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1 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- | |
2 | |
3 """ | |
4 requests.session | |
5 ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ | |
6 | |
7 This module provides a Session object to manage and persist settings across | |
8 requests (cookies, auth, proxies). | |
9 | |
10 """ | |
11 import os | |
12 from collections import Mapping | |
13 from datetime import datetime | |
14 | |
15 from .compat import cookielib, OrderedDict, urljoin, urlparse | |
16 from .cookies import cookiejar_from_dict, extract_cookies_to_jar, RequestsCookie
Jar | |
17 from .models import Request, PreparedRequest | |
18 from .hooks import default_hooks, dispatch_hook | |
19 from .utils import to_key_val_list, default_headers | |
20 from .exceptions import TooManyRedirects, InvalidSchema | |
21 from .structures import CaseInsensitiveDict | |
22 | |
23 from .adapters import HTTPAdapter | |
24 | |
25 from .utils import requote_uri, get_environ_proxies, get_netrc_auth | |
26 | |
27 from .status_codes import codes | |
28 REDIRECT_STATI = ( | |
29 codes.moved, # 301 | |
30 codes.found, # 302 | |
31 codes.other, # 303 | |
32 codes.temporary_moved, # 307 | |
33 ) | |
34 DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT = 30 | |
35 | |
36 | |
37 def merge_setting(request_setting, session_setting, dict_class=OrderedDict): | |
38 """ | |
39 Determines appropriate setting for a given request, taking into account the | |
40 explicit setting on that request, and the setting in the session. If a | |
41 setting is a dictionary, they will be merged together using `dict_class` | |
42 """ | |
43 | |
44 if session_setting is None: | |
45 return request_setting | |
46 | |
47 if request_setting is None: | |
48 return session_setting | |
49 | |
50 # Bypass if not a dictionary (e.g. verify) | |
51 if not ( | |
52 isinstance(session_setting, Mapping) and | |
53 isinstance(request_setting, Mapping) | |
54 ): | |
55 return request_setting | |
56 | |
57 merged_setting = dict_class(to_key_val_list(session_setting)) | |
58 merged_setting.update(to_key_val_list(request_setting)) | |
59 | |
60 # Remove keys that are set to None. | |
61 for (k, v) in request_setting.items(): | |
62 if v is None: | |
63 del merged_setting[k] | |
64 | |
65 return merged_setting | |
66 | |
67 | |
68 class SessionRedirectMixin(object): | |
69 def resolve_redirects(self, resp, req, stream=False, timeout=None, | |
70 verify=True, cert=None, proxies=None): | |
71 """Receives a Response. Returns a generator of Responses.""" | |
72 | |
73 i = 0 | |
74 | |
75 # ((resp.status_code is codes.see_other)) | |
76 while (('location' in resp.headers and resp.status_code in REDIRECT_STAT
I)): | |
77 prepared_request = req.copy() | |
78 | |
79 resp.content # Consume socket so it can be released | |
80 | |
81 if i >= self.max_redirects: | |
82 raise TooManyRedirects('Exceeded %s redirects.' % self.max_redir
ects) | |
83 | |
84 # Release the connection back into the pool. | |
85 resp.close() | |
86 | |
87 url = resp.headers['location'] | |
88 method = req.method | |
89 | |
90 # Handle redirection without scheme (see: RFC 1808 Section 4) | |
91 if url.startswith('//'): | |
92 parsed_rurl = urlparse(resp.url) | |
93 url = '%s:%s' % (parsed_rurl.scheme, url) | |
94 | |
95 # The scheme should be lower case... | |
96 if '://' in url: | |
97 scheme, uri = url.split('://', 1) | |
98 url = '%s://%s' % (scheme.lower(), uri) | |
99 | |
100 # Facilitate non-RFC2616-compliant 'location' headers | |
101 # (e.g. '/path/to/resource' instead of 'http://domain.tld/path/to/re
source') | |
102 # Compliant with RFC3986, we percent encode the url. | |
103 if not urlparse(url).netloc: | |
104 url = urljoin(resp.url, requote_uri(url)) | |
105 else: | |
106 url = requote_uri(url) | |
107 | |
108 prepared_request.url = url | |
109 | |
110 # http://www.w3.org/Protocols/rfc2616/rfc2616-sec10.html#sec10.3.4 | |
111 if (resp.status_code == codes.see_other and | |
112 method != 'HEAD'): | |
113 method = 'GET' | |
114 | |
115 # Do what the browsers do, despite standards... | |
116 if (resp.status_code in (codes.moved, codes.found) and | |
117 method not in ('GET', 'HEAD')): | |
118 method = 'GET' | |
119 | |
120 prepared_request.method = method | |
121 | |
122 # https://github.com/kennethreitz/requests/issues/1084 | |
123 if resp.status_code not in (codes.temporary, codes.resume): | |
124 if 'Content-Length' in prepared_request.headers: | |
125 del prepared_request.headers['Content-Length'] | |
126 | |
127 prepared_request.body = None | |
128 | |
129 headers = prepared_request.headers | |
130 try: | |
131 del headers['Cookie'] | |
132 except KeyError: | |
133 pass | |
134 | |
135 prepared_request.prepare_cookies(self.cookies) | |
136 | |
137 resp = self.send( | |
