an object that could be invoked using the call
+   * operator '()'.
+   *
+   * @param type the type being tested
+   * @return `true` if the given type represents an object that could be invoked
+   */
+  bool _isExecutableType(DartType type) {
+    if (type.isDynamic || (type is FunctionType) || type.isDartCoreFunction || type.isObject) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (type is InterfaceType) {
+      ClassElement classElement = type.element;
+      // 16078 from Gilad: If the type is a Functor with the @proxy annotation, treat it as an
+      // executable type.
+      // example code: NonErrorResolverTest.test_invocationOfNonFunction_proxyOnFunctionClass()
+      if (classElement.isProxy && type.isSubtypeOf(_resolver.typeProvider.functionType)) {
+        return true;
+      }
+      MethodElement methodElement = classElement.lookUpMethod(FunctionElement.CALL_METHOD_NAME, _definingLibrary);
+      return methodElement != null;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * @return `true` iff current enclosing function is constant constructor declaration.
+   */
+  bool get isInConstConstructor {
+    ExecutableElement function = _resolver.enclosingFunction;
+    if (function is ConstructorElement) {
+      return function.isConst;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given element is a static element.
+   *
+   * @param element the element being tested
+   * @return `true` if the given element is a static element
+   */
+  bool _isStatic(Element element) {
+    if (element is ExecutableElement) {
+      return element.isStatic;
+    } else if (element is PropertyInducingElement) {
+      return element.isStatic;
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if the given node can validly be resolved to a prefix:
+   * * it is the prefix in an import directive, or
+   * * it is the prefix in a prefixed identifier.
+   *
+   * @param node the node being tested
+   * @return `true` if the given node is the prefix in an import directive
+   */
+  bool _isValidAsPrefix(SimpleIdentifier node) {
+    AstNode parent = node.parent;
+    if (parent is ImportDirective) {
+      return identical(parent.prefix, node);
+    } else if (parent is PrefixedIdentifier) {
+      return true;
+    } else if (parent is MethodInvocation) {
+      return identical(parent.target, node);
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the getter with the given name in the given type. Return the element representing the
+   * getter that was found, or `null` if there is no getter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation, or `null` if there is no target
+   * @param type the type in which the getter is defined
+   * @param getterName the name of the getter being looked up
+   * @return the element representing the getter that was found
+   */
+  PropertyAccessorElement _lookUpGetter(Expression target, DartType type, String getterName) {
+    type = _resolveTypeParameter(type);
+    if (type is InterfaceType) {
+      InterfaceType interfaceType = type;
+      PropertyAccessorElement accessor;
+      if (target is SuperExpression) {
+        accessor = interfaceType.lookUpGetterInSuperclass(getterName, _definingLibrary);
+      } else {
+        accessor = interfaceType.lookUpGetter(getterName, _definingLibrary);
+      }
+      if (accessor != null) {
+        return accessor;
+      }
+      return _lookUpGetterInInterfaces(interfaceType, false, getterName, new HashSet<ClassElement>());
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the getter with the given name in the interfaces implemented by the given type, either
+   * directly or indirectly. Return the element representing the getter that was found, or
+   * `null` if there is no getter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param targetType the type in which the getter might be defined
+   * @param includeTargetType `true` if the search should include the target type
+   * @param getterName the name of the getter being looked up
+   * @param visitedInterfaces a set containing all of the interfaces that have been examined, used
+   *          to prevent infinite recursion and to optimize the search
+   * @return the element representing the getter that was found
+   */
+  PropertyAccessorElement _lookUpGetterInInterfaces(InterfaceType targetType, bool includeTargetType, String getterName, HashSet<ClassElement> visitedInterfaces) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) This isn't correct. Section 8.1.1 of the specification (titled
+    // "Inheritance and Overriding" under "Interfaces") describes a much more complex scheme for
+    // finding the inherited member. We need to follow that scheme. The code below should cover the
+    // 80% case.
+    ClassElement targetClass = targetType.element;
+    if (visitedInterfaces.contains(targetClass)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    visitedInterfaces.add(targetClass);
+    if (includeTargetType) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement getter = targetType.getGetter(getterName);
+      if (getter != null && getter.isAccessibleIn(_definingLibrary)) {
+        return getter;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType interfaceType in targetType.interfaces) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement getter = _lookUpGetterInInterfaces(interfaceType, true, getterName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (getter != null) {
+        return getter;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType mixinType in targetType.mixins) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement getter = _lookUpGetterInInterfaces(mixinType, true, getterName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (getter != null) {
+        return getter;
+      }
+    }
+    InterfaceType superclass = targetType.superclass;
+    if (superclass == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return _lookUpGetterInInterfaces(superclass, true, getterName, visitedInterfaces);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the method or getter with the given name in the given type. Return the element
+   * representing the method or getter that was found, or `null` if there is no method or
+   * getter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param type the type in which the method or getter is defined
+   * @param memberName the name of the method or getter being looked up
+   * @return the element representing the method or getter that was found
+   */
+  ExecutableElement _lookupGetterOrMethod(DartType type, String memberName) {
+    type = _resolveTypeParameter(type);
+    if (type is InterfaceType) {
+      InterfaceType interfaceType = type;
+      ExecutableElement member = interfaceType.lookUpMethod(memberName, _definingLibrary);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+      member = interfaceType.lookUpGetter(memberName, _definingLibrary);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+      return _lookUpGetterOrMethodInInterfaces(interfaceType, false, memberName, new HashSet<ClassElement>());
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the method or getter with the given name in the interfaces implemented by the given
+   * type, either directly or indirectly. Return the element representing the method or getter that
+   * was found, or `null` if there is no method or getter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param targetType the type in which the method or getter might be defined
+   * @param includeTargetType `true` if the search should include the target type
+   * @param memberName the name of the method or getter being looked up
+   * @param visitedInterfaces a set containing all of the interfaces that have been examined, used
+   *          to prevent infinite recursion and to optimize the search
+   * @return the element representing the method or getter that was found
+   */
+  ExecutableElement _lookUpGetterOrMethodInInterfaces(InterfaceType targetType, bool includeTargetType, String memberName, HashSet<ClassElement> visitedInterfaces) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) This isn't correct. Section 8.1.1 of the specification (titled
+    // "Inheritance and Overriding" under "Interfaces") describes a much more complex scheme for
+    // finding the inherited member. We need to follow that scheme. The code below should cover the
+    // 80% case.
