Check in the pristine copy of ICU 4.6...

icu46/source/i18n/usearch.cpp

+/*
+**********************************************************************
+*   Copyright (C) 2001-2010 IBM and others. All rights reserved.
+**********************************************************************
+*   Date        Name        Description
+*  07/02/2001   synwee      Creation.
+**********************************************************************
+*/
+
+#include "unicode/utypes.h"
+
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_COLLATION && !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+
+#include "unicode/usearch.h"
+#include "unicode/ustring.h"
+#include "unicode/uchar.h"
+#include "normalizer2impl.h"
+#include "ucol_imp.h"
+#include "usrchimp.h"
+#include "cmemory.h"
+#include "ucln_in.h"
+#include "uassert.h"
+#include "ustr_imp.h"
+
+U_NAMESPACE_USE
+
+// don't use Boyer-Moore
+// (and if we decide to turn this on again there are several new TODOs that will need to be addressed)
+#define BOYER_MOORE 0
+
+#define LENGTHOF(array) (int32_t)(sizeof(array)/sizeof((array)[0]))
+
+// internal definition ---------------------------------------------------
+
+#define LAST_BYTE_MASK_          0xFF
+#define SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_  8
+#define SUPPLEMENTARY_MIN_VALUE_ 0x10000
+
+static const uint16_t *fcdTrieIndex = NULL;
+static UChar32 fcdHighStart = 0;
+
+// internal methods -------------------------------------------------
+
+/**
+* Fast collation element iterator setOffset.
+* This function does not check for bounds.
+* @param coleiter collation element iterator
+* @param offset to set
+*/
+static
+inline void setColEIterOffset(UCollationElements *elems,
+                      int32_t             offset)
+{
+    collIterate *ci = &(elems->iteratordata_);
+    ci->pos         = ci->string + offset;
+    ci->CEpos       = ci->toReturn = ci->extendCEs ? ci->extendCEs : ci->CEs;
+    if (ci->flags & UCOL_ITER_INNORMBUF) {
+        ci->flags = ci->origFlags;
+    }
+    ci->fcdPosition = NULL;
+
+        ci->offsetReturn = NULL;
+    ci->offsetStore  = ci->offsetBuffer;
+        ci->offsetRepeatCount = ci->offsetRepeatValue = 0;
+}
+
+/**
+* Getting the mask for collation strength
+* @param strength collation strength
+* @return collation element mask
+*/
+static
+inline uint32_t getMask(UCollationStrength strength)
+{
+    switch (strength)
+    {
+    case UCOL_PRIMARY:
+        return UCOL_PRIMARYORDERMASK;
+    case UCOL_SECONDARY:
+        return UCOL_SECONDARYORDERMASK | UCOL_PRIMARYORDERMASK;
+    default:
+        return UCOL_TERTIARYORDERMASK | UCOL_SECONDARYORDERMASK |
+               UCOL_PRIMARYORDERMASK;
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+* This is to squeeze the 21bit ces into a 256 table
+* @param ce collation element
+* @return collapsed version of the collation element
+*/
+static
+inline int hash(uint32_t ce)
+{
+    // the old value UCOL_PRIMARYORDER(ce) % MAX_TABLE_SIZE_ does not work
+    // well with the new collation where most of the latin 1 characters
+    // are of the value xx000xxx. their hashes will most of the time be 0
+    // to be discussed on the hash algo.
+    return UCOL_PRIMARYORDER(ce) % MAX_TABLE_SIZE_;
+}
+
+U_CDECL_BEGIN
+static UBool U_CALLCONV
+usearch_cleanup(void) {
+    fcdTrieIndex = NULL;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+U_CDECL_END
+
+/**
+* Initializing the fcd tables.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be a success.
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+*/
+static
+inline void initializeFCD(UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (fcdTrieIndex == NULL) {
+        fcdTrieIndex = unorm_getFCDTrieIndex(fcdHighStart, status);
+        ucln_i18n_registerCleanup(UCLN_I18N_USEARCH, usearch_cleanup);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+* Gets the fcd value for a character at the argument index.
+* This method takes into accounts of the supplementary characters.
+* @param str UTF16 string where character for fcd retrieval resides
+* @param offset position of the character whose fcd is to be retrieved, to be
+*               overwritten with the next character position, taking
+*               surrogate characters into consideration.
+* @param strlength length of the argument string
+* @return fcd value
+*/
+static
+uint16_t getFCD(const UChar   *str, int32_t *offset,
+                             int32_t  strlength)
+{
+    const UChar *temp = str + *offset;
+    uint16_t    result = unorm_nextFCD16(fcdTrieIndex, fcdHighStart, temp, str + strlength);
+    *offset = (int32_t)(temp - str);
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Getting the modified collation elements taking into account the collation
+* attributes
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param sourcece
+* @return the modified collation element
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getCE(const UStringSearch *strsrch, uint32_t sourcece)
+{
+    // note for tertiary we can't use the collator->tertiaryMask, that
+    // is a preprocessed mask that takes into account case options. since
+    // we are only concerned with exact matches, we don't need that.
+    sourcece &= strsrch->ceMask;
+
+    if (strsrch->toShift) {
+        // alternate handling here, since only the 16 most significant digits
+        // is only used, we can safely do a compare without masking
+        // if the ce is a variable, we mask and get only the primary values
+        // no shifting to quartenary is required since all primary values
+        // less than variabletop will need to be masked off anyway.
+        if (strsrch->variableTop > sourcece) {
+            if (strsrch->strength >= UCOL_QUATERNARY) {
+                sourcece &= UCOL_PRIMARYORDERMASK;
+            }
+            else {
+                sourcece = UCOL_IGNORABLE;
+            }
+        }
+    } else if (strsrch->strength >= UCOL_QUATERNARY && sourcece == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+        sourcece = 0xFFFF;
+    }
+
+    return sourcece;
+}
+
+/**
+* Allocate a memory and returns NULL if it failed.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be a success.
+* @param size to allocate
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return newly allocated array, NULL otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline void * allocateMemory(uint32_t size, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    uint32_t *result = (uint32_t *)uprv_malloc(size);
+    if (result == NULL) {
+        *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Adds a uint32_t value to a destination array.
+* Creates a new array if we run out of space. The caller will have to
+* manually deallocate the newly allocated array.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method. destination not to be NULL and has at least
+* size destinationlength.
+* @param destination target array
+* @param offset destination offset to add value
+* @param destinationlength target array size, return value for the new size
+* @param value to be added
+* @param increments incremental size expected
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return new destination array, destination if there was no new allocation
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t * addTouint32_tArray(int32_t    *destination,
+                                    uint32_t    offset,
+                                    uint32_t   *destinationlength,
+                                    uint32_t    value,
+                                    uint32_t    increments,
+                                    UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    uint32_t newlength = *destinationlength;
+    if (offset + 1 == newlength) {
+        newlength += increments;
+        int32_t *temp = (int32_t *)allocateMemory(
+                                         sizeof(int32_t) * newlength, status);
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        uprv_memcpy(temp, destination, sizeof(int32_t) * offset);
+        *destinationlength = newlength;
+        destination        = temp;
+    }
+    destination[offset] = value;
+    return destination;
+}
+
+/**
+* Adds a uint64_t value to a destination array.
+* Creates a new array if we run out of space. The caller will have to
+* manually deallocate the newly allocated array.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method. destination not to be NULL and has at least
+* size destinationlength.
+* @param destination target array
+* @param offset destination offset to add value
+* @param destinationlength target array size, return value for the new size
+* @param value to be added
+* @param increments incremental size expected
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return new destination array, destination if there was no new allocation
+*/
+static
+inline int64_t * addTouint64_tArray(int64_t    *destination,
+                                    uint32_t    offset,
+                                    uint32_t   *destinationlength,
+                                    uint64_t    value,
+                                    uint32_t    increments,
+                                    UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    uint32_t newlength = *destinationlength;
+    if (offset + 1 == newlength) {
+        newlength += increments;
+        int64_t *temp = (int64_t *)allocateMemory(
+                                         sizeof(int64_t) * newlength, status);
+
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        uprv_memcpy(temp, destination, sizeof(int64_t) * offset);
+        *destinationlength = newlength;
+        destination        = temp;
+    }
+
+    destination[offset] = value;
+
+    return destination;
+}
+
+/**
+* Initializing the ce table for a pattern.
+* Stores non-ignorable collation keys.
+* Table size will be estimated by the size of the pattern text. Table
+* expansion will be perform as we go along. Adding 1 to ensure that the table
+* size definitely increases.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be a success.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return total number of expansions
+*/
+static
+inline uint16_t initializePatternCETable(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                         UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    UPattern *pattern            = &(strsrch->pattern);
+    uint32_t  cetablesize        = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+    int32_t  *cetable            = pattern->CEBuffer;
+    uint32_t  patternlength      = pattern->textLength;
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->utilIter;
+
+    if (coleiter == NULL) {
+        coleiter = ucol_openElements(strsrch->collator, pattern->text,
+                                     patternlength, status);
+        // status will be checked in ucol_next(..) later and if it is an
+        // error UCOL_NULLORDER the result of ucol_next(..) and 0 will be
+        // returned.
+        strsrch->utilIter = coleiter;
+    }
+    else {
+        uprv_init_collIterate(strsrch->collator, pattern->text,
+                         pattern->textLength,
+                         &coleiter->iteratordata_,
+                         status);
+    }
+    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (pattern->CE != cetable && pattern->CE) {
+        uprv_free(pattern->CE);
+    }
+
+    uint16_t  offset      = 0;
+    uint16_t  result      = 0;
+    int32_t   ce;
+
+    while ((ce = ucol_next(coleiter, status)) != UCOL_NULLORDER &&
+           U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        uint32_t newce = getCE(strsrch, ce);
+        if (newce) {
+            int32_t *temp = addTouint32_tArray(cetable, offset, &cetablesize,
+                                  newce,
+                                  patternlength - ucol_getOffset(coleiter) + 1,
+                                  status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+            offset ++;
+            if (cetable != temp && cetable != pattern->CEBuffer) {
+                uprv_free(cetable);
+            }
+            cetable = temp;
+        }
+        result += (uint16_t)(ucol_getMaxExpansion(coleiter, ce) - 1);
+    }
+
+    cetable[offset]   = 0;
+    pattern->CE       = cetable;
+    pattern->CELength = offset;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Initializing the pce table for a pattern.
+* Stores non-ignorable collation keys.
+* Table size will be estimated by the size of the pattern text. Table
+* expansion will be perform as we go along. Adding 1 to ensure that the table
+* size definitely increases.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be a success.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return total number of expansions
+*/
+static
+inline uint16_t initializePatternPCETable(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                          UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    UPattern *pattern            = &(strsrch->pattern);
+    uint32_t  pcetablesize       = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+    int64_t  *pcetable           = pattern->PCEBuffer;
+    uint32_t  patternlength      = pattern->textLength;
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->utilIter;
+
+    if (coleiter == NULL) {
+        coleiter = ucol_openElements(strsrch->collator, pattern->text,
+                                     patternlength, status);
+        // status will be checked in ucol_next(..) later and if it is an
+        // error UCOL_NULLORDER the result of ucol_next(..) and 0 will be
+        // returned.
+        strsrch->utilIter = coleiter;
+    } else {
+        uprv_init_collIterate(strsrch->collator, pattern->text,
+                              pattern->textLength,
+                              &coleiter->iteratordata_,
+                              status);
+    }
+    if(U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return 0;
+    }
+
+    if (pattern->PCE != pcetable && pattern->PCE != NULL) {
+        uprv_free(pattern->PCE);
+    }
+
+    uint16_t  offset = 0;
+    uint16_t  result = 0;
+    int64_t   pce;
+
+    uprv_init_pce(coleiter);
+
+    // ** Should processed CEs be signed or unsigned?
+    // ** (the rest of the code in this file seems to play fast-and-loose with
+    // **  whether a CE is signed or unsigned. For example, look at routine above this one.)
+    while ((pce = ucol_nextProcessed(coleiter, NULL, NULL, status)) != UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER &&
+           U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        int64_t *temp = addTouint64_tArray(pcetable, offset, &pcetablesize,
+                              pce,
+                              patternlength - ucol_getOffset(coleiter) + 1,
+                              status);
+
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            return 0;
+        }
+
+        offset += 1;
+
+        if (pcetable != temp && pcetable != pattern->PCEBuffer) {
+            uprv_free(pcetable);
+        }
+
+        pcetable = temp;
+        //result += (uint16_t)(ucol_getMaxExpansion(coleiter, ce) - 1);
+    }
+
+    pcetable[offset]   = 0;
+    pattern->PCE       = pcetable;
+    pattern->PCELength = offset;
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Initializes the pattern struct.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success.
+* @param strsrch UStringSearch data storage
+* @param status output error if any, caller to check status before calling
+*               method, status assumed to be success when passed in.
+* @return expansionsize the total expansion size of the pattern
+*/
+static
+inline int16_t initializePattern(UStringSearch *strsrch, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+          UPattern   *pattern     = &(strsrch->pattern);
+    const UChar      *patterntext = pattern->text;
+          int32_t     length      = pattern->textLength;
+          int32_t index       = 0;
+
+    // Since the strength is primary, accents are ignored in the pattern.
+    if (strsrch->strength == UCOL_PRIMARY) {
+        pattern->hasPrefixAccents = 0;
+        pattern->hasSuffixAccents = 0;
+    } else {
+            pattern->hasPrefixAccents = getFCD(patterntext, &index, length) >>
+                                                             SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_;
+            index = length;
+            UTF_BACK_1(patterntext, 0, index);
+            pattern->hasSuffixAccents = getFCD(patterntext, &index, length) &
+                                                                     LAST_BYTE_MASK_;
+    }
+
+    // ** HACK **
+    if (strsrch->pattern.PCE != NULL) {
+        if (strsrch->pattern.PCE != strsrch->pattern.PCEBuffer) {
+            uprv_free(strsrch->pattern.PCE);
+        }
+
+        strsrch->pattern.PCE = NULL;
+    }
+
+    // since intializePattern is an internal method status is a success.