138 prepared_request, | |
139 stream=stream, | |
140 timeout=timeout, | |
141 verify=verify, | |
142 cert=cert, | |
143 proxies=proxies, | |
144 allow_redirects=False, | |
145 ) | |
146 | |
147 extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, prepared_request, resp.raw) | |
148 | |
149 i += 1 | |
150 yield resp | |
151 | |
152 | |
153 class Session(SessionRedirectMixin): | |
154 """A Requests session. | |
155 | |
156 Provides cookie persistence, connection-pooling, and configuration. | |
157 | |
158 Basic Usage:: | |
159 | |
160 >>> import requests | |
161 >>> s = requests.Session() | |
162 >>> s.get('http://httpbin.org/get') | |
163 200 | |
164 """ | |
165 | |
166 __attrs__ = [ | |
167 'headers', 'cookies', 'auth', 'timeout', 'proxies', 'hooks', | |
168 'params', 'verify', 'cert', 'prefetch', 'adapters', 'stream', | |
169 'trust_env', 'max_redirects'] | |
170 | |
171 def __init__(self): | |
172 | |
173 #: A case-insensitive dictionary of headers to be sent on each | |
174 #: :class:`Request <Request>` sent from this | |
175 #: :class:`Session <Session>`. | |
176 self.headers = default_headers() | |
177 | |
178 #: Default Authentication tuple or object to attach to | |
179 #: :class:`Request <Request>`. | |
180 self.auth = None | |
181 | |
182 #: Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy (e.g. | |
183 #: {'http': 'foo.bar:3128'}) to be used on each | |
184 #: :class:`Request <Request>`. | |
185 self.proxies = {} | |
186 | |
187 #: Event-handling hooks. | |
188 self.hooks = default_hooks() | |
189 | |
190 #: Dictionary of querystring data to attach to each | |
191 #: :class:`Request <Request>`. The dictionary values may be lists for | |
192 #: representing multivalued query parameters. | |
193 self.params = {} | |
194 | |
195 #: Stream response content default. | |
196 self.stream = False | |
197 | |
198 #: SSL Verification default. | |
199 self.verify = True | |
200 | |
201 #: SSL certificate default. | |
202 self.cert = None | |
203 | |
204 #: Maximum number of redirects allowed. If the request exceeds this | |
205 #: limit, a :class:`TooManyRedirects` exception is raised. | |
206 self.max_redirects = DEFAULT_REDIRECT_LIMIT | |
207 | |
208 #: Should we trust the environment? | |
209 self.trust_env = True | |
210 | |
211 #: A CookieJar containing all currently outstanding cookies set on this | |
212 #: session. By default it is a | |
213 #: :class:`RequestsCookieJar <requests.cookies.RequestsCookieJar>`, but | |
214 #: may be any other ``cookielib.CookieJar`` compatible object. | |
215 self.cookies = cookiejar_from_dict({}) | |
216 | |
217 # Default connection adapters. | |
218 self.adapters = OrderedDict() | |
219 self.mount('https://', HTTPAdapter()) | |
220 self.mount('http://', HTTPAdapter()) | |
221 | |
222 def __enter__(self): | |
223 return self | |
224 | |
225 def __exit__(self, *args): | |
226 self.close() | |
227 | |
228 def prepare_request(self, request): | |
229 """Constructs a :class:`PreparedRequest <PreparedRequest>` for | |
230 transmission and returns it. The :class:`PreparedRequest` has settings | |
231 merged from the :class:`Request <Request>` instance and those of the | |
232 :class:`Session`. | |
233 | |
234 :param request: :class:`Request` instance to prepare with this | |
235 session's settings. | |
236 """ | |
237 cookies = request.cookies or {} | |
238 | |
239 # Bootstrap CookieJar. | |
240 if not isinstance(cookies, cookielib.CookieJar): | |
241 cookies = cookiejar_from_dict(cookies) | |
242 | |
243 # Merge with session cookies | |
244 merged_cookies = RequestsCookieJar() | |
245 merged_cookies.update(self.cookies) | |
246 merged_cookies.update(cookies) | |
247 | |
248 | |
249 # Set environment's basic authentication if not explicitly set. | |
250 auth = request.auth | |
251 if self.trust_env and not auth and not self.auth: | |
252 auth = get_netrc_auth(request.url) | |
253 | |
254 p = PreparedRequest() | |
255 p.prepare( | |
256 method=request.method.upper(), | |
257 url=request.url, | |
258 files=request.files, | |
259 data=request.data, | |
260 headers=merge_setting(request.headers, self.headers, dict_class=Case
InsensitiveDict), | |
261 params=merge_setting(request.params, self.params), | |
262 auth=merge_setting(auth, self.auth), | |
263 cookies=merged_cookies, | |
264 hooks=merge_setting(request.hooks, self.hooks), | |
265 ) | |
266 return p | |
267 | |
268 def request(self, method, url, | |
269 params=None, | |
270 data=None, | |
271 headers=None, | |
272 cookies=None, | |
273 files=None, | |
274 auth=None, | |
275 timeout=None, | |
276 allow_redirects=True, | |
277 proxies=None, | |
278 hooks=None, | |
279 stream=None, | |
280 verify=None, | |
281 cert=None): | |
282 """Constructs a :class:`Request <Request>`, prepares it and sends it. | |
283 Returns :class:`Response <Response>` object. | |