+    ClassElement targetClass = targetType.element;
+    if (visitedInterfaces.contains(targetClass)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    visitedInterfaces.add(targetClass);
+    if (includeTargetType) {
+      ExecutableElement member = targetType.getMethod(memberName);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+      member = targetType.getGetter(memberName);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType interfaceType in targetType.interfaces) {
+      ExecutableElement member = _lookUpGetterOrMethodInInterfaces(interfaceType, true, memberName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType mixinType in targetType.mixins) {
+      ExecutableElement member = _lookUpGetterOrMethodInInterfaces(mixinType, true, memberName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (member != null) {
+        return member;
+      }
+    }
+    InterfaceType superclass = targetType.superclass;
+    if (superclass == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return _lookUpGetterOrMethodInInterfaces(superclass, true, memberName, visitedInterfaces);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Find the element corresponding to the given label node in the current label scope.
+   *
+   * @param parentNode the node containing the given label
+   * @param labelNode the node representing the label being looked up
+   * @return the element corresponding to the given label node in the current scope
+   */
+  LabelElementImpl _lookupLabel(AstNode parentNode, SimpleIdentifier labelNode) {
+    LabelScope labelScope = _resolver.labelScope;
+    LabelElementImpl labelElement = null;
+    if (labelNode == null) {
+      if (labelScope == null) {
+        // TODO(brianwilkerson) Do we need to report this error, or is this condition always caught in the parser?
+        // reportError(ResolverErrorCode.BREAK_OUTSIDE_LOOP);
+      } else {
+        labelElement = labelScope.lookup(LabelScope.EMPTY_LABEL) as LabelElementImpl;
+        if (labelElement == null) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) Do we need to report this error, or is this condition always caught in the parser?
+          // reportError(ResolverErrorCode.BREAK_OUTSIDE_LOOP);
+        }
+        //
+        // The label element that was returned was a marker for look-up and isn't stored in the
+        // element model.
+        //
+        labelElement = null;
+      }
+    } else {
+      if (labelScope == null) {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.LABEL_UNDEFINED, labelNode, [labelNode.name]);
+      } else {
+        labelElement = labelScope.lookup(labelNode.name) as LabelElementImpl;
+        if (labelElement == null) {
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.LABEL_UNDEFINED, labelNode, [labelNode.name]);
+        } else {
+          labelNode.staticElement = labelElement;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (labelElement != null) {
+      ExecutableElement labelContainer = labelElement.getAncestor((element) => element is ExecutableElement);
+      if (!identical(labelContainer, _resolver.enclosingFunction)) {
+        _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.LABEL_IN_OUTER_SCOPE, labelNode, [labelNode.name]);
+        labelElement = null;
+      }
+    }
+    return labelElement;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the method with the given name in the given type. Return the element representing the
+   * method that was found, or `null` if there is no method with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation, or `null` if there is no target
+   * @param type the type in which the method is defined
+   * @param methodName the name of the method being looked up
+   * @return the element representing the method that was found
+   */
+  MethodElement _lookUpMethod(Expression target, DartType type, String methodName) {
+    type = _resolveTypeParameter(type);
+    if (type is InterfaceType) {
+      InterfaceType interfaceType = type;
+      MethodElement method;
+      if (target is SuperExpression) {
+        method = interfaceType.lookUpMethodInSuperclass(methodName, _definingLibrary);
+      } else {
+        method = interfaceType.lookUpMethod(methodName, _definingLibrary);
+      }
+      if (method != null) {
+        return method;
+      }
+      return _lookUpMethodInInterfaces(interfaceType, false, methodName, new HashSet<ClassElement>());
+    } else if (type is UnionType) {
+      // TODO (collinsn): I want [computeMergedExecutableElement] to be general
+      // and work with functions, methods, constructors, and property accessors. However,
+      // I won't be able to assume it returns [MethodElement] here then.
+      return _maybeMergeExecutableElements(_lookupMethods(target, type, methodName)) as MethodElement;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the method with the given name in the interfaces implemented by the given type, either
+   * directly or indirectly. Return the element representing the method that was found, or
+   * `null` if there is no method with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param targetType the type in which the member might be defined
+   * @param includeTargetType `true` if the search should include the target type
+   * @param methodName the name of the method being looked up
+   * @param visitedInterfaces a set containing all of the interfaces that have been examined, used
+   *          to prevent infinite recursion and to optimize the search
+   * @return the element representing the method that was found
+   */
+  MethodElement _lookUpMethodInInterfaces(InterfaceType targetType, bool includeTargetType, String methodName, HashSet<ClassElement> visitedInterfaces) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) This isn't correct. Section 8.1.1 of the specification (titled
+    // "Inheritance and Overriding" under "Interfaces") describes a much more complex scheme for
+    // finding the inherited member. We need to follow that scheme. The code below should cover the
+    // 80% case.