+    return initializePatternCETable(strsrch, status);
+}
+
+/**
+* Initializing shift tables, with the default values.
+* If a corresponding default value is 0, the shift table is not set.
+* @param shift table for forwards shift
+* @param backshift table for backwards shift
+* @param cetable table containing pattern ce
+* @param cesize size of the pattern ces
+* @param expansionsize total size of the expansions
+* @param defaultforward the default forward value
+* @param defaultbackward the default backward value
+*/
+static
+inline void setShiftTable(int16_t   shift[], int16_t backshift[],
+                          int32_t  *cetable, int32_t cesize,
+                          int16_t   expansionsize,
+                          int16_t   defaultforward,
+                          int16_t   defaultbackward)
+{
+    // estimate the value to shift. to do that we estimate the smallest
+    // number of characters to give the relevant ces, ie approximately
+    // the number of ces minus their expansion, since expansions can come
+    // from a character.
+    int32_t count;
+    for (count = 0; count < MAX_TABLE_SIZE_; count ++) {
+        shift[count] = defaultforward;
+    }
+    cesize --; // down to the last index
+    for (count = 0; count < cesize; count ++) {
+        // number of ces from right of array to the count
+        int temp = defaultforward - count - 1;
+        shift[hash(cetable[count])] = temp > 1 ? temp : 1;
+    }
+    shift[hash(cetable[cesize])] = 1;
+    // for ignorables we just shift by one. see test examples.
+    shift[hash(0)] = 1;
+
+    for (count = 0; count < MAX_TABLE_SIZE_; count ++) {
+        backshift[count] = defaultbackward;
+    }
+    for (count = cesize; count > 0; count --) {
+        // the original value count does not seem to work
+        backshift[hash(cetable[count])] = count > expansionsize ?
+                                          (int16_t)(count - expansionsize) : 1;
+    }
+    backshift[hash(cetable[0])] = 1;
+    backshift[hash(0)] = 1;
+}
+
+/**
+* Building of the pattern collation element list and the boyer moore strsrch
+* table.
+* The canonical match will only be performed after the default match fails.
+* For both cases we need to remember the size of the composed and decomposed
+* versions of the string. Since the Boyer-Moore shift calculations shifts by
+* a number of characters in the text and tries to match the pattern from that
+* offset, the shift value can not be too large in case we miss some
+* characters. To choose a right shift size, we estimate the NFC form of the
+* and use its size as a shift guide. The NFC form should be the small
+* possible representation of the pattern. Anyways, we'll err on the smaller
+* shift size. Hence the calculation for minlength.
+* Canonical match will be performed slightly differently. We'll split the
+* pattern into 3 parts, the prefix accents (PA), the middle string bounded by
+* the first and last base character (MS), the ending accents (EA). Matches
+* will be done on MS first, and only when we match MS then some processing
+* will be required for the prefix and end accents in order to determine if
+* they match PA and EA. Hence the default shift values
+* for the canonical match will take the size of either end's accent into
+* consideration. Forwards search will take the end accents into consideration
+* for the default shift values and the backwards search will take the prefix
+* accents into consideration.
+* If pattern has no non-ignorable ce, we return a illegal argument error.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success.
+* @param strsrch UStringSearch data storage
+* @param status  for output errors if it occurs, status is assumed to be a
+*                success when it is passed in.
+*/
+static
+inline void initialize(UStringSearch *strsrch, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    int16_t expandlength  = initializePattern(strsrch, status);
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch->pattern.CELength > 0) {
+        UPattern *pattern = &strsrch->pattern;
+        int32_t   cesize  = pattern->CELength;
+
+        int16_t minlength = cesize > expandlength
+                            ? (int16_t)cesize - expandlength : 1;
+        pattern->defaultShiftSize    = minlength;
+        setShiftTable(pattern->shift, pattern->backShift, pattern->CE,
+                      cesize, expandlength, minlength, minlength);
+        return;
+    }
+    strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize = 0;
+}
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+/**
+* Check to make sure that the match length is at the end of the character by
+* using the breakiterator.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start target text start offset
+* @param end target text end offset
+*/
+static
+void checkBreakBoundary(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t * /*start*/,
+                               int32_t *end)
+{
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    UBreakIterator *breakiterator = strsrch->search->internalBreakIter;
+    if (breakiterator) {
+            int32_t matchend = *end;
+            //int32_t matchstart = *start;
+
+            if (!ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, matchend)) {
+                *end = ubrk_following(breakiterator, matchend);
+        }
+
+            /* Check the start of the matched text to make sure it doesn't have any accents
+             * before it.  This code may not be necessary and so it is commented out */
+            /*if (!ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, matchstart) && !ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, matchstart-1)) {
+                *start = ubrk_preceding(breakiterator, matchstart);
+            }*/
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+/**
+* Determine whether the target text in UStringSearch bounded by the offset
+* start and end is one or more whole units of text as
+* determined by the breakiterator in UStringSearch.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start target text start offset
+* @param end target text end offset
+*/
+static
+UBool isBreakUnit(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start,
+                               int32_t    end)
+{
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    UBreakIterator *breakiterator = strsrch->search->breakIter;
+    //TODO: Add here.
+    if (breakiterator) {
+        int32_t startindex = ubrk_first(breakiterator);
+        int32_t endindex   = ubrk_last(breakiterator);
+
+        // out-of-range indexes are never boundary positions
+        if (start < startindex || start > endindex ||
+            end < startindex || end > endindex) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        // otherwise, we can use following() on the position before the
+        // specified one and return true of the position we get back is the
+        // one the user specified
+        UBool result = (start == startindex ||
+                ubrk_following(breakiterator, start - 1) == start) &&
+               (end == endindex ||
+                ubrk_following(breakiterator, end - 1) == end);
+        if (result) {
+            // iterates the individual ces
+                  UCollationElements *coleiter  = strsrch->utilIter;
+            const UChar              *text      = strsrch->search->text +
+                                                                      start;
+                  UErrorCode          status    = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+            ucol_setText(coleiter, text, end - start, &status);
+            for (int32_t count = 0; count < strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+                 count ++) {
+                int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status));
+                if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                    count --;
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if (U_FAILURE(status) || ce != strsrch->pattern.CE[count]) {
+                    return FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+            int32_t nextce = ucol_next(coleiter, &status);
+            while (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) == (end - start)
+                   && getCE(strsrch, nextce) == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                nextce = ucol_next(coleiter, &status);
+            }
+            if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) == (end - start)
+                && nextce != UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                // extra collation elements at the end of the match
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+#endif
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Getting the next base character offset if current offset is an accent,
+* or the current offset if the current character contains a base character.
+* accents the following base character will be returned
+* @param text string
+* @param textoffset current offset
+* @param textlength length of text string
+* @return the next base character or the current offset
+*         if the current character is contains a base character.
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getNextBaseOffset(const UChar       *text,
+                                           int32_t  textoffset,
+                                           int32_t      textlength)
+{
+    if (textoffset < textlength) {
+        int32_t temp = textoffset;
+        if (getFCD(text, &temp, textlength) >> SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) {
+            while (temp < textlength) {
+                int32_t result = temp;
+                if ((getFCD(text, &temp, textlength) >>
+                     SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) == 0) {
+                    return result;
+                }
+            }
+            return textlength;
+        }
+    }
+    return textoffset;
+}
+
+/**
+* Gets the next base character offset depending on the string search pattern
+* data
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset current offset, one offset away from the last character
+*                   to search for.
+* @return start index of the next base character or the current offset
+*         if the current character is contains a base character.
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                                  int32_t    textoffset)
+{
+    int32_t textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+    if (strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents &&
+        textoffset < textlength) {
+              int32_t  temp       = textoffset;
+        const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+        UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, temp);
+        if (getFCD(text, &temp, textlength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+            return getNextBaseOffset(text, textoffset, textlength);
+        }
+    }
+    return textoffset;
+}
+
+/**
+* Shifting the collation element iterator position forward to prepare for
+* a following match. If the last character is a unsafe character, we'll only
+* shift by 1 to capture contractions, normalization etc.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success.
+* @param text strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset start text position to do search
+* @param ce the text ce which failed the match.
+* @param patternceindex index of the ce within the pattern ce buffer which
+*        failed the match
+* @return final offset
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t shiftForward(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                int32_t    textoffset,
+                                int32_t       ce,
+                                int32_t        patternceindex)
+{
+    UPattern *pattern = &(strsrch->pattern);
+    if (ce != UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+        int32_t shift = pattern->shift[hash(ce)];
+        // this is to adjust for characters in the middle of the
+        // substring for matching that failed.
+        int32_t adjust = pattern->CELength - patternceindex;
+        if (adjust > 1 && shift >= adjust) {
+            shift -= adjust - 1;
+        }
+        textoffset += shift;
+    }
+    else {
+        textoffset += pattern->defaultShiftSize;
+    }
+
+    textoffset = getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, textoffset);
+    // check for unsafe characters
+    // * if it is the start or middle of a contraction: to be done after
+    //   a initial match is found
+    // * thai or lao base consonant character: similar to contraction
+    // * high surrogate character: similar to contraction
+    // * next character is a accent: shift to the next base character
+    return textoffset;
+}
+#endif // #if BOYER_MOORE
+
+/**
+* sets match not found
+* @param strsrch string search data
+*/
+static
+inline void setMatchNotFound(UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    // this method resets the match result regardless of the error status.
+    strsrch->search->matchedIndex = USEARCH_DONE;
+    strsrch->search->matchedLength = 0;
+    if (strsrch->search->isForwardSearching) {
+        setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, strsrch->search->textLength);
+    }
+    else {
+        setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, 0);
+    }
+}
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+/**
+* Gets the offset to the next safe point in text.
+* ie. not the middle of a contraction, swappable characters or supplementary
+* characters.
+* @param collator collation sata
+* @param text string to work with
+* @param textoffset offset in string
+* @param textlength length of text string
+* @return offset to the next safe character
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getNextSafeOffset(const UCollator   *collator,
+                                     const UChar       *text,
+                                           int32_t  textoffset,
+                                           int32_t      textlength)
+{
+    int32_t result = textoffset; // first contraction character
+    while (result != textlength && ucol_unsafeCP(text[result], collator)) {
+        result ++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* This checks for accents in the potential match started with a .
+* composite character.
+* This is really painful... we have to check that composite character do not
+* have any extra accents. We have to normalize the potential match and find
+* the immediate decomposed character before the match.
+* The first composite character would have been taken care of by the fcd
+* checks in checkForwardExactMatch.
+* This is the slow path after the fcd of the first character and
+* the last character has been checked by checkForwardExactMatch and we
+* determine that the potential match has extra non-ignorable preceding
+* ces.
+* E.g. looking for \u0301 acute in \u01FA A ring above and acute,
+* checkExtraMatchAccent should fail since there is a middle ring in \u01FA
+* Note here that accents checking are slow and cautioned in the API docs.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be a success, caller should check status
+* before calling this method
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start index of the potential unfriendly composite character
+* @param end index of the potential unfriendly composite character
+* @param status output error status if any.
+* @return TRUE if there is non-ignorable accents before at the beginning
+*              of the match, FALSE otherwise.
+*/
+
+static
+UBool checkExtraMatchAccents(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start,
+                                   int32_t    end,
+                                   UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    UBool result = FALSE;
+    if (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents) {
+              int32_t  length = end - start;
+              int32_t  offset = 0;
+        const UChar       *text   = strsrch->search->text + start;
+
+        UTF_FWD_1(text, offset, length);
+        // we are only concerned with the first composite character
+        if (unorm_quickCheck(text, offset, UNORM_NFD, status) == UNORM_NO) {
+            int32_t safeoffset = getNextSafeOffset(strsrch->collator,
+                                                       text, 0, length);
+            if (safeoffset != length) {
+                safeoffset ++;
+            }
+            UChar   *norm = NULL;
+            UChar    buffer[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+            int32_t  size = unorm_normalize(text, safeoffset, UNORM_NFD, 0,
+                                            buffer, INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_,
+                                            status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (size >= INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_) {
+                norm = (UChar *)allocateMemory((size + 1) * sizeof(UChar),
+                                               status);
+                // if allocation failed, status will be set to
+                // U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR and unorm_normalize internally
+                // checks for it.
+                size = unorm_normalize(text, safeoffset, UNORM_NFD, 0, norm,
+                                       size, status);
+                if (U_FAILURE(*status) && norm != NULL) {
+                    uprv_free(norm);
+                    return FALSE;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                norm = buffer;
+            }
+
+            UCollationElements *coleiter  = strsrch->utilIter;
+            ucol_setText(coleiter, norm, size, status);
+            uint32_t            firstce   = strsrch->pattern.CE[0];
+            UBool               ignorable = TRUE;
+            uint32_t            ce        = UCOL_IGNORABLE;
+            while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && ce != firstce && ce != (uint32_t)UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                offset = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+                if (ce != firstce && ce != UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                    ignorable = FALSE;
+                }
+                ce = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            }
+            UChar32 codepoint;
+            UTF_PREV_CHAR(norm, 0, offset, codepoint);
+            result = !ignorable && (u_getCombiningClass(codepoint) != 0);
+
+            if (norm != buffer) {
+                uprv_free(norm);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Used by exact matches, checks if there are accents before the match.
+* This is really painful... we have to check that composite characters at
+* the start of the matches have to not have any extra accents.
+* We check the FCD of the character first, if it starts with an accent and
+* the first pattern ce does not match the first ce of the character, we bail.
+* Otherwise we try normalizing the first composite
+* character and find the immediate decomposed character before the match to
+* see if it is an non-ignorable accent.
+* Now normalizing the first composite character is enough because we ensure
+* that when the match is passed in here with extra beginning ces, the
+* first or last ce that match has to occur within the first character.