284 | |
285 :param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
286 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
287 :param params: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to be sent in the query | |
288 string for the :class:`Request`. | |
289 :param data: (optional) Dictionary or bytes to send in the body of the | |
290 :class:`Request`. | |
291 :param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the | |
292 :class:`Request`. | |
293 :param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the | |
294 :class:`Request`. | |
295 :param files: (optional) Dictionary of 'filename': file-like-objects | |
296 for multipart encoding upload. | |
297 :param auth: (optional) Auth tuple or callable to enable | |
298 Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth. | |
299 :param timeout: (optional) Float describing the timeout of the | |
300 request. | |
301 :param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Set to True by default. | |
302 :param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of | |
303 the proxy. | |
304 :param stream: (optional) whether to immediately download the response | |
305 content. Defaults to ``False``. | |
306 :param verify: (optional) if ``True``, the SSL cert will be verified. | |
307 A CA_BUNDLE path can also be provided. | |
308 :param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). | |
309 If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair. | |
310 """ | |
311 # Create the Request. | |
312 req = Request( | |
313 method = method.upper(), | |
314 url = url, | |
315 headers = headers, | |
316 files = files, | |
317 data = data or {}, | |
318 params = params or {}, | |
319 auth = auth, | |
320 cookies = cookies, | |
321 hooks = hooks, | |
322 ) | |
323 prep = self.prepare_request(req) | |
324 | |
325 proxies = proxies or {} | |
326 | |
327 # Gather clues from the surrounding environment. | |
328 if self.trust_env: | |
329 # Set environment's proxies. | |
330 env_proxies = get_environ_proxies(url) or {} | |
331 for (k, v) in env_proxies.items(): | |
332 proxies.setdefault(k, v) | |
333 | |
334 # Look for configuration. | |
335 if not verify and verify is not False: | |
336 verify = os.environ.get('REQUESTS_CA_BUNDLE') | |
337 | |
338 # Curl compatibility. | |
339 if not verify and verify is not False: | |
340 verify = os.environ.get('CURL_CA_BUNDLE') | |
341 | |
342 # Merge all the kwargs. | |
343 proxies = merge_setting(proxies, self.proxies) | |
344 stream = merge_setting(stream, self.stream) | |
345 verify = merge_setting(verify, self.verify) | |
346 cert = merge_setting(cert, self.cert) | |
347 | |
348 # Send the request. | |
349 send_kwargs = { | |
350 'stream': stream, | |
351 'timeout': timeout, | |
352 'verify': verify, | |
353 'cert': cert, | |
354 'proxies': proxies, | |
355 'allow_redirects': allow_redirects, | |
356 } | |
357 resp = self.send(prep, **send_kwargs) | |
358 | |
359 return resp | |
360 | |
361 def get(self, url, **kwargs): | |
362 """Sends a GET request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
363 | |
364 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
365 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
366 """ | |
367 | |
368 kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True) | |
369 return self.request('GET', url, **kwargs) | |
370 | |
371 def options(self, url, **kwargs): | |
372 """Sends a OPTIONS request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
373 | |
374 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
375 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
376 """ | |
377 | |
378 kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True) | |
379 return self.request('OPTIONS', url, **kwargs) | |
380 | |
381 def head(self, url, **kwargs): | |
382 """Sends a HEAD request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
383 | |
384 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
385 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
386 """ | |
387 | |
388 kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', False) | |
389 return self.request('HEAD', url, **kwargs) | |
390 | |
391 def post(self, url, data=None, **kwargs): | |
392 """Sends a POST request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
393 | |
394 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
395 :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send i
n the body of the :class:`Request`. | |
396 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
397 """ | |
398 | |
399 return self.request('POST', url, data=data, **kwargs) | |
400 | |
401 def put(self, url, data=None, **kwargs): | |
402 """Sends a PUT request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
403 | |
404 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