+    ClassElement targetClass = targetType.element;
+    if (visitedInterfaces.contains(targetClass)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    visitedInterfaces.add(targetClass);
+    if (includeTargetType) {
+      MethodElement method = targetType.getMethod(methodName);
+      if (method != null && method.isAccessibleIn(_definingLibrary)) {
+        return method;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType interfaceType in targetType.interfaces) {
+      MethodElement method = _lookUpMethodInInterfaces(interfaceType, true, methodName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (method != null) {
+        return method;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType mixinType in targetType.mixins) {
+      MethodElement method = _lookUpMethodInInterfaces(mixinType, true, methodName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (method != null) {
+        return method;
+      }
+    }
+    InterfaceType superclass = targetType.superclass;
+    if (superclass == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return _lookUpMethodInInterfaces(superclass, true, methodName, visitedInterfaces);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up all methods of a given name defined on a union type.
+   *
+   * @param target
+   * @param type
+   * @param methodName
+   * @return all methods named `methodName` defined on the union type `type`.
+   */
+  Set<ExecutableElement> _lookupMethods(Expression target, UnionType type, String methodName) {
+    Set<ExecutableElement> methods = new HashSet<ExecutableElement>();
+    bool allElementsHaveMethod = true;
+    for (DartType t in type.elements) {
+      MethodElement m = _lookUpMethod(target, t, methodName);
+      if (m != null) {
+        methods.add(m);
+      } else {
+        allElementsHaveMethod = false;
+      }
+    }
+    // For strict union types we require that all types in the union define the method.
+    if (AnalysisEngine.instance.strictUnionTypes) {
+      if (allElementsHaveMethod) {
+        return methods;
+      } else {
+        return new Set<ExecutableElement>();
+      }
+    } else {
+      return methods;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the setter with the given name in the given type. Return the element representing the
+   * setter that was found, or `null` if there is no setter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation, or `null` if there is no target
+   * @param type the type in which the setter is defined
+   * @param setterName the name of the setter being looked up
+   * @return the element representing the setter that was found
+   */
+  PropertyAccessorElement _lookUpSetter(Expression target, DartType type, String setterName) {
+    type = _resolveTypeParameter(type);
+    if (type is InterfaceType) {
+      InterfaceType interfaceType = type;
+      PropertyAccessorElement accessor;
+      if (target is SuperExpression) {
+        accessor = interfaceType.lookUpSetterInSuperclass(setterName, _definingLibrary);
+      } else {
+        accessor = interfaceType.lookUpSetter(setterName, _definingLibrary);
+      }
+      if (accessor != null) {
+        return accessor;
+      }
+      return _lookUpSetterInInterfaces(interfaceType, false, setterName, new HashSet<ClassElement>());
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the setter with the given name in the interfaces implemented by the given type, either
+   * directly or indirectly. Return the element representing the setter that was found, or
+   * `null` if there is no setter with the given name.
+   *
+   * @param targetType the type in which the setter might be defined
+   * @param includeTargetType `true` if the search should include the target type
+   * @param setterName the name of the setter being looked up
+   * @param visitedInterfaces a set containing all of the interfaces that have been examined, used
+   *          to prevent infinite recursion and to optimize the search
+   * @return the element representing the setter that was found
+   */
+  PropertyAccessorElement _lookUpSetterInInterfaces(InterfaceType targetType, bool includeTargetType, String setterName, HashSet<ClassElement> visitedInterfaces) {
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) This isn't correct. Section 8.1.1 of the specification (titled
+    // "Inheritance and Overriding" under "Interfaces") describes a much more complex scheme for
+    // finding the inherited member. We need to follow that scheme. The code below should cover the
+    // 80% case.
+    ClassElement targetClass = targetType.element;
+    if (visitedInterfaces.contains(targetClass)) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    visitedInterfaces.add(targetClass);
+    if (includeTargetType) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement setter = targetType.getSetter(setterName);
+      if (setter != null && setter.isAccessibleIn(_definingLibrary)) {
+        return setter;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType interfaceType in targetType.interfaces) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement setter = _lookUpSetterInInterfaces(interfaceType, true, setterName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (setter != null) {
+        return setter;
+      }
+    }
+    for (InterfaceType mixinType in targetType.mixins) {
+      PropertyAccessorElement setter = _lookUpSetterInInterfaces(mixinType, true, setterName, visitedInterfaces);
+      if (setter != null) {
+        return setter;
+      }
+    }
+    InterfaceType superclass = targetType.superclass;
+    if (superclass == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    return _lookUpSetterInInterfaces(superclass, true, setterName, visitedInterfaces);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given some class element, this method uses [subtypeManager] to find the set of all
+   * subtypes; the subtypes are then searched for a member (method, getter, or setter), that matches
+   * a passed
+   *
+   * @param element the class element to search the subtypes of, if a non-ClassElement element is
+   *          passed, then `false` is returned
+   * @param memberName the member name to search for
+   * @param asMethod `true` if the methods should be searched for in the subtypes
+   * @param asAccessor `true` if the accessors (getters and setters) should be searched for in
+   *          the subtypes
+   * @return `true` if and only if the passed memberName was found in a subtype
+   */
+  bool _memberFoundInSubclass(Element element, String memberName, bool asMethod, bool asAccessor) {
+    if (element is ClassElement) {
+      _subtypeManager.ensureLibraryVisited(_definingLibrary);
+      HashSet<ClassElement> subtypeElements = _subtypeManager.computeAllSubtypes(element);
+      for (ClassElement subtypeElement in subtypeElements) {
+        if (asMethod && subtypeElement.getMethod(memberName) != null) {
+          return true;
+        } else if (asAccessor && (subtypeElement.getGetter(memberName) != null || subtypeElement.getSetter(memberName) != null)) {
+          return true;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return the binary operator that is invoked by the given compound assignment operator.