+* E.g. looking for \u0301 acute in \u01FA A ring above and acute,
+* checkExtraMatchAccent should fail since there is a middle ring in \u01FA
+* Note here that accents checking are slow and cautioned in the API docs.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset
+* @param end offset
+* @return TRUE if there are accents on either side of the match,
+*         FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool hasAccentsBeforeMatch(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start,
+                                  int32_t    end)
+{
+    if (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents) {
+        UCollationElements *coleiter  = strsrch->textIter;
+        UErrorCode          status    = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+        // we have been iterating forwards previously
+        uint32_t            ignorable = TRUE;
+        int32_t             firstce   = strsrch->pattern.CE[0];
+
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, start);
+        int32_t ce  = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status));
+        if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+        while (ce != firstce) {
+            if (ce != UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                ignorable = FALSE;
+            }
+            ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status));
+            if (U_FAILURE(status) || ce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                return TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        if (!ignorable && inNormBuf(coleiter)) {
+            // within normalization buffer, discontiguous handled here
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+
+        // within text
+        int32_t temp = start;
+        // original code
+        // accent = (getFCD(strsrch->search->text, &temp,
+        //                  strsrch->search->textLength)
+        //            >> SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_);
+        // however this code does not work well with VC7 .net in release mode.
+        // maybe the inlines for getFCD combined with shifting has bugs in
+        // VC7. anyways this is a work around.
+        UBool accent = getFCD(strsrch->search->text, &temp,
+                              strsrch->search->textLength) > 0xFF;
+        if (!accent) {
+            return checkExtraMatchAccents(strsrch, start, end, &status);
+        }
+        if (!ignorable) {
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+        if (start > 0) {
+            temp = start;
+            UTF_BACK_1(strsrch->search->text, 0, temp);
+            if (getFCD(strsrch->search->text, &temp,
+                       strsrch->search->textLength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+                setColEIterOffset(coleiter, start);
+                ce = ucol_previous(coleiter, &status);
+                if (U_FAILURE(status) ||
+                    (ce != UCOL_NULLORDER && ce != UCOL_IGNORABLE)) {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Used by exact matches, checks if there are accents bounding the match.
+* Note this is the initial boundary check. If the potential match
+* starts or ends with composite characters, the accents in those
+* characters will be determined later.
+* Not doing backwards iteration here, since discontiguos contraction for
+* backwards collation element iterator, use up too many characters.
+* E.g. looking for \u030A ring in \u01FA A ring above and acute,
+* should fail since there is a acute at the end of \u01FA
+* Note here that accents checking are slow and cautioned in the API docs.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of match
+* @param end end offset of the match
+* @return TRUE if there are accents on either side of the match,
+*         FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool hasAccentsAfterMatch(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start,
+                                 int32_t    end)
+{
+    if (strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents) {
+        const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+              int32_t  temp       = end;
+              int32_t      textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+        UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, temp);
+        if (getFCD(text, &temp, textlength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+            int32_t             firstce  = strsrch->pattern.CE[0];
+            UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+            UErrorCode          status   = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+                        int32_t ce;
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, start);
+            while ((ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status))) != firstce) {
+                if (U_FAILURE(status) || ce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+            int32_t count = 1;
+            while (count < strsrch->pattern.CELength) {
+                if (getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status))
+                    == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                    // Thai can give an ignorable here.
+                    count --;
+                }
+                if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
+                count ++;
+            }
+
+                        ce = ucol_next(coleiter, &status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(status)) {
+                return TRUE;
+            }
+            if (ce != UCOL_NULLORDER && ce != UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                ce = getCE(strsrch, ce);
+            }
+            if (ce != UCOL_NULLORDER && ce != UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) <= end) {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
+                if (getFCD(text, &end, textlength) >> SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) {
+                    return TRUE;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+#endif // #if BOYER_MOORE
+
+/**
+* Checks if the offset runs out of the text string
+* @param offset
+* @param textlength of the text string
+* @return TRUE if offset is out of bounds, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool isOutOfBounds(int32_t textlength, int32_t offset)
+{
+    return offset < 0 || offset > textlength;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks for identical match
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of possible match
+* @param end offset of possible match
+* @return TRUE if identical match is found
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkIdentical(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start,
+                                  int32_t    end)
+{
+    if (strsrch->strength != UCOL_IDENTICAL) {
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    // Note: We could use Normalizer::compare() or similar, but for short strings
+    // which may not be in FCD it might be faster to just NFD them.
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    UnicodeString t2, p2;
+    strsrch->nfd->normalize(
+        UnicodeString(FALSE, strsrch->search->text + start, end - start), t2, status);
+    strsrch->nfd->normalize(
+        UnicodeString(FALSE, strsrch->pattern.text, strsrch->pattern.textLength), p2, status);
+    // return FALSE if NFD failed
+    return U_SUCCESS(status) && t2 == p2;
+}
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+/**
+* Checks to see if the match is repeated
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start new match start index
+* @param end new match end index
+* @return TRUE if the the match is repeated, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkRepeatedMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                int32_t    start,
+                                int32_t    end)
+{
+    int32_t lastmatchindex = strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+    UBool       result;
+    if (lastmatchindex == USEARCH_DONE) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+    if (strsrch->search->isForwardSearching) {
+        result = start <= lastmatchindex;
+    }
+    else {
+        result = start >= lastmatchindex;
+    }
+    if (!result && !strsrch->search->isOverlap) {
+        if (strsrch->search->isForwardSearching) {
+            result = start < lastmatchindex + strsrch->search->matchedLength;
+        }
+        else {
+            result = end > lastmatchindex;
+        }
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Gets the collation element iterator's current offset.
+* @param coleiter collation element iterator
+* @param forwards flag TRUE if we are moving in th forwards direction
+* @return current offset
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getColElemIterOffset(const UCollationElements *coleiter,
+                                              UBool               forwards)
+{
+    int32_t result = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+    // intricacies of the the backwards collation element iterator
+    if (FALSE && !forwards && inNormBuf(coleiter) && !isFCDPointerNull(coleiter)) {
+        result ++;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks match for contraction.
+* If the match ends with a partial contraction we fail.
+* If the match starts too far off (because of backwards iteration) we try to
+* chip off the extra characters depending on whether a breakiterator has
+* been used.
+* Internal method, error assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param end offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if match passes the contraction test, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+
+static
+UBool checkNextExactContractionMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                     int32_t   *start,
+                                     int32_t   *end, UErrorCode  *status)
+{
+          UCollationElements *coleiter   = strsrch->textIter;
+          int32_t             textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+          int32_t             temp       = *start;
+    const UCollator          *collator   = strsrch->collator;
+    const UChar              *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+    // This part checks if either ends of the match contains potential
+    // contraction. If so we'll have to iterate through them
+    // The start contraction needs to be checked since ucol_previous dumps
+    // all characters till the first safe character into the buffer.
+    // *start + 1 is used to test for the unsafe characters instead of *start
+    // because ucol_prev takes all unsafe characters till the first safe
+    // character ie *start. so by testing *start + 1, we can estimate if
+    // excess prefix characters has been included in the potential search
+    // results.
+    if ((*end < textlength && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*end], collator)) ||
+        (*start + 1 < textlength
+         && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*start + 1], collator))) {
+        int32_t expansion  = getExpansionPrefix(coleiter);
+        UBool   expandflag = expansion > 0;
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, *start);
+        while (expansion > 0) {
+            // getting rid of the redundant ce, caused by setOffset.
+            // since backward contraction/expansion may have extra ces if we
+            // are in the normalization buffer, hasAccentsBeforeMatch would
+            // have taken care of it.
+            // E.g. the character \u01FA will have an expansion of 3, but if
+            // we are only looking for acute and ring \u030A and \u0301, we'll
+            // have to skip the first ce in the expansion buffer.
+            ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *start = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            expansion --;
+        }
+
+        int32_t  *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+        int32_t   patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+        int32_t   count           = 0;
+        while (count < patterncelength) {
+            int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, status));
+            if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (expandflag && count == 0 && ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *start = temp;
+                temp   = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || ce != patternce[count]) {
+                (*end) ++;
+                *end = getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, *end);
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            count ++;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks and sets the match information if found.
+* Checks
+* <ul>
+* <li> the potential match does not repeat the previous match
+* <li> boundaries are correct
+* <li> exact matches has no extra accents
+* <li> identical matchesb
+* <li> potential match does not end in the middle of a contraction
+* <\ul>
+* Otherwise the offset will be shifted to the next character.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset offset in the collation element text. the returned value
+*        will be the truncated end offset of the match or the new start
+*        search offset.
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkNextExactMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                 int32_t   *textoffset, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+    int32_t         start    = getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE);
+
+    if (!checkNextExactContractionMatch(strsrch, &start, textoffset, status)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // this totally matches, however we need to check if it is repeating
+    if (!isBreakUnit(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        checkRepeatedMatch(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        hasAccentsBeforeMatch(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        !checkIdentical(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        hasAccentsAfterMatch(strsrch, start, *textoffset)) {
+
+        (*textoffset) ++;
+        *textoffset = getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, *textoffset);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    //Add breakiterator boundary check for primary strength search.
+    if (!strsrch->search->breakIter && strsrch->strength == UCOL_PRIMARY) {
+        checkBreakBoundary(strsrch, &start, textoffset);
+    }
+
+    // totally match, we will get rid of the ending ignorables.
+    strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = start;
+    strsrch->search->matchedLength = *textoffset - start;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Getting the previous base character offset, or the current offset if the
+* current character is a base character
+* @param text string
+* @param textoffset one offset after the current character
+* @return the offset of the next character after the base character or the first
+*         composed character with accents
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getPreviousBaseOffset(const UChar       *text,
+                                               int32_t  textoffset)
+{
+    if (textoffset > 0) {
+        for (;;) {
+            int32_t result = textoffset;
+            UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, textoffset);
+            int32_t temp = textoffset;
+            uint16_t fcd = getFCD(text, &temp, result);
+            if ((fcd >> SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) == 0) {
+                if (fcd & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+                    return textoffset;
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+            if (textoffset == 0) {
+                return 0;
+            }
+        }
+    }
+    return textoffset;
+}
+
+/**
+* Getting the indexes of the accents that are not blocked in the argument
+* accent array
+* @param accents array of accents in nfd terminated by a 0.
+* @param accentsindex array of indexes of the accents that are not blocked
+*/
+static
+inline int getUnblockedAccentIndex(UChar *accents, int32_t *accentsindex)
+{
+    int32_t index     = 0;
+    int32_t     length    = u_strlen(accents);
+    UChar32     codepoint = 0;
+    int         cclass    = 0;
+    int         result    = 0;
+    int32_t temp;
+    while (index < length) {
+        temp = index;
+        UTF_NEXT_CHAR(accents, index, length, codepoint);
+        if (u_getCombiningClass(codepoint) != cclass) {
+            cclass        = u_getCombiningClass(codepoint);
+            accentsindex[result] = temp;
+            result ++;
+        }
+    }
+    accentsindex[result] = length;
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Appends 3 UChar arrays to a destination array.
+* Creates a new array if we run out of space. The caller will have to
+* manually deallocate the newly allocated array.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method. destination not to be NULL and has at least
+* size destinationlength.
+* @param destination target array
+* @param destinationlength target array size, returning the appended length
+* @param source1 null-terminated first array
+* @param source2 second array
+* @param source2length length of seond array
+* @param source3 null-terminated third array
+* @param status error status if any
+* @return new destination array, destination if there was no new allocation
+*/
+static
+inline UChar * addToUCharArray(      UChar      *destination,
+                                     int32_t    *destinationlength,
+                               const UChar      *source1,
+                               const UChar      *source2,
+                                     int32_t     source2length,
+                               const UChar      *source3,
+                                     UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    int32_t source1length = source1 ? u_strlen(source1) : 0;
+    int32_t source3length = source3 ? u_strlen(source3) : 0;
+    if (*destinationlength < source1length + source2length + source3length +
+                                                                           1)
+    {
+        destination = (UChar *)allocateMemory(
+          (source1length + source2length + source3length + 1) * sizeof(UChar),
+          status);
+        // if error allocating memory, status will be
+        // U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            *destinationlength = 0;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+    }
+    if (source1length != 0) {
+        uprv_memcpy(destination, source1, sizeof(UChar) * source1length);
+    }
+    if (source2length != 0) {
+        uprv_memcpy(destination + source1length, source2,
+                    sizeof(UChar) * source2length);
+    }
+    if (source3length != 0) {
+        uprv_memcpy(destination + source1length + source2length, source3,
+                    sizeof(UChar) * source3length);
+    }
+    *destinationlength = source1length + source2length + source3length;
+    return destination;
+}
+
+/**
+* Running through a collation element iterator to see if the contents matches
+* pattern in string search data
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param coleiter collation element iterator
+* @return TRUE if a match if found, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkCollationMatch(const UStringSearch      *strsrch,
+                                       UCollationElements *coleiter)
+{
+    int         patternceindex = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int32_t    *patternce      = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    UErrorCode  status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+    while (patternceindex > 0) {
+        int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, &status));
+        if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+            continue;
+        }
+        if (U_FAILURE(status) || ce != *patternce) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+        patternce ++;
+        patternceindex --;
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Rearranges the front accents to try matching.
+* Prefix accents in the text will be grouped according to their combining
+* class and the groups will be mixed and matched to try find the perfect
+* match with the pattern.
+* So for instance looking for "\u0301" in "\u030A\u0301\u0325"
+* step 1: split "\u030A\u0301" into 6 other type of potential accent substrings
+*         "\u030A", "\u0301", "\u0325", "\u030A\u0301", "\u030A\u0325",
+*         "\u0301\u0325".
+* step 2: check if any of the generated substrings matches the pattern.
+* Internal method, status is assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search match
+* @param start first offset of the accents to start searching
+* @param end start of the last accent set
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return USEARCH_DONE if a match is not found, otherwise return the starting
+*         offset of the match. Note this start includes all preceding accents.