405 :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send i
n the body of the :class:`Request`. | |
406 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
407 """ | |
408 | |
409 return self.request('PUT', url, data=data, **kwargs) | |
410 | |
411 def patch(self, url, data=None, **kwargs): | |
412 """Sends a PATCH request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
413 | |
414 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
415 :param data: (optional) Dictionary, bytes, or file-like object to send i
n the body of the :class:`Request`. | |
416 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
417 """ | |
418 | |
419 return self.request('PATCH', url, data=data, **kwargs) | |
420 | |
421 def delete(self, url, **kwargs): | |
422 """Sends a DELETE request. Returns :class:`Response` object. | |
423 | |
424 :param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object. | |
425 :param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes. | |
426 """ | |
427 | |
428 return self.request('DELETE', url, **kwargs) | |
429 | |
430 def send(self, request, **kwargs): | |
431 """Send a given PreparedRequest.""" | |
432 # Set defaults that the hooks can utilize to ensure they always have | |
433 # the correct parameters to reproduce the previous request. | |
434 kwargs.setdefault('stream', self.stream) | |
435 kwargs.setdefault('verify', self.verify) | |
436 kwargs.setdefault('cert', self.cert) | |
437 kwargs.setdefault('proxies', self.proxies) | |
438 | |
439 # It's possible that users might accidentally send a Request object. | |
440 # Guard against that specific failure case. | |
441 if not isinstance(request, PreparedRequest): | |
442 raise ValueError('You can only send PreparedRequests.') | |
443 | |
444 # Set up variables needed for resolve_redirects and dispatching of | |
445 # hooks | |
446 allow_redirects = kwargs.pop('allow_redirects', True) | |
447 stream = kwargs.get('stream') | |
448 timeout = kwargs.get('timeout') | |
449 verify = kwargs.get('verify') | |
450 cert = kwargs.get('cert') | |
451 proxies = kwargs.get('proxies') | |
452 hooks = request.hooks | |
453 | |
454 # Get the appropriate adapter to use | |
455 adapter = self.get_adapter(url=request.url) | |
456 | |
457 # Start time (approximately) of the request | |
458 start = datetime.utcnow() | |
459 # Send the request | |
460 r = adapter.send(request, **kwargs) | |
461 # Total elapsed time of the request (approximately) | |
462 r.elapsed = datetime.utcnow() - start | |
463 | |
464 # Response manipulation hooks | |
465 r = dispatch_hook('response', hooks, r, **kwargs) | |
466 | |
467 # Persist cookies | |
468 if r.history: | |
469 # If the hooks create history then we want those cookies too | |
470 for resp in r.history: | |
471 extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, resp.request, resp.raw) | |
472 extract_cookies_to_jar(self.cookies, request, r.raw) | |
473 | |
474 # Redirect resolving generator. | |
475 gen = self.resolve_redirects(r, request, stream=stream, | |
476 timeout=timeout, verify=verify, cert=cert, | |
477 proxies=proxies) | |
478 | |
479 # Resolve redirects if allowed. | |
480 history = [resp for resp in gen] if allow_redirects else [] | |
481 | |
482 # Shuffle things around if there's history. | |
483 if history: | |
484 # Insert the first (original) request at the start | |
485 history.insert(0, r) | |
486 # Get the last request made | |
487 r = history.pop() | |
488 r.history = tuple(history) | |
489 | |
490 return r | |
491 | |
492 def get_adapter(self, url): | |
493 """Returns the appropriate connnection adapter for the given URL.""" | |
494 for (prefix, adapter) in self.adapters.items(): | |
495 | |
496 if url.lower().startswith(prefix): | |
497 return adapter | |
498 | |
499 # Nothing matches :-/ | |
500 raise InvalidSchema("No connection adapters were found for '%s'" % url) | |
501 | |
502 def close(self): | |
503 """Closes all adapters and as such the session""" | |
504 for v in self.adapters.values(): | |
505 v.close() | |
506 | |
507 def mount(self, prefix, adapter): | |
508 """Registers a connection adapter to a prefix. | |
509 | |
510 Adapters are sorted in descending order by key length.""" | |
511 self.adapters[prefix] = adapter | |
512 keys_to_move = [k for k in self.adapters if len(k) < len(prefix)] | |
513 for key in keys_to_move: | |
514 self.adapters[key] = self.adapters.pop(key) | |
515 | |
516 def __getstate__(self): | |
517 return dict((attr, getattr(self, attr, None)) for attr in self.__attrs__
) | |
518 | |
519 def __setstate__(self, state): | |
520 for attr, value in state.items(): | |
521 setattr(self, attr, value) | |
522 | |
523 | |
524 def session(): | |
525 """Returns a :class:`Session` for context-management.""" | |
526 | |
527 return Session() | |
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