+   *
+   * @param operator the assignment operator being mapped
+   * @return the binary operator that invoked by the given assignment operator
+   */
+  sc.TokenType _operatorFromCompoundAssignment(sc.TokenType operator) {
+    while (true) {
+      if (operator == sc.TokenType.AMPERSAND_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.AMPERSAND;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.BAR_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.BAR;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.CARET_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.CARET;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.GT_GT_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.GT_GT;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.LT_LT_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.LT_LT;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.MINUS_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.MINUS;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.PERCENT_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.PERCENT;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.PLUS_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.PLUS;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.SLASH_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.SLASH;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.STAR_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.STAR;
+      } else if (operator == sc.TokenType.TILDE_SLASH_EQ) {
+        return sc.TokenType.TILDE_SLASH;
+      } else {
+        // Internal error: Unmapped assignment operator.
+        AnalysisEngine.instance.logger.logError("Failed to map ${operator.lexeme} to it's corresponding operator");
+        return operator;
+      }
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record that the given node is undefined, causing an error to be reported if appropriate.
+   *
+   * @param declaringElement the element inside which no declaration was found. If this element is a
+   *          proxy, no error will be reported. If null, then an error will always be reported.
+   * @param errorCode the error code to report.
+   * @param node the node which is undefined.
+   * @param arguments arguments to the error message.
+   */
+  void _recordUndefinedNode(Element declaringElement, ErrorCode errorCode, AstNode node, List<Object> arguments) {
+    if (_doesntHaveProxy(declaringElement)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(errorCode, node, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record that the given offset/length is undefined, causing an error to be reported if
+   * appropriate.
+   *
+   * @param declaringElement the element inside which no declaration was found. If this element is a
+   *          proxy, no error will be reported. If null, then an error will always be reported.
+   * @param errorCode the error code to report.
+   * @param offset the offset to the text which is undefined.
+   * @param length the length of the text which is undefined.
+   * @param arguments arguments to the error message.
+   */
+  void _recordUndefinedOffset(Element declaringElement, ErrorCode errorCode, int offset, int length, List<Object> arguments) {
+    if (_doesntHaveProxy(declaringElement)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForOffset(errorCode, offset, length, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record that the given token is undefined, causing an error to be reported if appropriate.
+   *
+   * @param declaringElement the element inside which no declaration was found. If this element is a
+   *          proxy, no error will be reported. If null, then an error will always be reported.
+   * @param errorCode the error code to report.
+   * @param token the token which is undefined.
+   * @param arguments arguments to the error message.
+   */
+  void _recordUndefinedToken(Element declaringElement, ErrorCode errorCode, sc.Token token, List<Object> arguments) {
+    if (_doesntHaveProxy(declaringElement)) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForToken(errorCode, token, arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  void _resolveAnnotationConstructorInvocationArguments(Annotation annotation, ConstructorElement constructor) {
+    ArgumentList argumentList = annotation.arguments;
+    // error will be reported in ConstantVerifier
+    if (argumentList == null) {
+      return;
+    }
+    // resolve arguments to parameters
+    List<ParameterElement> parameters = _resolveArgumentsToFunction(true, argumentList, constructor);
+    if (parameters != null) {
+      argumentList.correspondingStaticParameters = parameters;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Continues resolution of the given [Annotation].
+   *
+   * @param annotation the [Annotation] to resolve
+   */
+  void _resolveAnnotationElement(Annotation annotation) {
+    SimpleIdentifier nameNode1;
+    SimpleIdentifier nameNode2;
+    {
+      Identifier annName = annotation.name;
+      if (annName is PrefixedIdentifier) {
+        PrefixedIdentifier prefixed = annName;
+        nameNode1 = prefixed.prefix;
+        nameNode2 = prefixed.identifier;
+      } else {
+        nameNode1 = annName as SimpleIdentifier;
+        nameNode2 = null;
+      }
+    }
+    SimpleIdentifier nameNode3 = annotation.constructorName;
+    ConstructorElement constructor = null;
+    //
+    // CONST or Class(args)
+    //
+    if (nameNode1 != null && nameNode2 == null && nameNode3 == null) {
+      Element element1 = nameNode1.staticElement;
+      // CONST
+      if (element1 is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+        _resolveAnnotationElementGetter(annotation, element1);
+        return;
+      }
+      // Class(args)
+      if (element1 is ClassElement) {
+        ClassElement classElement = element1;
+        constructor = new InterfaceTypeImpl.con1(classElement).lookUpConstructor(null, _definingLibrary);
+      }
+    }
+    //
+    // prefix.CONST or prefix.Class() or Class.CONST or Class.constructor(args)
+    //
+    if (nameNode1 != null && nameNode2 != null && nameNode3 == null) {
+      Element element1 = nameNode1.staticElement;
+      Element element2 = nameNode2.staticElement;
+      // Class.CONST - not resolved yet
+      if (element1 is ClassElement) {
+        ClassElement classElement = element1;
+        element2 = classElement.lookUpGetter(nameNode2.name, _definingLibrary);
+      }
+      // prefix.CONST or Class.CONST
+      if (element2 is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+        nameNode2.staticElement = element2;
+        annotation.element = element2;
+        _resolveAnnotationElementGetter(annotation, element2 as PropertyAccessorElement);
+        return;
+      }
+      // prefix.Class()
+      if (element2 is ClassElement) {
+        ClassElement classElement = element2 as ClassElement;
+        constructor = classElement.unnamedConstructor;
+      }
+      // Class.constructor(args)
+      if (element1 is ClassElement) {
+        ClassElement classElement = element1;