+*/
+static
+int32_t doNextCanonicalPrefixMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                       int32_t    start,
+                                       int32_t    end,
+                                       UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+          int32_t      textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+          int32_t  tempstart  = start;
+
+    if ((getFCD(text, &tempstart, textlength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) == 0) {
+        // die... failed at a base character
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+
+    int32_t offset = getNextBaseOffset(text, tempstart, textlength);
+    start = getPreviousBaseOffset(text, tempstart);
+
+    UChar       accents[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    // normalizing the offensive string
+    unorm_normalize(text + start, offset - start, UNORM_NFD, 0, accents,
+                    INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_, status);
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+
+    int32_t         accentsindex[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    int32_t         accentsize = getUnblockedAccentIndex(accents,
+                                                                 accentsindex);
+    int32_t         count      = (2 << (accentsize - 1)) - 1;
+    UChar               buffer[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    UCollationElements *coleiter   = strsrch->utilIter;
+    while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && count > 0) {
+        UChar *rearrange = strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents;
+        // copy the base characters
+        for (int k = 0; k < accentsindex[0]; k ++) {
+            *rearrange ++ = accents[k];
+        }
+        // forming all possible canonical rearrangement by dropping
+        // sets of accents
+        for (int i = 0; i <= accentsize - 1; i ++) {
+            int32_t mask = 1 << (accentsize - i - 1);
+            if (count & mask) {
+                for (int j = accentsindex[i]; j < accentsindex[i + 1]; j ++) {
+                    *rearrange ++ = accents[j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *rearrange = 0;
+        int32_t  matchsize = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+        UChar   *match     = addToUCharArray(buffer, &matchsize,
+                                           strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents,
+                                           strsrch->search->text + offset,
+                                           end - offset,
+                                           strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents,
+                                           status);
+
+        // if status is a failure, ucol_setText does nothing.
+        // run the collator iterator through this match
+        ucol_setText(coleiter, match, matchsize, status);
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            if (checkCollationMatch(strsrch, coleiter)) {
+                if (match != buffer) {
+                    uprv_free(match);
+                }
+                return start;
+            }
+        }
+        count --;
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Gets the offset to the safe point in text before textoffset.
+* ie. not the middle of a contraction, swappable characters or supplementary
+* characters.
+* @param collator collation sata
+* @param text string to work with
+* @param textoffset offset in string
+* @param textlength length of text string
+* @return offset to the previous safe character
+*/
+static
+inline uint32_t getPreviousSafeOffset(const UCollator   *collator,
+                                      const UChar       *text,
+                                            int32_t  textoffset)
+{
+    int32_t result = textoffset; // first contraction character
+    while (result != 0 && ucol_unsafeCP(text[result - 1], collator)) {
+        result --;
+    }
+    if (result != 0) {
+        // the first contraction character is consider unsafe here
+        result --;
+    }
+    return result;
+}
+
+/**
+* Cleaning up after we passed the safe zone
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param safetext safe text array
+* @param safebuffer safe text buffer
+* @param coleiter collation element iterator for safe text
+*/
+static
+inline void cleanUpSafeText(const UStringSearch *strsrch, UChar *safetext,
+                                  UChar         *safebuffer)
+{
+    if (safetext != safebuffer && safetext != strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents)
+    {
+       uprv_free(safetext);
+    }
+}
+
+/**
+* Take the rearranged end accents and tries matching. If match failed at
+* a seperate preceding set of accents (seperated from the rearranged on by
+* at least a base character) then we rearrange the preceding accents and
+* tries matching again.
+* We allow skipping of the ends of the accent set if the ces do not match.
+* However if the failure is found before the accent set, it fails.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset of the start of the rearranged accent
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return USEARCH_DONE if a match is not found, otherwise return the starting
+*         offset of the match. Note this start includes all preceding accents.
+*/
+static
+int32_t doNextCanonicalSuffixMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                       int32_t    textoffset,
+                                       UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar              *text           = strsrch->search->text;
+    const UCollator          *collator       = strsrch->collator;
+          int32_t             safelength     = 0;
+          UChar              *safetext;
+          int32_t             safetextlength;
+          UChar               safebuffer[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+          UCollationElements *coleiter       = strsrch->utilIter;
+          int32_t         safeoffset     = textoffset;
+
+    if (textoffset != 0 && ucol_unsafeCP(strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0],
+                                         collator)) {
+        safeoffset     = getPreviousSafeOffset(collator, text, textoffset);
+        safelength     = textoffset - safeoffset;
+        safetextlength = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+        safetext       = addToUCharArray(safebuffer, &safetextlength, NULL,
+                                         text + safeoffset, safelength,
+                                         strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents,
+                                         status);
+    }
+    else {
+        safetextlength = u_strlen(strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents);
+        safetext       = strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents;
+    }
+
+    // if status is a failure, ucol_setText does nothing
+    ucol_setText(coleiter, safetext, safetextlength, status);
+    // status checked in loop below
+
+    int32_t  *ce        = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t   celength  = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int       ceindex   = celength - 1;
+    UBool     isSafe    = TRUE; // indication flag for position in safe zone
+
+    while (ceindex >= 0) {
+        int32_t textce = ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            if (isSafe) {
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+            }
+            return USEARCH_DONE;
+        }
+        if (textce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+            // check if we have passed the safe buffer
+            if (coleiter == strsrch->textIter) {
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+            cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+            safetext = safebuffer;
+            coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, safeoffset);
+            // status checked at the start of the loop
+            isSafe = FALSE;
+            continue;
+        }
+        textce = getCE(strsrch, textce);
+        if (textce != UCOL_IGNORABLE && textce != ce[ceindex]) {
+            // do the beginning stuff
+            int32_t failedoffset = getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE);
+            if (isSafe && failedoffset >= safelength) {
+                // alas... no hope. failed at rearranged accent set
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (isSafe) {
+                    failedoffset += safeoffset;
+                    cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                }
+
+                // try rearranging the front accents
+                int32_t result = doNextCanonicalPrefixMatch(strsrch,
+                                        failedoffset, textoffset, status);
+                if (result != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                    // if status is a failure, ucol_setOffset does nothing
+                    setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, result);
+                }
+                if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                    return USEARCH_DONE;
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+        if (textce == ce[ceindex]) {
+            ceindex --;
+        }
+    }
+    // set offset here
+    if (isSafe) {
+        int32_t result     = getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE);
+        // sets the text iterator here with the correct expansion and offset
+        int32_t    leftoverces = getExpansionPrefix(coleiter);
+        cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+        if (result >= safelength) {
+            result = textoffset;
+        }
+        else {
+            result += safeoffset;
+        }
+        setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, result);
+        strsrch->textIter->iteratordata_.toReturn =
+                       setExpansionPrefix(strsrch->textIter, leftoverces);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    return ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+}
+
+/**
+* Trying out the substring and sees if it can be a canonical match.
+* This will try normalizing the end accents and arranging them into canonical
+* equivalents and check their corresponding ces with the pattern ce.
+* Suffix accents in the text will be grouped according to their combining
+* class and the groups will be mixed and matched to try find the perfect
+* match with the pattern.
+* So for instance looking for "\u0301" in "\u030A\u0301\u0325"
+* step 1: split "\u030A\u0301" into 6 other type of potential accent substrings
+*         "\u030A", "\u0301", "\u0325", "\u030A\u0301", "\u030A\u0325",
+*         "\u0301\u0325".
+* step 2: check if any of the generated substrings matches the pattern.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset end offset in the collation element text that ends with
+*                   the accents to be rearranged
+* @param status error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool doNextCanonicalMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                           int32_t    textoffset,
+                           UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar       *text = strsrch->search->text;
+          int32_t  temp = textoffset;
+    UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, temp);
+    if ((getFCD(text, &temp, textoffset) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) == 0) {
+        UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+        int32_t         offset   = getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE);
+        if (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents) {
+            offset = doNextCanonicalPrefixMatch(strsrch, offset, textoffset,
+                                                status);
+            if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && offset != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                setColEIterOffset(coleiter, offset);
+                return TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (!strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    UChar       accents[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    // offset to the last base character in substring to search
+    int32_t baseoffset = getPreviousBaseOffset(text, textoffset);
+    // normalizing the offensive string
+    unorm_normalize(text + baseoffset, textoffset - baseoffset, UNORM_NFD,
+                               0, accents, INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_, status);
+    // status checked in loop below
+
+    int32_t accentsindex[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    int32_t size = getUnblockedAccentIndex(accents, accentsindex);
+
+    // 2 power n - 1 plus the full set of accents
+    int32_t  count = (2 << (size - 1)) - 1;
+    while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && count > 0) {
+        UChar *rearrange = strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents;
+        // copy the base characters
+        for (int k = 0; k < accentsindex[0]; k ++) {
+            *rearrange ++ = accents[k];
+        }
+        // forming all possible canonical rearrangement by dropping
+        // sets of accents
+        for (int i = 0; i <= size - 1; i ++) {
+            int32_t mask = 1 << (size - i - 1);
+            if (count & mask) {
+                for (int j = accentsindex[i]; j < accentsindex[i + 1]; j ++) {
+                    *rearrange ++ = accents[j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *rearrange = 0;
+        int32_t offset = doNextCanonicalSuffixMatch(strsrch, baseoffset,
+                                                        status);
+        if (offset != USEARCH_DONE) {
+            return TRUE; // match found
+        }
+        count --;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Gets the previous base character offset depending on the string search
+* pattern data
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset current offset, current character
+* @return the offset of the next character after this base character or itself
+*         if it is a composed character with accents
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t getPreviousUStringSearchBaseOffset(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                                      int32_t textoffset)
+{
+    if (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents && textoffset > 0) {
+        const UChar       *text = strsrch->search->text;
+              int32_t  offset = textoffset;
+        if (getFCD(text, &offset, strsrch->search->textLength) >>
+                                                   SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) {
+            return getPreviousBaseOffset(text, textoffset);
+        }
+    }
+    return textoffset;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks match for contraction.
+* If the match ends with a partial contraction we fail.
+* If the match starts too far off (because of backwards iteration) we try to
+* chip off the extra characters
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param end offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if match passes the contraction test, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool checkNextCanonicalContractionMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                         int32_t   *start,
+                                         int32_t   *end,
+                                         UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+          UCollationElements *coleiter   = strsrch->textIter;
+          int32_t             textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+          int32_t         temp       = *start;
+    const UCollator          *collator   = strsrch->collator;
+    const UChar              *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+    // This part checks if either ends of the match contains potential
+    // contraction. If so we'll have to iterate through them
+    if ((*end < textlength && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*end], collator)) ||
+        (*start + 1 < textlength
+         && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*start + 1], collator))) {
+        int32_t expansion  = getExpansionPrefix(coleiter);
+        UBool   expandflag = expansion > 0;
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, *start);
+        while (expansion > 0) {
+            // getting rid of the redundant ce, caused by setOffset.
+            // since backward contraction/expansion may have extra ces if we
+            // are in the normalization buffer, hasAccentsBeforeMatch would
+            // have taken care of it.
+            // E.g. the character \u01FA will have an expansion of 3, but if
+            // we are only looking for acute and ring \u030A and \u0301, we'll
+            // have to skip the first ce in the expansion buffer.
+            ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *start = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            expansion --;
+        }
+
+        int32_t  *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+        int32_t   patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+        int32_t   count           = 0;
+        int32_t   textlength      = strsrch->search->textLength;
+        while (count < patterncelength) {
+            int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, status));
+            // status checked below, note that if status is a failure
+            // ucol_next returns UCOL_NULLORDER
+            if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (expandflag && count == 0 && ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *start = temp;
+                temp   = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+
+            if (count == 0 && ce != patternce[0]) {
+                // accents may have extra starting ces, this occurs when a
+                // pure accent pattern is matched without rearrangement
+                // text \u0325\u0300 and looking for \u0300
+                int32_t expected = patternce[0];
+                if (getFCD(text, start, textlength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+                    ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, status));
+                    while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && ce != expected &&
+                           ce != UCOL_NULLORDER &&
+                           ucol_getOffset(coleiter) <= *end) {
+                        ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_next(coleiter, status));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || ce != patternce[count]) {
+                (*end) ++;
+                *end = getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, *end);
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            count ++;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks and sets the match information if found.
+* Checks
+* <ul>
+* <li> the potential match does not repeat the previous match
+* <li> boundaries are correct
+* <li> potential match does not end in the middle of a contraction
+* <li> identical matches
+* <\ul>
+* Otherwise the offset will be shifted to the next character.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check the
+* status before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset offset in the collation element text. the returned value
+*        will be the truncated end offset of the match or the new start
+*        search offset.
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkNextCanonicalMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                     int32_t   *textoffset,
+                                     UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    // to ensure that the start and ends are not composite characters
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+    // if we have a canonical accent match
+    if ((strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents &&
+        strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0]) ||
+        (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents &&
+        strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0])) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = getPreviousUStringSearchBaseOffset(
+                                                    strsrch,
+                                                    ucol_getOffset(coleiter));
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = *textoffset -
+                                                strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    int32_t start = getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE);
+    if (!checkNextCanonicalContractionMatch(strsrch, &start, textoffset,
+                                            status) || U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    start = getPreviousUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, start);
+    // this totally matches, however we need to check if it is repeating
+    if (checkRepeatedMatch(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        !isBreakUnit(strsrch, start, *textoffset) ||
+        !checkIdentical(strsrch, start, *textoffset)) {
+        (*textoffset) ++;
+        *textoffset = getNextBaseOffset(strsrch->search->text, *textoffset,
+                                        strsrch->search->textLength);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = start;
+    strsrch->search->matchedLength = *textoffset - start;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Shifting the collation element iterator position forward to prepare for
+* a preceding match. If the first character is a unsafe character, we'll only
+* shift by 1 to capture contractions, normalization etc.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param text strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset start text position to do search
+* @param ce the text ce which failed the match.
+* @param patternceindex index of the ce within the pattern ce buffer which
+*        failed the match
+* @return final offset
+*/
+static
+inline int32_t reverseShift(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                int32_t    textoffset,
+                                int32_t       ce,
+                                int32_t        patternceindex)
+{
+    if (strsrch->search->isOverlap) {
+        if (textoffset != strsrch->search->textLength) {
+            textoffset --;
+        }
+        else {
+            textoffset -= strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize;
+        }
+    }
+    else {
+        if (ce != UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+            int32_t shift = strsrch->pattern.backShift[hash(ce)];
+
+            // this is to adjust for characters in the middle of the substring
+            // for matching that failed.