+        constructor = new InterfaceTypeImpl.con1(classElement).lookUpConstructor(nameNode2.name, _definingLibrary);
+        nameNode2.staticElement = constructor;
+      }
+    }
+    //
+    // prefix.Class.CONST or prefix.Class.constructor(args)
+    //
+    if (nameNode1 != null && nameNode2 != null && nameNode3 != null) {
+      Element element2 = nameNode2.staticElement;
+      // element2 should be ClassElement
+      if (element2 is ClassElement) {
+        ClassElement classElement = element2;
+        String name3 = nameNode3.name;
+        // prefix.Class.CONST
+        PropertyAccessorElement getter = classElement.lookUpGetter(name3, _definingLibrary);
+        if (getter != null) {
+          nameNode3.staticElement = getter;
+          annotation.element = element2;
+          _resolveAnnotationElementGetter(annotation, getter);
+          return;
+        }
+        // prefix.Class.constructor(args)
+        constructor = new InterfaceTypeImpl.con1(classElement).lookUpConstructor(name3, _definingLibrary);
+        nameNode3.staticElement = constructor;
+      }
+    }
+    // we need constructor
+    if (constructor == null) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_ANNOTATION, annotation, []);
+      return;
+    }
+    // record element
+    annotation.element = constructor;
+    // resolve arguments
+    _resolveAnnotationConstructorInvocationArguments(annotation, constructor);
+  }
+
+  void _resolveAnnotationElementGetter(Annotation annotation, PropertyAccessorElement accessorElement) {
+    // accessor should be synthetic
+    if (!accessorElement.isSynthetic) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_ANNOTATION, annotation, []);
+      return;
+    }
+    // variable should be constant
+    VariableElement variableElement = accessorElement.variable;
+    if (!variableElement.isConst) {
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.INVALID_ANNOTATION, annotation, []);
+    }
+    // OK
+    return;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a list of arguments and the element that will be invoked using those argument, compute
+   * the list of parameters that correspond to the list of arguments. Return the parameters that
+   * correspond to the arguments, or `null` if no correspondence could be computed.
+   *
+   * @param reportError if `true` then compile-time error should be reported; if `false`
+   *          then compile-time warning
+   * @param argumentList the list of arguments being passed to the element
+   * @param executableElement the element that will be invoked with the arguments
+   * @return the parameters that correspond to the arguments
+   */
+  List<ParameterElement> _resolveArgumentsToFunction(bool reportError, ArgumentList argumentList, ExecutableElement executableElement) {
+    if (executableElement == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    List<ParameterElement> parameters = executableElement.parameters;
+    return _resolveArgumentsToParameters(reportError, argumentList, parameters);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a list of arguments and the parameters related to the element that will be invoked using
+   * those argument, compute the list of parameters that correspond to the list of arguments. Return
+   * the parameters that correspond to the arguments.
+   *
+   * @param reportError if `true` then compile-time error should be reported; if `false`
+   *          then compile-time warning
+   * @param argumentList the list of arguments being passed to the element
+   * @param parameters the of the function that will be invoked with the arguments
+   * @return the parameters that correspond to the arguments
+   */
+  List<ParameterElement> _resolveArgumentsToParameters(bool reportError, ArgumentList argumentList, List<ParameterElement> parameters) {
+    List<ParameterElement> requiredParameters = new List<ParameterElement>();
+    List<ParameterElement> positionalParameters = new List<ParameterElement>();
+    HashMap<String, ParameterElement> namedParameters = new HashMap<String, ParameterElement>();
+    for (ParameterElement parameter in parameters) {
+      ParameterKind kind = parameter.parameterKind;
+      if (kind == ParameterKind.REQUIRED) {
+        requiredParameters.add(parameter);
+      } else if (kind == ParameterKind.POSITIONAL) {
+        positionalParameters.add(parameter);
+      } else {
+        namedParameters[parameter.name] = parameter;
+      }
+    }
+    List<ParameterElement> unnamedParameters = new List<ParameterElement>.from(requiredParameters);
+    unnamedParameters.addAll(positionalParameters);
+    int unnamedParameterCount = unnamedParameters.length;
+    int unnamedIndex = 0;
+    NodeList<Expression> arguments = argumentList.arguments;
+    int argumentCount = arguments.length;
+    List<ParameterElement> resolvedParameters = new List<ParameterElement>(argumentCount);
+    int positionalArgumentCount = 0;
+    HashSet<String> usedNames = new HashSet<String>();
+    bool noBlankArguments = true;
+    for (int i = 0; i < argumentCount; i++) {
+      Expression argument = arguments[i];
+      if (argument is NamedExpression) {
+        SimpleIdentifier nameNode = argument.name.label;
+        String name = nameNode.name;
+        ParameterElement element = namedParameters[name];
+        if (element == null) {
+          ErrorCode errorCode = (reportError ? CompileTimeErrorCode.UNDEFINED_NAMED_PARAMETER : StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_NAMED_PARAMETER);
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(errorCode, nameNode, [name]);
+        } else {
+          resolvedParameters[i] = element;
+          nameNode.staticElement = element;
+        }
+        if (!usedNames.add(name)) {
+          _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.DUPLICATE_NAMED_ARGUMENT, nameNode, [name]);
+        }
+      } else {
+        if (argument is SimpleIdentifier && argument.name.isEmpty) {
+          noBlankArguments = false;
+        }
+        positionalArgumentCount++;
+        if (unnamedIndex < unnamedParameterCount) {
+          resolvedParameters[i] = unnamedParameters[unnamedIndex++];
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (positionalArgumentCount < requiredParameters.length && noBlankArguments) {
+      ErrorCode errorCode = (reportError ? CompileTimeErrorCode.NOT_ENOUGH_REQUIRED_ARGUMENTS : StaticWarningCode.NOT_ENOUGH_REQUIRED_ARGUMENTS);
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(errorCode, argumentList, [requiredParameters.length, positionalArgumentCount]);
+    } else if (positionalArgumentCount > unnamedParameterCount && noBlankArguments) {
+      ErrorCode errorCode = (reportError ? CompileTimeErrorCode.EXTRA_POSITIONAL_ARGUMENTS : StaticWarningCode.EXTRA_POSITIONAL_ARGUMENTS);
+      _resolver.reportErrorForNode(errorCode, argumentList, [unnamedParameterCount, positionalArgumentCount]);
+    }
+    return resolvedParameters;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolve the names in the given combinators in the scope of the given library.
+   *
+   * @param library the library that defines the names
+   * @param combinators the combinators containing the names to be resolved
+   */
+  void _resolveCombinators(LibraryElement library, NodeList<Combinator> combinators) {
+    if (library == null) {
+      //
+      // The library will be null if the directive containing the combinators has a URI that is not
+      // valid.
+      //
+      return;
+    }
+    Namespace namespace = new NamespaceBuilder().createExportNamespaceForLibrary(library);
+    for (Combinator combinator in combinators) {
+      NodeList<SimpleIdentifier> names;
+      if (combinator is HideCombinator) {
+        names = combinator.hiddenNames;
+      } else {
+        names = (combinator as ShowCombinator).shownNames;
+      }
+      for (SimpleIdentifier name in names) {
+        String nameStr = name.name;
+        Element element = namespace.get(nameStr);
+        if (element == null) {
+          element = namespace.get("$nameStr=");
+        }
+        if (element != null) {
+          // Ensure that the name always resolves to a top-level variable
+          // rather than a getter or setter
+          if (element is PropertyAccessorElement) {
+            element = (element as PropertyAccessorElement).variable;
+          }
+          name.staticElement = element;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given an invocation of the form 'C.x()' where 'C' is a class, find and return the element 'x'
+   * in 'C'.
+   *
+   * @param classElement the class element
+   * @param nameNode the member name node
+   */
+  Element _resolveElement(ClassElementImpl classElement, SimpleIdentifier nameNode) {
+    String name = nameNode.name;
+    Element element = classElement.getMethod(name);
+    if (element == null && nameNode.inSetterContext()) {
+      element = classElement.getSetter(name);
+    }
+    if (element == null && nameNode.inGetterContext()) {
+      element = classElement.getGetter(name);
+    }
+    if (element != null && element.isAccessibleIn(_definingLibrary)) {
+      return element;
+    }
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given an invocation of the form 'm(a1, ..., an)', resolve 'm' to the element being invoked. If
+   * the returned element is a method, then the method will be invoked. If the returned element is a
+   * getter, the getter will be invoked without arguments and the result of that invocation will
+   * then be invoked with the arguments.
+   *
+   * @param methodName the name of the method being invoked ('m')
+   * @return the element being invoked
+   */
+  Element _resolveInvokedElement(SimpleIdentifier methodName) {
+    //
+    // Look first in the lexical scope.
+    //
+    Element element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(methodName, _definingLibrary);
+    if (element == null) {
+      //
+      // If it isn't defined in the lexical scope, and the invocation is within a class, then look
+      // in the inheritance scope.
+      //
+      ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+      if (enclosingClass != null) {
+        InterfaceType enclosingType = enclosingClass.type;
+        element = _lookUpMethod(null, enclosingType, methodName.name);
+        if (element == null) {
+          //
+          // If there's no method, then it's possible that 'm' is a getter that returns a function.
+          //
+          element = _lookUpGetter(null, enclosingType, methodName.name);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given an invocation of the form 'e.m(a1, ..., an)', resolve 'e.m' to the element being invoked.
+   * If the returned element is a method, then the method will be invoked. If the returned element
+   * is a getter, the getter will be invoked without arguments and the result of that invocation
+   * will then be invoked with the arguments.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation ('e')
+   * @param targetType the type of the target
+   * @param methodName the name of the method being invoked ('m')
+   * @return the element being invoked
+   */
+  Element _resolveInvokedElementWithTarget(Expression target, DartType targetType, SimpleIdentifier methodName) {
+    if (targetType is InterfaceType || targetType is UnionType) {
+      Element element = _lookUpMethod(target, targetType, methodName.name);
+      if (element == null) {
+        //
+        // If there's no method, then it's possible that 'm' is a getter that returns a function.
+        //
+        // TODO (collinsn): need to add union type support here too, in the style of [lookUpMethod].
+        element = _lookUpGetter(target, targetType, methodName.name);
+      }
+      return element;
+    } else if (target is SimpleIdentifier) {
+      Element targetElement = target.staticElement;
+      if (targetElement is PrefixElement) {
+        //
+        // Look to see whether the name of the method is really part of a prefixed identifier for an
+        // imported top-level function or top-level getter that returns a function.