+            int32_t adjust = patternceindex;
+            if (adjust > 1 && shift > adjust) {
+                shift -= adjust - 1;
+            }
+            textoffset -= shift;
+        }
+        else {
+            textoffset -= strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize;
+        }
+    }
+    textoffset = getPreviousUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, textoffset);
+    return textoffset;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks match for contraction.
+* If the match starts with a partial contraction we fail.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param end offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if match passes the contraction test, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool checkPreviousExactContractionMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                     int32_t   *start,
+                                     int32_t   *end, UErrorCode  *status)
+{
+          UCollationElements *coleiter   = strsrch->textIter;
+          int32_t             textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+          int32_t             temp       = *end;
+    const UCollator          *collator   = strsrch->collator;
+    const UChar              *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+    // This part checks if either if the start of the match contains potential
+    // contraction. If so we'll have to iterate through them
+    // Since we used ucol_next while previously looking for the potential
+    // match, this guarantees that our end will not be a partial contraction,
+    // or a partial supplementary character.
+    if (*start < textlength && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*start], collator)) {
+        int32_t expansion  = getExpansionSuffix(coleiter);
+        UBool   expandflag = expansion > 0;
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, *end);
+        while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && expansion > 0) {
+            // getting rid of the redundant ce
+            // since forward contraction/expansion may have extra ces
+            // if we are in the normalization buffer, hasAccentsBeforeMatch
+            // would have taken care of it.
+            // E.g. the character \u01FA will have an expansion of 3, but if
+            // we are only looking for A ring A\u030A, we'll have to skip the
+            // last ce in the expansion buffer
+            ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *end = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            expansion --;
+        }
+
+        int32_t  *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+        int32_t   patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+        int32_t   count           = patterncelength;
+        while (count > 0) {
+            int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_previous(coleiter, status));
+            // status checked below, note that if status is a failure
+            // ucol_previous returns UCOL_NULLORDER
+            if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (expandflag && count == 0 &&
+                getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE) != temp) {
+                *end = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || ce != patternce[count - 1]) {
+                (*start) --;
+                *start = getPreviousBaseOffset(text, *start);
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            count --;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks and sets the match information if found.
+* Checks
+* <ul>
+* <li> the current match does not repeat the last match
+* <li> boundaries are correct
+* <li> exact matches has no extra accents
+* <li> identical matches
+* <\ul>
+* Otherwise the offset will be shifted to the preceding character.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param collator
+* @param coleiter collation element iterator
+* @param text string
+* @param textoffset offset in the collation element text. the returned value
+*        will be the truncated start offset of the match or the new start
+*        search offset.
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkPreviousExactMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                     int32_t   *textoffset,
+                                     UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    // to ensure that the start and ends are not composite characters
+    int32_t end = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+    if (!checkPreviousExactContractionMatch(strsrch, textoffset, &end, status)
+        || U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // this totally matches, however we need to check if it is repeating
+    // the old match
+    if (checkRepeatedMatch(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        !isBreakUnit(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        hasAccentsBeforeMatch(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        !checkIdentical(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        hasAccentsAfterMatch(strsrch, *textoffset, end)) {
+        (*textoffset) --;
+        *textoffset = getPreviousBaseOffset(strsrch->search->text,
+                                            *textoffset);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    //Add breakiterator boundary check for primary strength search.
+    if (!strsrch->search->breakIter && strsrch->strength == UCOL_PRIMARY) {
+        checkBreakBoundary(strsrch, textoffset, &end);
+    }
+
+    strsrch->search->matchedIndex = *textoffset;
+    strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - *textoffset;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Rearranges the end accents to try matching.
+* Suffix accents in the text will be grouped according to their combining
+* class and the groups will be mixed and matched to try find the perfect
+* match with the pattern.
+* So for instance looking for "\u0301" in "\u030A\u0301\u0325"
+* step 1: split "\u030A\u0301" into 6 other type of potential accent substrings
+*         "\u030A", "\u0301", "\u0325", "\u030A\u0301", "\u030A\u0325",
+*         "\u0301\u0325".
+* step 2: check if any of the generated substrings matches the pattern.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, user has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search match
+* @param start offset of the first base character
+* @param end start of the last accent set
+* @param status only error status if any
+* @return USEARCH_DONE if a match is not found, otherwise return the ending
+*         offset of the match. Note this start includes all following accents.
+*/
+static
+int32_t doPreviousCanonicalSuffixMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                           int32_t    start,
+                                           int32_t    end,
+                                           UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+          int32_t  tempend    = end;
+
+    UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, tempend);
+    if (!(getFCD(text, &tempend, strsrch->search->textLength) &
+                                                           LAST_BYTE_MASK_)) {
+        // die... failed at a base character
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+    end = getNextBaseOffset(text, end, strsrch->search->textLength);
+
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        UChar       accents[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+        int32_t offset = getPreviousBaseOffset(text, end);
+        // normalizing the offensive string
+        unorm_normalize(text + offset, end - offset, UNORM_NFD, 0, accents,
+                        INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_, status);
+
+        int32_t         accentsindex[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+        int32_t         accentsize = getUnblockedAccentIndex(accents,
+                                                         accentsindex);
+        int32_t         count      = (2 << (accentsize - 1)) - 1;
+        UChar               buffer[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+        UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->utilIter;
+        while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && count > 0) {
+            UChar *rearrange = strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents;
+            // copy the base characters
+            for (int k = 0; k < accentsindex[0]; k ++) {
+                *rearrange ++ = accents[k];
+            }
+            // forming all possible canonical rearrangement by dropping
+            // sets of accents
+            for (int i = 0; i <= accentsize - 1; i ++) {
+                int32_t mask = 1 << (accentsize - i - 1);
+                if (count & mask) {
+                    for (int j = accentsindex[i]; j < accentsindex[i + 1]; j ++) {
+                        *rearrange ++ = accents[j];
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            *rearrange = 0;
+            int32_t  matchsize = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+            UChar   *match     = addToUCharArray(buffer, &matchsize,
+                                           strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents,
+                                           strsrch->search->text + start,
+                                           offset - start,
+                                           strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents,
+                                           status);
+
+            // run the collator iterator through this match
+            // if status is a failure ucol_setText does nothing
+            ucol_setText(coleiter, match, matchsize, status);
+            if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+                if (checkCollationMatch(strsrch, coleiter)) {
+                    if (match != buffer) {
+                        uprv_free(match);
+                    }
+                    return end;
+                }
+            }
+            count --;
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Take the rearranged start accents and tries matching. If match failed at
+* a seperate following set of accents (seperated from the rearranged on by
+* at least a base character) then we rearrange the preceding accents and
+* tries matching again.
+* We allow skipping of the ends of the accent set if the ces do not match.
+* However if the failure is found before the accent set, it fails.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset of the ends of the rearranged accent
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return USEARCH_DONE if a match is not found, otherwise return the ending
+*         offset of the match. Note this start includes all following accents.
+*/
+static
+int32_t doPreviousCanonicalPrefixMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                           int32_t    textoffset,
+                                           UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+    const UCollator   *collator   = strsrch->collator;
+          int32_t      safelength = 0;
+          UChar       *safetext;
+          int32_t      safetextlength;
+          UChar        safebuffer[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+          int32_t  safeoffset = textoffset;
+
+    if (textoffset &&
+        ucol_unsafeCP(strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[
+                                 u_strlen(strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents) - 1
+                                         ], collator)) {
+        safeoffset     = getNextSafeOffset(collator, text, textoffset,
+                                           strsrch->search->textLength);
+        safelength     = safeoffset - textoffset;
+        safetextlength = INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_;
+        safetext       = addToUCharArray(safebuffer, &safetextlength,
+                                         strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents,
+                                         text + textoffset, safelength,
+                                         NULL, status);
+    }
+    else {
+        safetextlength = u_strlen(strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents);
+        safetext       = strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents;
+    }
+
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->utilIter;
+     // if status is a failure, ucol_setText does nothing
+    ucol_setText(coleiter, safetext, safetextlength, status);
+    // status checked in loop below
+
+    int32_t  *ce           = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t   celength     = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int       ceindex      = 0;
+    UBool     isSafe       = TRUE; // safe zone indication flag for position
+    int32_t   prefixlength = u_strlen(strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents);
+
+    while (ceindex < celength) {
+        int32_t textce = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            if (isSafe) {
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+            }
+            return USEARCH_DONE;
+        }
+        if (textce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+            // check if we have passed the safe buffer
+            if (coleiter == strsrch->textIter) {
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+            cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+            safetext = safebuffer;
+            coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, safeoffset);
+            // status checked at the start of the loop
+            isSafe = FALSE;
+            continue;
+        }
+        textce = getCE(strsrch, textce);
+        if (textce != UCOL_IGNORABLE && textce != ce[ceindex]) {
+            // do the beginning stuff
+            int32_t failedoffset = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            if (isSafe && failedoffset <= prefixlength) {
+                // alas... no hope. failed at rearranged accent set
+                cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+            else {
+                if (isSafe) {
+                    failedoffset = safeoffset - failedoffset;
+                    cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+                }
+
+                // try rearranging the end accents
+                int32_t result = doPreviousCanonicalSuffixMatch(strsrch,
+                                        textoffset, failedoffset, status);
+                if (result != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                    // if status is a failure, ucol_setOffset does nothing
+                    setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, result);
+                }
+                if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                    return USEARCH_DONE;
+                }
+                return result;
+            }
+        }
+        if (textce == ce[ceindex]) {
+            ceindex ++;
+        }
+    }
+    // set offset here
+    if (isSafe) {
+        int32_t result      = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+        // sets the text iterator here with the correct expansion and offset
+        int32_t     leftoverces = getExpansionSuffix(coleiter);
+        cleanUpSafeText(strsrch, safetext, safebuffer);
+        if (result <= prefixlength) {
+            result = textoffset;
+        }
+        else {
+            result = textoffset + (safeoffset - result);
+        }
+        setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, result);
+        setExpansionSuffix(strsrch->textIter, leftoverces);
+        return result;
+    }
+
+    return ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+}
+
+/**
+* Trying out the substring and sees if it can be a canonical match.
+* This will try normalizing the starting accents and arranging them into
+* canonical equivalents and check their corresponding ces with the pattern ce.
+* Prefix accents in the text will be grouped according to their combining
+* class and the groups will be mixed and matched to try find the perfect
+* match with the pattern.
+* So for instance looking for "\u0301" in "\u030A\u0301\u0325"
+* step 1: split "\u030A\u0301" into 6 other type of potential accent substrings
+*         "\u030A", "\u0301", "\u0325", "\u030A\u0301", "\u030A\u0325",
+*         "\u0301\u0325".
+* step 2: check if any of the generated substrings matches the pattern.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset start offset in the collation element text that starts
+*                   with the accents to be rearranged
+* @param status output error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool doPreviousCanonicalMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                               int32_t    textoffset,
+                               UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    const UChar       *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+          int32_t  temp       = textoffset;
+          int32_t      textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+    if ((getFCD(text, &temp, textlength) >> SECOND_LAST_BYTE_SHIFT_) == 0) {
+        UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+        int32_t         offset   = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+        if (strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents) {
+            offset = doPreviousCanonicalSuffixMatch(strsrch, textoffset,
+                                                    offset, status);
+            if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && offset != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                setColEIterOffset(coleiter, offset);
+                return TRUE;
+            }
+        }
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (!strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    UChar       accents[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    // offset to the last base character in substring to search
+    int32_t baseoffset = getNextBaseOffset(text, textoffset, textlength);
+    // normalizing the offensive string
+    unorm_normalize(text + textoffset, baseoffset - textoffset, UNORM_NFD,
+                               0, accents, INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_, status);
+    // status checked in loop
+
+    int32_t accentsindex[INITIAL_ARRAY_SIZE_];
+    int32_t size = getUnblockedAccentIndex(accents, accentsindex);
+
+    // 2 power n - 1 plus the full set of accents
+    int32_t  count = (2 << (size - 1)) - 1;
+    while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && count > 0) {
+        UChar *rearrange = strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents;
+        // copy the base characters
+        for (int k = 0; k < accentsindex[0]; k ++) {
+            *rearrange ++ = accents[k];
+        }
+        // forming all possible canonical rearrangement by dropping
+        // sets of accents
+        for (int i = 0; i <= size - 1; i ++) {
+            int32_t mask = 1 << (size - i - 1);
+            if (count & mask) {
+                for (int j = accentsindex[i]; j < accentsindex[i + 1]; j ++) {
+                    *rearrange ++ = accents[j];
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        *rearrange = 0;
+        int32_t offset = doPreviousCanonicalPrefixMatch(strsrch,
+                                                          baseoffset, status);
+        if (offset != USEARCH_DONE) {
+            return TRUE; // match found
+        }
+        count --;
+    }
+    return FALSE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks match for contraction.
+* If the match starts with a partial contraction we fail.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param start offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param end offset of potential match, to be modified if necessary
+* @param status only error status if any
+* @return TRUE if match passes the contraction test, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+UBool checkPreviousCanonicalContractionMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                     int32_t   *start,
+                                     int32_t   *end, UErrorCode  *status)
+{
+          UCollationElements *coleiter   = strsrch->textIter;
+          int32_t             textlength = strsrch->search->textLength;
+          int32_t         temp       = *end;
+    const UCollator          *collator   = strsrch->collator;
+    const UChar              *text       = strsrch->search->text;
+    // This part checks if either if the start of the match contains potential
+    // contraction. If so we'll have to iterate through them
+    // Since we used ucol_next while previously looking for the potential
+    // match, this guarantees that our end will not be a partial contraction,
+    // or a partial supplementary character.
+    if (*start < textlength && ucol_unsafeCP(text[*start], collator)) {
+        int32_t expansion  = getExpansionSuffix(coleiter);
+        UBool   expandflag = expansion > 0;
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, *end);
+        while (expansion > 0) {
+            // getting rid of the redundant ce
+            // since forward contraction/expansion may have extra ces
+            // if we are in the normalization buffer, hasAccentsBeforeMatch
+            // would have taken care of it.