+        //
+        String name = "${target.name}.$methodName";
+        Identifier functionName = new ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier(name);
+        Element element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(functionName, _definingLibrary);
+        if (element != null) {
+          // TODO(brianwilkerson) This isn't a method invocation, it's a function invocation where
+          // the function name is a prefixed identifier. Consider re-writing the AST.
+          return element;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    // TODO(brianwilkerson) Report this error.
+    return null;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given that we are accessing a property of the given type with the given name, return the
+   * element that represents the property.
+   *
+   * @param target the target of the invocation ('e')
+   * @param targetType the type in which the search for the property should begin
+   * @param propertyName the name of the property being accessed
+   * @return the element that represents the property
+   */
+  ExecutableElement _resolveProperty(Expression target, DartType targetType, SimpleIdentifier propertyName) {
+    ExecutableElement memberElement = null;
+    if (propertyName.inSetterContext()) {
+      memberElement = _lookUpSetter(target, targetType, propertyName.name);
+    }
+    if (memberElement == null) {
+      memberElement = _lookUpGetter(target, targetType, propertyName.name);
+    }
+    if (memberElement == null) {
+      memberElement = _lookUpMethod(target, targetType, propertyName.name);
+    }
+    return memberElement;
+  }
+
+  void _resolvePropertyAccess(Expression target, SimpleIdentifier propertyName) {
+    DartType staticType = _getStaticType(target);
+    DartType propagatedType = _getPropagatedType(target);
+    Element staticElement = null;
+    Element propagatedElement = null;
+    //
+    // If this property access is of the form 'C.m' where 'C' is a class, then we don't call
+    // resolveProperty(..) which walks up the class hierarchy, instead we just look for the
+    // member in the type only.
+    //
+    ClassElementImpl typeReference = getTypeReference(target);
+    if (typeReference != null) {
+      // TODO(brianwilkerson) Why are we setting the propagated element here? It looks wrong.
+      staticElement = propagatedElement = _resolveElement(typeReference, propertyName);
+    } else {
+      staticElement = _resolveProperty(target, staticType, propertyName);
+      propagatedElement = _resolveProperty(target, propagatedType, propertyName);
+    }
+    // May be part of annotation, record property element only if exists.
+    // Error was already reported in validateAnnotationElement().
+    if (target.parent.parent is Annotation) {
+      if (staticElement != null) {
+        propertyName.staticElement = staticElement;
+      }
+      return;
+    }
+    propertyName.staticElement = staticElement;
+    propertyName.propagatedElement = propagatedElement;
+    bool shouldReportMissingMember_static = _shouldReportMissingMember(staticType, staticElement);
+    bool shouldReportMissingMember_propagated = !shouldReportMissingMember_static && _enableHints && _shouldReportMissingMember(propagatedType, propagatedElement) && !_memberFoundInSubclass(propagatedType.element, propertyName.name, false, true);
+    // TODO(collinsn): add support for errors on union types by extending
+    // [lookupGetter] and [lookupSetter] in analogy with the earlier [lookupMethod] extensions.
+    if (propagatedType is UnionType) {
+      shouldReportMissingMember_propagated = false;
+    }
+    if (shouldReportMissingMember_static || shouldReportMissingMember_propagated) {
+      Element staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt = shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticType.element : propagatedType.element;
+      bool isStaticProperty = _isStatic(staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt);
+      String displayName = staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt != null ? staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt.displayName : propagatedType != null ? propagatedType.displayName : staticType.displayName;
+      // Special getter cases.
+      if (propertyName.inGetterContext()) {
+        if (!isStaticProperty && staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt is ClassElement) {
+          ClassElement classElement = staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt;
+          InterfaceType targetType = classElement.type;
+          if (targetType != null && targetType.isDartCoreFunction && propertyName.name == FunctionElement.CALL_METHOD_NAME) {
+            // TODO(brianwilkerson) Can we ever resolve the function being invoked?
+            //resolveArgumentsToParameters(node.getArgumentList(), invokedFunction);
+            return;
+          } else if (classElement.isEnum && propertyName.name == "_name") {
+            _resolver.reportErrorForNode(CompileTimeErrorCode.ACCESS_PRIVATE_ENUM_FIELD, propertyName, [propertyName.name]);
+            return;
+          }
+        }
+      }
+      Element declaringElement = staticType.isVoid ? null : staticOrPropagatedEnclosingElt;
+      if (propertyName.inSetterContext()) {
+        ErrorCode staticErrorCode = (isStaticProperty && !staticType.isVoid ? StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SETTER : StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_SETTER);
+        ErrorCode errorCode = shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticErrorCode : HintCode.UNDEFINED_SETTER;
+        _recordUndefinedNode(declaringElement, errorCode, propertyName, [propertyName.name, displayName]);
+      } else if (propertyName.inGetterContext()) {
+        ErrorCode staticErrorCode = (isStaticProperty && !staticType.isVoid ? StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_GETTER : StaticTypeWarningCode.UNDEFINED_GETTER);
+        ErrorCode errorCode = shouldReportMissingMember_static ? staticErrorCode : HintCode.UNDEFINED_GETTER;
+        _recordUndefinedNode(declaringElement, errorCode, propertyName, [propertyName.name, displayName]);
+      } else {
+        _recordUndefinedNode(declaringElement, StaticWarningCode.UNDEFINED_IDENTIFIER, propertyName, [propertyName.name]);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Resolve the given simple identifier if possible. Return the element to which it could be
+   * resolved, or `null` if it could not be resolved. This does not record the results of the
+   * resolution.
+   *
+   * @param node the identifier to be resolved
+   * @return the element to which the identifier could be resolved
+   */
+  Element _resolveSimpleIdentifier(SimpleIdentifier node) {
+    Element element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(node, _definingLibrary);
+    if (element is PropertyAccessorElement && node.inSetterContext()) {
+      PropertyInducingElement variable = (element as PropertyAccessorElement).variable;
+      if (variable != null) {
+        PropertyAccessorElement setter = variable.setter;
+        if (setter == null) {
+          //
+          // Check to see whether there might be a locally defined getter and an inherited setter.
+          //
+          ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+          if (enclosingClass != null) {
+            setter = _lookUpSetter(null, enclosingClass.type, node.name);
+          }
+        }
+        if (setter != null) {
+          element = setter;
+        }
+      }
+    } else if (element == null && (node.inSetterContext() || node.parent is CommentReference)) {
+      element = _resolver.nameScope.lookup(new ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier("${node.name}="), _definingLibrary);
+    }
+    ClassElement enclosingClass = _resolver.enclosingClass;
+    if (element == null && enclosingClass != null) {
+      InterfaceType enclosingType = enclosingClass.type;
+      if (element == null && (node.inSetterContext() || node.parent is CommentReference)) {
+        element = _lookUpSetter(null, enclosingType, node.name);
+      }
+      if (element == null && node.inGetterContext()) {
+        element = _lookUpGetter(null, enclosingType, node.name);
+      }
+      if (element == null) {
+        element = _lookUpMethod(null, enclosingType, node.name);
+      }
+    }
+    return element;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If the given type is a type parameter, resolve it to the type that should be used when looking
+   * up members. Otherwise, return the original type.
+   *
+   * @param type the type that is to be resolved if it is a type parameter
+   * @return the type that should be used in place of the argument if it is a type parameter, or the
+   *         original argument if it isn't a type parameter
+   */
+  DartType _resolveTypeParameter(DartType type) {
+    if (type is TypeParameterType) {
+      DartType bound = type.element.bound;
+      if (bound == null) {
+        return _resolver.typeProvider.objectType;
+      }
+      return bound;
+    }
+    return type;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a node that can have annotations associated with it and the element to which that node
+   * has been resolved, create the annotations in the element model representing the annotations on
+   * the node.
+   *
+   * @param element the element to which the node has been resolved
+   * @param node the node that can have annotations associated with it
+   */
+  void _setMetadata(Element element, AnnotatedNode node) {
+    if (element is! ElementImpl) {
+      return;
+    }
+    List<ElementAnnotationImpl> annotationList = new List<ElementAnnotationImpl>();
+    _addAnnotations(annotationList, node.metadata);
+    if (node is VariableDeclaration && node.parent is VariableDeclarationList) {
+      VariableDeclarationList list = node.parent as VariableDeclarationList;
+      _addAnnotations(annotationList, list.metadata);
+      if (list.parent is FieldDeclaration) {
+        FieldDeclaration fieldDeclaration = list.parent as FieldDeclaration;
+        _addAnnotations(annotationList, fieldDeclaration.metadata);
+      } else if (list.parent is TopLevelVariableDeclaration) {
+        TopLevelVariableDeclaration variableDeclaration = list.parent as TopLevelVariableDeclaration;
+        _addAnnotations(annotationList, variableDeclaration.metadata);
+      }
+    }
+    if (!annotationList.isEmpty) {
+      (element as ElementImpl).metadata = annotationList;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Given a node that can have annotations associated with it and the element to which that node
+   * has been resolved, create the annotations in the element model representing the annotations on
+   * the node.
+   *
+   * @param element the element to which the node has been resolved
+   * @param node the node that can have annotations associated with it
+   */
+  void _setMetadataForParameter(Element element, NormalFormalParameter node) {
+    if (element is! ElementImpl) {
+      return;
+    }
+    List<ElementAnnotationImpl> annotationList = new List<ElementAnnotationImpl>();
+    _addAnnotations(annotationList, node.metadata);
+    if (!annotationList.isEmpty) {
+      (element as ElementImpl).metadata = annotationList;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Return `true` if we should report an error as a result of looking up a member in the
+   * given type and not finding any member.
+   *
+   * @param type the type in which we attempted to perform the look-up
+   * @param member the result of the look-up
+   * @return `true` if we should report an error
+   */
+  bool _shouldReportMissingMember(DartType type, Element member) {
+    if (member != null || type == null || type.isDynamic || type.isBottom) {
+      return false;
+    }
+    return true;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instances of the class `SyntheticIdentifier` implement an identifier that can be used to
+ * look up names in the lexical scope when there is no identifier in the AST structure. There is
+ * no identifier in the AST when the parser could not distinguish between a method invocation and
+ * an invocation of a top-level function imported with a prefix.
+ */
+class ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier extends Identifier {
+  /**
+   * The name of the synthetic identifier.
+   */
+  final String name;
+
+  /**
+   * Initialize a newly created synthetic identifier to have the given name.
+   *
+   * @param name the name of the synthetic identifier
+   */
+  ElementResolver_SyntheticIdentifier(this.name);
+
+  @override
+  accept(AstVisitor visitor) => null;
+
+  @override
+  sc.Token get beginToken => null;
+
+  @override
+  Element get bestElement => null;
+
+  @override
+  sc.Token get endToken => null;
+
+  @override
+  int get precedence => 16;
+
+  @override
+  Element get propagatedElement => null;
+
+  @override
+  Element get staticElement => null;
+
+  @override
+  void visitChildren(AstVisitor visitor) {
+  }
+}
+