+            // E.g. the character \u01FA will have an expansion of 3, but if
+            // we are only looking for A ring A\u030A, we'll have to skip the
+            // last ce in the expansion buffer
+            ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            if (ucol_getOffset(coleiter) != temp) {
+                *end = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            expansion --;
+        }
+
+        int32_t  *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+        int32_t   patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+        int32_t   count           = patterncelength;
+        while (count > 0) {
+            int32_t ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_previous(coleiter, status));
+            // status checked below, note that if status is a failure
+            // ucol_previous returns UCOL_NULLORDER
+            if (ce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (expandflag && count == 0 &&
+                getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE) != temp) {
+                *end = temp;
+                temp  = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+            }
+            if (count == patterncelength &&
+                ce != patternce[patterncelength - 1]) {
+                // accents may have extra starting ces, this occurs when a
+                // pure accent pattern is matched without rearrangement
+                int32_t    expected = patternce[patterncelength - 1];
+                UTF_BACK_1(text, 0, *end);
+                if (getFCD(text, end, textlength) & LAST_BYTE_MASK_) {
+                    ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_previous(coleiter, status));
+                    while (U_SUCCESS(*status) && ce != expected &&
+                           ce != UCOL_NULLORDER &&
+                           ucol_getOffset(coleiter) <= *start) {
+                        ce = getCE(strsrch, ucol_previous(coleiter, status));
+                    }
+                }
+            }
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || ce != patternce[count - 1]) {
+                (*start) --;
+                *start = getPreviousBaseOffset(text, *start);
+                return FALSE;
+            }
+            count --;
+        }
+    }
+    return TRUE;
+}
+
+/**
+* Checks and sets the match information if found.
+* Checks
+* <ul>
+* <li> the potential match does not repeat the previous match
+* <li> boundaries are correct
+* <li> potential match does not end in the middle of a contraction
+* <li> identical matches
+* <\ul>
+* Otherwise the offset will be shifted to the next character.
+* Internal method, status assumed to be success, caller has to check status
+* before calling this method.
+* @param strsrch string search data
+* @param textoffset offset in the collation element text. the returned value
+*        will be the truncated start offset of the match or the new start
+*        search offset.
+* @param status only error status if any
+* @return TRUE if the match is valid, FALSE otherwise
+*/
+static
+inline UBool checkPreviousCanonicalMatch(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                         int32_t   *textoffset,
+                                         UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    // to ensure that the start and ends are not composite characters
+    UCollationElements *coleiter = strsrch->textIter;
+    // if we have a canonical accent match
+    if ((strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents &&
+        strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0]) ||
+        (strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents &&
+        strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0])) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = *textoffset;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength =
+            getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch,
+                                      getColElemIterOffset(coleiter, FALSE))
+            - *textoffset;
+        return TRUE;
+    }
+
+    int32_t end = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+    if (!checkPreviousCanonicalContractionMatch(strsrch, textoffset, &end,
+                                                status) ||
+         U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    end = getNextUStringSearchBaseOffset(strsrch, end);
+    // this totally matches, however we need to check if it is repeating
+    if (checkRepeatedMatch(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        !isBreakUnit(strsrch, *textoffset, end) ||
+        !checkIdentical(strsrch, *textoffset, end)) {
+        (*textoffset) --;
+        *textoffset = getPreviousBaseOffset(strsrch->search->text,
+                                            *textoffset);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = *textoffset;
+    strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - *textoffset;
+    return TRUE;
+}
+#endif // #if BOYER_MOORE
+
+// constructors and destructor -------------------------------------------
+
+U_CAPI UStringSearch * U_EXPORT2 usearch_open(const UChar *pattern,
+                                          int32_t         patternlength,
+                                    const UChar          *text,
+                                          int32_t         textlength,
+                                    const char           *locale,
+                                          UBreakIterator *breakiter,
+                                          UErrorCode     *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#if UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    if (breakiter != NULL) {
+        *status = U_UNSUPPORTED_ERROR;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (locale) {
+        // ucol_open internally checks for status
+        UCollator     *collator = ucol_open(locale, status);
+        // pattern, text checks are done in usearch_openFromCollator
+        UStringSearch *result   = usearch_openFromCollator(pattern,
+                                              patternlength, text, textlength,
+                                              collator, breakiter, status);
+
+        if (result == NULL || U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            if (collator) {
+                ucol_close(collator);
+            }
+            return NULL;
+        }
+        else {
+            result->ownCollator = TRUE;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+U_CAPI UStringSearch * U_EXPORT2 usearch_openFromCollator(
+                                  const UChar          *pattern,
+                                        int32_t         patternlength,
+                                  const UChar          *text,
+                                        int32_t         textlength,
+                                  const UCollator      *collator,
+                                        UBreakIterator *breakiter,
+                                        UErrorCode     *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#if UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    if (breakiter != NULL) {
+        *status = U_UNSUPPORTED_ERROR;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+#endif
+    if (pattern == NULL || text == NULL || collator == NULL) {
+        *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // string search does not really work when numeric collation is turned on
+    if(ucol_getAttribute(collator, UCOL_NUMERIC_COLLATION, status) == UCOL_ON) {
+        *status = U_UNSUPPORTED_ERROR;
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        initializeFCD(status);
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        UStringSearch *result;
+        if (textlength == -1) {
+            textlength = u_strlen(text);
+        }
+        if (patternlength == -1) {
+            patternlength = u_strlen(pattern);
+        }
+        if (textlength <= 0 || patternlength <= 0) {
+            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        result = (UStringSearch *)uprv_malloc(sizeof(UStringSearch));
+        if (result == NULL) {
+            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        result->collator    = collator;
+        result->strength    = ucol_getStrength(collator);
+        result->ceMask      = getMask(result->strength);
+        result->toShift     =
+             ucol_getAttribute(collator, UCOL_ALTERNATE_HANDLING, status) ==
+                                                            UCOL_SHIFTED;
+        result->variableTop = ucol_getVariableTop(collator, status);
+
+        result->nfd         = Normalizer2Factory::getNFDInstance(*status);
+
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            uprv_free(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        result->search             = (USearch *)uprv_malloc(sizeof(USearch));
+        if (result->search == NULL) {
+            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+            uprv_free(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        result->search->text       = text;
+        result->search->textLength = textlength;
+
+        result->pattern.text       = pattern;
+        result->pattern.textLength = patternlength;
+        result->pattern.CE         = NULL;
+        result->pattern.PCE        = NULL;
+
+        result->search->breakIter  = breakiter;
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+        result->search->internalBreakIter = ubrk_open(UBRK_CHARACTER, ucol_getLocaleByType(result->collator, ULOC_VALID_LOCALE, status), text, textlength, status);
+        if (breakiter) {
+                ubrk_setText(breakiter, text, textlength, status);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        result->ownCollator           = FALSE;
+        result->search->matchedLength = 0;
+        result->search->matchedIndex  = USEARCH_DONE;
+        result->utilIter              = NULL;
+        result->textIter              = ucol_openElements(collator, text,
+                                                          textlength, status);
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            usearch_close(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        result->search->isOverlap          = FALSE;
+        result->search->isCanonicalMatch   = FALSE;
+        result->search->elementComparisonType = 0;
+        result->search->isForwardSearching = TRUE;
+        result->search->reset              = TRUE;
+
+        initialize(result, status);
+
+        if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+            usearch_close(result);
+            return NULL;
+        }
+
+        return result;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_close(UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        if (strsrch->pattern.CE != strsrch->pattern.CEBuffer &&
+            strsrch->pattern.CE) {
+            uprv_free(strsrch->pattern.CE);
+        }
+
+        if (strsrch->pattern.PCE != NULL &&
+            strsrch->pattern.PCE != strsrch->pattern.PCEBuffer) {
+            uprv_free(strsrch->pattern.PCE);
+        }
+
+        ucol_closeElements(strsrch->textIter);
+        ucol_closeElements(strsrch->utilIter);
+
+        if (strsrch->ownCollator && strsrch->collator) {
+            ucol_close((UCollator *)strsrch->collator);
+        }
+
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+        if (strsrch->search->internalBreakIter) {
+                ubrk_close(strsrch->search->internalBreakIter);
+        }
+#endif
+
+        uprv_free(strsrch->search);
+        uprv_free(strsrch);
+    }
+}
+
+// set and get methods --------------------------------------------------
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setOffset(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                        int32_t    position,
+                                        UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch) {
+        if (isOutOfBounds(strsrch->search->textLength, position)) {
+            *status = U_INDEX_OUTOFBOUNDS_ERROR;
+        }
+        else {
+            setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, position);
+        }
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = USEARCH_DONE;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = 0;
+        strsrch->search->reset         = FALSE;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_getOffset(const UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        int32_t result = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+        if (isOutOfBounds(strsrch->search->textLength, result)) {
+            return USEARCH_DONE;
+        }
+        return result;
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setAttribute(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                 USearchAttribute attribute,
+                                 USearchAttributeValue value,
+                                 UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch) {
+        switch (attribute)
+        {
+        case USEARCH_OVERLAP :
+            strsrch->search->isOverlap = (value == USEARCH_ON ? TRUE : FALSE);
+            break;
+        case USEARCH_CANONICAL_MATCH :
+            strsrch->search->isCanonicalMatch = (value == USEARCH_ON ? TRUE :
+                                                                      FALSE);
+            break;
+        case USEARCH_ELEMENT_COMPARISON :
+            if (value == USEARCH_PATTERN_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD || value == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD) {
+                strsrch->search->elementComparisonType = (int16_t)value;
+            } else {
+                strsrch->search->elementComparisonType = 0;
+            }
+            break;
+        case USEARCH_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT :
+        default:
+            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+    if (value == USEARCH_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_COUNT) {
+        *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI USearchAttributeValue U_EXPORT2 usearch_getAttribute(
+                                                const UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                                USearchAttribute attribute)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        switch (attribute) {
+        case USEARCH_OVERLAP :
+            return (strsrch->search->isOverlap == TRUE ? USEARCH_ON :
+                                                        USEARCH_OFF);
+        case USEARCH_CANONICAL_MATCH :
+            return (strsrch->search->isCanonicalMatch == TRUE ? USEARCH_ON :
+                                                               USEARCH_OFF);
+        case USEARCH_ELEMENT_COMPARISON :
+            {
+                int16_t value = strsrch->search->elementComparisonType;
+                if (value == USEARCH_PATTERN_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD || value == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD) {
+                    return (USearchAttributeValue)value;
+                } else {
+                    return USEARCH_STANDARD_ELEMENT_COMPARISON;
+                }
+            }
+        case USEARCH_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT :
+            return USEARCH_DEFAULT;
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DEFAULT;
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_getMatchedStart(
+                                                const UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch == NULL) {
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+    return strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+}
+
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_getMatchedText(const UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                            UChar         *result,
+                                            int32_t        resultCapacity,
+                                            UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+    if (strsrch == NULL || resultCapacity < 0 || (resultCapacity > 0 &&
+        result == NULL)) {
+        *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+
+    int32_t     copylength = strsrch->search->matchedLength;
+    int32_t copyindex  = strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+    if (copyindex == USEARCH_DONE) {
+        u_terminateUChars(result, resultCapacity, 0, status);
+        return USEARCH_DONE;
+    }
+
+    if (resultCapacity < copylength) {
+        copylength = resultCapacity;
+    }
+    if (copylength > 0) {
+        uprv_memcpy(result, strsrch->search->text + copyindex,
+                    copylength * sizeof(UChar));
+    }
+    return u_terminateUChars(result, resultCapacity,
+                             strsrch->search->matchedLength, status);
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_getMatchedLength(
+                                              const UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        return strsrch->search->matchedLength;
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setBreakIterator(UStringSearch  *strsrch,
+                                               UBreakIterator *breakiter,
+                                               UErrorCode     *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch) {
+        strsrch->search->breakIter = breakiter;
+        if (breakiter) {
+            ubrk_setText(breakiter, strsrch->search->text,
+                         strsrch->search->textLength, status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI const UBreakIterator* U_EXPORT2
+usearch_getBreakIterator(const UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        return strsrch->search->breakIter;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+#endif
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setText(      UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                      const UChar         *text,
+                                            int32_t        textlength,
+                                            UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        if (strsrch == NULL || text == NULL || textlength < -1 ||
+            textlength == 0) {
+            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (textlength == -1) {
+                textlength = u_strlen(text);
+            }
+            strsrch->search->text       = text;
+            strsrch->search->textLength = textlength;
+            ucol_setText(strsrch->textIter, text, textlength, status);
+            strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = USEARCH_DONE;
+            strsrch->search->matchedLength = 0;
+            strsrch->search->reset         = TRUE;
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+            if (strsrch->search->breakIter != NULL) {
+                ubrk_setText(strsrch->search->breakIter, text,
+                             textlength, status);
+            }
+            ubrk_setText(strsrch->search->internalBreakIter, text, textlength, status);
+#endif
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI const UChar * U_EXPORT2 usearch_getText(const UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                                     int32_t       *length)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        *length = strsrch->search->textLength;
+        return strsrch->search->text;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setCollator(      UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                          const UCollator     *collator,
+                                                UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        if (collator == NULL) {
+            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+            return;
+        }
+
+        if (strsrch) {
+            if (strsrch->ownCollator && (strsrch->collator != collator)) {
+                ucol_close((UCollator *)strsrch->collator);
+                strsrch->ownCollator = FALSE;
+            }
+            strsrch->collator    = collator;
+            strsrch->strength    = ucol_getStrength(collator);
+            strsrch->ceMask      = getMask(strsrch->strength);
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+                ubrk_close(strsrch->search->internalBreakIter);
+                strsrch->search->internalBreakIter = ubrk_open(UBRK_CHARACTER, ucol_getLocaleByType(collator, ULOC_VALID_LOCALE, status),
+                                                                                                 strsrch->search->text, strsrch->search->textLength, status);
+#endif
+            // if status is a failure, ucol_getAttribute returns UCOL_DEFAULT
+            strsrch->toShift     =
+               ucol_getAttribute(collator, UCOL_ALTERNATE_HANDLING, status) ==
+                                                                UCOL_SHIFTED;
+            // if status is a failure, ucol_getVariableTop returns 0
+            strsrch->variableTop = ucol_getVariableTop(collator, status);
+            if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+                initialize(strsrch, status);
+                if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+                    /* free offset buffer to avoid memory leak before initializing. */
+                    ucol_freeOffsetBuffer(&(strsrch->textIter->iteratordata_));
+                    uprv_init_collIterate(collator, strsrch->search->text,
+                                          strsrch->search->textLength,
+                                          &(strsrch->textIter->iteratordata_),
+                                          status);
+                    strsrch->utilIter->iteratordata_.coll = collator;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        // **** are these calls needed?
+        // **** we call uprv_init_pce in initializePatternPCETable
+        // **** and the CEBuffer constructor...
+#if 0
+        uprv_init_pce(strsrch->textIter);
+        uprv_init_pce(strsrch->utilIter);
+#endif
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI UCollator * U_EXPORT2 usearch_getCollator(const UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        return (UCollator *)strsrch->collator;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_setPattern(      UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                         const UChar         *pattern,
+                                               int32_t        patternlength,
+                                               UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        if (strsrch == NULL || pattern == NULL) {
+            *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+        }
+        else {
+            if (patternlength == -1) {
+                patternlength = u_strlen(pattern);
+            }
+            if (patternlength == 0) {
+                *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+                return;
+            }
+            strsrch->pattern.text       = pattern;
+            strsrch->pattern.textLength = patternlength;
+            initialize(strsrch, status);
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+U_CAPI const UChar* U_EXPORT2
+usearch_getPattern(const UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                   int32_t       *length)
+{
+    if (strsrch) {
+        *length = strsrch->pattern.textLength;
+        return strsrch->pattern.text;
+    }
+    return NULL;
+}
+
+// miscellanous methods --------------------------------------------------
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_first(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                           UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (strsrch && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        strsrch->search->isForwardSearching = TRUE;
+        usearch_setOffset(strsrch, 0, status);
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            return usearch_next(strsrch, status);
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_following(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                               int32_t    position,
+                                               UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (strsrch && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        strsrch->search->isForwardSearching = TRUE;
+        // position checked in usearch_setOffset
+        usearch_setOffset(strsrch, position, status);
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            return usearch_next(strsrch, status);
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_last(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                          UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (strsrch && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        strsrch->search->isForwardSearching = FALSE;
+        usearch_setOffset(strsrch, strsrch->search->textLength, status);
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            return usearch_previous(strsrch, status);
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_preceding(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                               int32_t    position,
+                                               UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (strsrch && U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+        strsrch->search->isForwardSearching = FALSE;
+        // position checked in usearch_setOffset
+        usearch_setOffset(strsrch, position, status);
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            return usearch_previous(strsrch, status);
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+/**
+* If a direction switch is required, we'll count the number of ces till the
+* beginning of the collation element iterator and iterate forwards that
+* number of times. This is so that we get to the correct point within the
+* string to continue the search in. Imagine when we are in the middle of the
+* normalization buffer when the change in direction is request. arrrgghh....
+* After searching the offset within the collation element iterator will be
+* shifted to the start of the match. If a match is not found, the offset would
+* have been set to the end of the text string in the collation element
+* iterator.
+* Okay, here's my take on normalization buffer. The only time when there can
+* be 2 matches within the same normalization is when the pattern is consists
+* of all accents. But since the offset returned is from the text string, we
+* should not confuse the caller by returning the second match within the
+* same normalization buffer. If we do, the 2 results will have the same match
+* offsets, and that'll be confusing. I'll return the next match that doesn't
+* fall within the same normalization buffer. Note this does not affect the
+* results of matches spanning the text and the normalization buffer.
+* The position to start searching is taken from the collation element
+* iterator. Callers of this API would have to set the offset in the collation
+* element iterator before using this method.
+*/
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_next(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                          UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch) {
+        // note offset is either equivalent to the start of the previous match
+        // or is set by the user
+        int32_t      offset       = usearch_getOffset(strsrch);
+        USearch     *search       = strsrch->search;
+        search->reset             = FALSE;
+        int32_t      textlength   = search->textLength;
+        if (search->isForwardSearching) {
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+            if (offset == textlength
+                || (!search->isOverlap &&
+                    (offset + strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize > textlength ||
+                    (search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE &&
+                     offset + search->matchedLength >= textlength)))) {
+                // not enough characters to match
+                setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+#else
+            if (offset == textlength ||
+                (! search->isOverlap &&
+                (search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE &&
+                offset + search->matchedLength > textlength))) {
+                    // not enough characters to match
+                    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+                    return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+        else {
+            // switching direction.
+            // if matchedIndex == USEARCH_DONE, it means that either a
+            // setOffset has been called or that previous ran off the text
+            // string. the iterator would have been set to offset 0 if a
+            // match is not found.
+            search->isForwardSearching = TRUE;
+            if (search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                // there's no need to set the collation element iterator
+                // the next call to next will set the offset.
+                return search->matchedIndex;
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            if (strsrch->pattern.CELength == 0) {
+                if (search->matchedIndex == USEARCH_DONE) {
+                    search->matchedIndex = offset;
+                }
+                else { // moves by codepoints
+                    UTF_FWD_1(search->text, search->matchedIndex, textlength);
+                }
+
+                search->matchedLength = 0;
+                setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, search->matchedIndex);
+                // status checked below
+                if (search->matchedIndex == textlength) {
+                    search->matchedIndex = USEARCH_DONE;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+                if (search->matchedLength > 0) {
+                    // if matchlength is 0 we are at the start of the iteration
+                    if (search->isOverlap) {
+                        ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, offset + 1, status);
+                    }
+                    else {
+                        ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter,
+                                       offset + search->matchedLength, status);
+                    }
+                }
+                else {
+                    // for boundary check purposes. this will ensure that the
+                    // next match will not preceed the current offset
+                    // note search->matchedIndex will always be set to something
+                    // in the code
+                    search->matchedIndex = offset - 1;
+                }
+
+                if (search->isCanonicalMatch) {
+                    // can't use exact here since extra accents are allowed.
+                    usearch_handleNextCanonical(strsrch, status);
+                }
+                else {
+                    usearch_handleNextExact(strsrch, status);
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+
+#if !BOYER_MOORE
+            if (search->matchedIndex == USEARCH_DONE) {
+                ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, search->textLength, status);
+            } else {
+                ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, search->matchedIndex, status);
+            }
+#endif
+
+            return search->matchedIndex;
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+U_CAPI int32_t U_EXPORT2 usearch_previous(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                              UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (U_SUCCESS(*status) && strsrch) {
+        int32_t offset;
+        USearch *search = strsrch->search;
+        if (search->reset) {
+            offset                     = search->textLength;
+            search->isForwardSearching = FALSE;
+            search->reset              = FALSE;
+            setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, offset);
+        }
+        else {
+            offset = usearch_getOffset(strsrch);
+        }
+
+        int32_t matchedindex = search->matchedIndex;
+        if (search->isForwardSearching == TRUE) {
+            // switching direction.
+            // if matchedIndex == USEARCH_DONE, it means that either a
+            // setOffset has been called or that next ran off the text
+            // string. the iterator would have been set to offset textLength if
+            // a match is not found.
+            search->isForwardSearching = FALSE;
+            if (matchedindex != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                return matchedindex;
+            }
+        }
+        else {
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+            if (offset == 0 || matchedindex == 0 ||
+                (!search->isOverlap &&
+                    (offset < strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize ||
+                    (matchedindex != USEARCH_DONE &&
+                    matchedindex < strsrch->pattern.defaultShiftSize)))) {
+                // not enough characters to match
+                setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+#else
+            // Could check pattern length, but the
+            // linear search will do the right thing
+            if (offset == 0 || matchedindex == 0) {
+                setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+#endif
+        }
+
+        if (U_SUCCESS(*status)) {
+            if (strsrch->pattern.CELength == 0) {
+                search->matchedIndex =
+                      (matchedindex == USEARCH_DONE ? offset : matchedindex);
+                if (search->matchedIndex == 0) {
+                    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+                    // status checked below
+                }
+                else { // move by codepoints
+                    UTF_BACK_1(search->text, 0, search->matchedIndex);
+                    setColEIterOffset(strsrch->textIter, search->matchedIndex);
+                    // status checked below
+                    search->matchedLength = 0;
+                }
+            }
+            else {
+#if !BOYER_MOORE
+                if (search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE) {
+                    if (search->isOverlap) {
+                        ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, search->matchedIndex + search->matchedLength - 2, status);
+                    }
+                }
+#endif
+
+                if (strsrch->search->isCanonicalMatch) {
+                    // can't use exact here since extra accents are allowed.
+                    usearch_handlePreviousCanonical(strsrch, status);
+                    // status checked below
+                }
+                else {
+                    usearch_handlePreviousExact(strsrch, status);
+                    // status checked below
+                }
+            }
+
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                return USEARCH_DONE;
+            }
+
+            return search->matchedIndex;
+        }
+    }
+    return USEARCH_DONE;
+}
+
+
+
+U_CAPI void U_EXPORT2 usearch_reset(UStringSearch *strsrch)
+{
+    /*
+    reset is setting the attributes that are already in
+    string search, hence all attributes in the collator should
+    be retrieved without any problems
+    */
+    if (strsrch) {
+        UErrorCode status            = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+        UBool      sameCollAttribute = TRUE;
+        uint32_t   ceMask;
+        UBool      shift;
+        uint32_t   varTop;
+
+        // **** hack to deal w/ how processed CEs encode quaternary ****
+        UCollationStrength newStrength = ucol_getStrength(strsrch->collator);
+        if ((strsrch->strength < UCOL_QUATERNARY && newStrength >= UCOL_QUATERNARY) ||
+            (strsrch->strength >= UCOL_QUATERNARY && newStrength < UCOL_QUATERNARY)) {
+                sameCollAttribute = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        strsrch->strength    = ucol_getStrength(strsrch->collator);
+        ceMask = getMask(strsrch->strength);
+        if (strsrch->ceMask != ceMask) {
+            strsrch->ceMask = ceMask;
+            sameCollAttribute = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        // if status is a failure, ucol_getAttribute returns UCOL_DEFAULT
+        shift = ucol_getAttribute(strsrch->collator, UCOL_ALTERNATE_HANDLING,
+                                  &status) == UCOL_SHIFTED;
+        if (strsrch->toShift != shift) {
+            strsrch->toShift  = shift;
+            sameCollAttribute = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        // if status is a failure, ucol_getVariableTop returns 0
+        varTop = ucol_getVariableTop(strsrch->collator, &status);
+        if (strsrch->variableTop != varTop) {
+            strsrch->variableTop = varTop;
+            sameCollAttribute    = FALSE;
+        }
+        if (!sameCollAttribute) {
+            initialize(strsrch, &status);
+        }
+        /* free offset buffer to avoid memory leak before initializing. */
+        ucol_freeOffsetBuffer(&(strsrch->textIter->iteratordata_));
+        uprv_init_collIterate(strsrch->collator, strsrch->search->text,
+                              strsrch->search->textLength,
+                              &(strsrch->textIter->iteratordata_),
+                              &status);
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength      = 0;
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex       = USEARCH_DONE;
+        strsrch->search->isOverlap          = FALSE;
+        strsrch->search->isCanonicalMatch   = FALSE;
+        strsrch->search->elementComparisonType = 0;
+        strsrch->search->isForwardSearching = TRUE;
+        strsrch->search->reset              = TRUE;
+    }
+}
+
+//
+//  CEI  Collation Element + source text index.
+//       These structs are kept in the circular buffer.
+//
+struct  CEI {
+    int64_t ce;
+    int32_t lowIndex;
+    int32_t highIndex;
+};
+
+U_NAMESPACE_BEGIN
+
+
+//
+//  CEBuffer   A circular buffer of CEs from the text being searched.
+//
+#define   DEFAULT_CEBUFFER_SIZE 50
+struct CEBuffer {
+    CEI                  defBuf[DEFAULT_CEBUFFER_SIZE];
+    CEI                 *buf;
+    int32_t              bufSize;
+    int32_t              firstIx;
+    int32_t              limitIx;
+    UCollationElements  *ceIter;
+    UStringSearch       *strSearch;
+
+
+
+               CEBuffer(UStringSearch *ss, UErrorCode *status);
+               ~CEBuffer();
+   const CEI   *get(int32_t index);
+   const CEI   *getPrevious(int32_t index);
+};
+
+
+CEBuffer::CEBuffer(UStringSearch *ss, UErrorCode *status) {
+    buf = defBuf;
+    strSearch = ss;
+    bufSize = ss->pattern.CELength+10;
+    ceIter    = ss->textIter;
+    firstIx = 0;
+    limitIx = 0;
+
+    uprv_init_pce(ceIter);
+
+    if (bufSize>DEFAULT_CEBUFFER_SIZE) {
+        buf = (CEI *)uprv_malloc(bufSize * sizeof(CEI));
+        if (buf == NULL) {
+            *status = U_MEMORY_ALLOCATION_ERROR;
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+// TODO: add a reset or init function so that allocated
+//       buffers can be retained & reused.
+
+CEBuffer::~CEBuffer() {
+    if (buf != defBuf) {
+        uprv_free(buf);
+    }
+}
+
+
+// Get the CE with the specified index.
+//   Index must be in the range
+//          n-history_size < index < n+1
+//   where n is the largest index to have been fetched by some previous call to this function.
+//   The CE value will be UCOL__PROCESSED_NULLORDER at end of input.
+//
+const CEI *CEBuffer::get(int32_t index) {
+    int i = index % bufSize;
+
+    if (index>=firstIx && index<limitIx) {
+        // The request was for an entry already in our buffer.
+        //  Just return it.
+        return &buf[i];
+    }
+
+    // Caller is requesting a new, never accessed before, CE.
+    //   Verify that it is the next one in sequence, which is all
+    //   that is allowed.
+    if (index != limitIx) {
+        U_ASSERT(FALSE);
+
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // Manage the circular CE buffer indexing
+    limitIx++;
+
+    if (limitIx - firstIx >= bufSize) {
+        // The buffer is full, knock out the lowest-indexed entry.
+        firstIx++;
+    }
+
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+
+    buf[i].ce = ucol_nextProcessed(ceIter, &buf[i].lowIndex, &buf[i].highIndex, &status);
+
+    return &buf[i];
+}
+
+// Get the CE with the specified index.
+//   Index must be in the range
+//          n-history_size < index < n+1
+//   where n is the largest index to have been fetched by some previous call to this function.
+//   The CE value will be UCOL__PROCESSED_NULLORDER at end of input.
+//
+const CEI *CEBuffer::getPrevious(int32_t index) {
+    int i = index % bufSize;
+
+    if (index>=firstIx && index<limitIx) {
+        // The request was for an entry already in our buffer.
+        //  Just return it.
+        return &buf[i];
+    }
+
+    // Caller is requesting a new, never accessed before, CE.
+    //   Verify that it is the next one in sequence, which is all
+    //   that is allowed.
+    if (index != limitIx) {
+        U_ASSERT(FALSE);
+
+        return NULL;
+    }
+
+    // Manage the circular CE buffer indexing
+    limitIx++;
+
+    if (limitIx - firstIx >= bufSize) {
+        // The buffer is full, knock out the lowest-indexed entry.
+        firstIx++;
+    }
+
+    UErrorCode status = U_ZERO_ERROR;
+
+    buf[i].ce = ucol_previousProcessed(ceIter, &buf[i].lowIndex, &buf[i].highIndex, &status);
+
+    return &buf[i];
+}
+
+U_NAMESPACE_END
+
+
+// #define USEARCH_DEBUG
+
+#ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#endif
+
+/*
+ * Find the next break boundary after startIndex. If the UStringSearch object
+ * has an external break iterator, use that. Otherwise use the internal character
+ * break iterator.
+ */
+static int32_t nextBoundaryAfter(UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t startIndex) {
+#if 0
+    const UChar *text = strsrch->search->text;
+    int32_t textLen   = strsrch->search->textLength;
+
+    U_ASSERT(startIndex>=0);
+    U_ASSERT(startIndex<=textLen);
+
+    if (startIndex >= textLen) {
+        return startIndex;
+    }
+
+    UChar32  c;
+    int32_t  i = startIndex;
+    U16_NEXT(text, i, textLen, c);
+
+    // If we are on a control character, stop without looking for combining marks.
+    //    Control characters do not combine.
+    int32_t gcProperty = u_getIntPropertyValue(c, UCHAR_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK);
+    if (gcProperty==U_GCB_CONTROL || gcProperty==U_GCB_LF || gcProperty==U_GCB_CR) {
+        return i;
+    }
+
+    // The initial character was not a control, and can thus accept trailing
+    //   combining characters.  Advance over however many of them there are.
+    int32_t  indexOfLastCharChecked;
+    for (;;) {
+        indexOfLastCharChecked = i;
+        if (i>=textLen) {
+            break;
+        }
+        U16_NEXT(text, i, textLen, c);
+        gcProperty = u_getIntPropertyValue(c, UCHAR_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK);
+        if (gcProperty != U_GCB_EXTEND && gcProperty != U_GCB_SPACING_MARK) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+    return indexOfLastCharChecked;
+#elif !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    UBreakIterator *breakiterator = strsrch->search->breakIter;
+
+    if (breakiterator == NULL) {
+        breakiterator = strsrch->search->internalBreakIter;
+    }
+
+    if (breakiterator != NULL) {
+        return ubrk_following(breakiterator, startIndex);
+    }
+
+    return startIndex;
+#else
+    // **** or should we use the original code? ****
+    return startIndex;
+#endif
+
+}
+
+/*
+ * Returns TRUE if index is on a break boundary. If the UStringSearch
+ * has an external break iterator, test using that, otherwise test
+ * using the internal character break iterator.
+ */
+static UBool isBreakBoundary(UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t index) {
+#if 0
+    const UChar *text = strsrch->search->text;
+    int32_t textLen   = strsrch->search->textLength;
+
+    U_ASSERT(index>=0);
+    U_ASSERT(index<=textLen);
+
+    if (index>=textLen || index<=0) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // If the character at the current index is not a GRAPHEME_EXTEND
+    //    then we can not be within a combining sequence.
+    UChar32  c;
+    U16_GET(text, 0, index, textLen, c);
+    int32_t gcProperty = u_getIntPropertyValue(c, UCHAR_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK);
+    if (gcProperty != U_GCB_EXTEND && gcProperty != U_GCB_SPACING_MARK) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // We are at a combining mark.  If the preceding character is anything
+    //   except a CONTROL, CR or LF, we are in a combining sequence.
+    U16_PREV(text, 0, index, c);
+    gcProperty = u_getIntPropertyValue(c, UCHAR_GRAPHEME_CLUSTER_BREAK);
+    UBool combining =  !(gcProperty==U_GCB_CONTROL || gcProperty==U_GCB_LF || gcProperty==U_GCB_CR);
+    return combining;
+#elif !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    UBreakIterator *breakiterator = strsrch->search->breakIter;
+
+    if (breakiterator == NULL) {
+        breakiterator = strsrch->search->internalBreakIter;
+    }
+
+    return (breakiterator != NULL && ! ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, index));
+#else
+    // **** or use the original code? ****
+    return FALSE;
+#endif
+}
+
+#if 0
+static UBool onBreakBoundaries(const UStringSearch *strsrch, int32_t start, int32_t end)
+{
+#if !UCONFIG_NO_BREAK_ITERATION
+    UBreakIterator *breakiterator = strsrch->search->breakIter;
+
+    if (breakiterator != NULL) {
+        int32_t startindex = ubrk_first(breakiterator);
+        int32_t endindex   = ubrk_last(breakiterator);
+
+        // out-of-range indexes are never boundary positions
+        if (start < startindex || start > endindex ||
+            end < startindex || end > endindex) {
+            return FALSE;
+        }
+
+        return ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, start) &&
+               ubrk_isBoundary(breakiterator, end);
+    }
+#endif
+
+    return TRUE;
+}
+#endif
+
+typedef enum {
+    U_CE_MATCH = -1,
+    U_CE_NO_MATCH = 0,
+    U_CE_SKIP_TARG,
+    U_CE_SKIP_PATN
+} UCompareCEsResult;
+#define U_CE_LEVEL2_BASE 0x00000005
+#define U_CE_LEVEL3_BASE 0x00050000
+
+static UCompareCEsResult compareCE64s(int64_t targCE, int64_t patCE, int16_t compareType) {
+    if (targCE == patCE) {
+        return U_CE_MATCH;
+    }
+    if (compareType == 0) {
+        return U_CE_NO_MATCH;
+    }
+    
+    int64_t targCEshifted = targCE >> 32;
+    int64_t patCEshifted = patCE >> 32;
+    int64_t mask;
+
+    mask = 0xFFFF0000;
+    int32_t targLev1 = (int32_t)(targCEshifted & mask);
+    int32_t patLev1 = (int32_t)(patCEshifted & mask);
+    if ( targLev1 != patLev1 ) {
+        if ( targLev1 == 0 ) {
+            return U_CE_SKIP_TARG;
+        }
+        if ( patLev1 == 0 && compareType == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD ) {
+            return U_CE_SKIP_PATN;
+        }
+        return U_CE_NO_MATCH;
+    }
+
+    mask = 0x0000FFFF;
+    int32_t targLev2 = (int32_t)(targCEshifted & mask);
+    int32_t patLev2 = (int32_t)(patCEshifted & mask);
+    if ( targLev2 != patLev2 ) {
+        if ( targLev2 == 0 ) {
+            return U_CE_SKIP_TARG;
+        }
+        if ( patLev2 == 0 && compareType == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD ) {
+            return U_CE_SKIP_PATN;
+        }
+        return (patLev2 == U_CE_LEVEL2_BASE || (compareType == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD && targLev2 == U_CE_LEVEL2_BASE) )?
+            U_CE_MATCH: U_CE_NO_MATCH;
+    }
+    
+    mask = 0xFFFF0000;
+    int32_t targLev3 = (int32_t)(targCE & mask);
+    int32_t patLev3 = (int32_t)(patCE & mask);
+    if ( targLev3 != patLev3 ) {
+        return (patLev3 == U_CE_LEVEL3_BASE || (compareType == USEARCH_ANY_BASE_WEIGHT_IS_WILDCARD && targLev3 == U_CE_LEVEL3_BASE) )?
+            U_CE_MATCH: U_CE_NO_MATCH;
+   }
+
+    return U_CE_MATCH;
+}
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+// TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, need 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+#endif
+
+U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2 usearch_search(UStringSearch  *strsrch,
+                                       int32_t        startIdx,
+                                       int32_t        *matchStart,
+                                       int32_t        *matchLimit,
+                                       UErrorCode     *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // TODO:  reject search patterns beginning with a combining char.
+
+#ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+    if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+        printf("Pattern CEs\n");
+        for (int ii=0; ii<strsrch->pattern.CELength; ii++) {
+            printf(" %8x", strsrch->pattern.CE[ii]);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+#endif
+    // Input parameter sanity check.
+    //  TODO:  should input indicies clip to the text length
+    //         in the same way that UText does.
+    if(strsrch->pattern.CELength == 0         ||
+       startIdx < 0                           ||
+       startIdx > strsrch->search->textLength ||
+       strsrch->pattern.CE == NULL) {
+           *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+           return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (strsrch->pattern.PCE == NULL) {
+        initializePatternPCETable(strsrch, status);
+    }
+
+    ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, startIdx, status);
+    CEBuffer ceb(strsrch, status);
+
+
+    int32_t    targetIx = 0;
+    const CEI *targetCEI = NULL;
+    int32_t    patIx;
+    UBool      found;
+
+    int32_t  mStart = -1;
+    int32_t  mLimit = -1;
+    int32_t  minLimit;
+    int32_t  maxLimit;
+
+
+
+    // Outer loop moves over match starting positions in the
+    //      target CE space.
+    // Here we see the target as a sequence of collation elements, resulting from the following:
+    // 1. Target characters were decomposed, and (if appropriate) other compressions and expansions are applied
+    //    (for example, digraphs such as IJ may be broken into two characters).
+    // 2. An int64_t CE weight is determined for each resulting unit (high 16 bits are primary strength, next
+    //    16 bits are secondary, next 16 (the high 16 bits of the low 32-bit half) are tertiary. Any of these
+    //    fields that are for strengths below that of the collator are set to 0. If this makes the int64_t
+    //    CE weight 0 (as for a combining diacritic with secondary weight when the collator strentgh is primary),
+    //    then the CE is deleted, so the following code sees only CEs that are relevant.
+    // For each CE, the lowIndex and highIndex correspond to where this CE begins and ends in the original text.
+    // If lowIndex==highIndex, either the CE resulted from an expansion/decomposition of one of the original text
+    // characters, or the CE marks the limit of the target text (in which case the CE weight is UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER).
+    //
+    for(targetIx=0; ; targetIx++)
+    {
+        found = TRUE;
+        //  Inner loop checks for a match beginning at each
+        //  position from the outer loop.
+        int32_t targetIxOffset = 0;
+        int64_t patCE = 0;
+        for (patIx=0; patIx<strsrch->pattern.PCELength; patIx++) {
+            patCE = strsrch->pattern.PCE[patIx];
+            targetCEI = ceb.get(targetIx+patIx+targetIxOffset);
+            //  Compare CE from target string with CE from the pattern.
+            //    Note that the target CE will be UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER if we reach the end of input,
+            //    which will fail the compare, below.
+            UCompareCEsResult ceMatch = compareCE64s(targetCEI->ce, patCE, strsrch->search->elementComparisonType);
+            if ( ceMatch == U_CE_NO_MATCH ) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            } else if ( ceMatch > U_CE_NO_MATCH ) {
+                if ( ceMatch == U_CE_SKIP_TARG ) {
+                    // redo with same patCE, next targCE
+                    patIx--;
+                    targetIxOffset++;
+                } else { // ceMatch == U_CE_SKIP_PATN
+                    // redo with same targCE, next patCE
+                    targetIxOffset--;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        targetIxOffset += strsrch->pattern.PCELength; // this is now the offset in target CE space to end of the match so far
+
+        if (!found && ((targetCEI == NULL) || (targetCEI->ce != UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER))) {
+            // No match at this targetIx.  Try again at the next.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!found) {
+            // No match at all, we have run off the end of the target text.
+            break;
+        }
+
+
+        // We have found a match in CE space.
+        // Now determine the bounds in string index space.
+        //  There still is a chance of match failure if the CE range not correspond to
+        //     an acceptable character range.
+        //
+        const CEI *firstCEI = ceb.get(targetIx);
+        const CEI *lastCEI  = ceb.get(targetIx + targetIxOffset - 1);
+
+        mStart   = firstCEI->lowIndex;
+        minLimit = lastCEI->lowIndex;
+
+        // Look at the CE following the match.  If it is UCOL_NULLORDER the match
+        //   extended to the end of input, and the match is good.
+
+        // Look at the high and low indices of the CE following the match. If
+        // they are the same it means one of two things:
+        //    1. The match extended to the last CE from the target text, which is OK, or
+        //    2. The last CE that was part of the match is in an expansion that extends
+        //       to the first CE after the match. In this case, we reject the match.
+        if (strsrch->search->elementComparisonType == 0) {
+            const CEI *nextCEI  = ceb.get(targetIx + targetIxOffset);
+            maxLimit = nextCEI->lowIndex;
+            if (nextCEI->lowIndex == nextCEI->highIndex && nextCEI->ce != UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+            }
+        } else {
+            const CEI *nextCEI;
+            for ( ; ; ++targetIxOffset ) {
+                nextCEI = ceb.get(targetIx + targetIxOffset);
+                maxLimit = nextCEI->lowIndex;
+                                // If we are at the end of the target too, match succeeds
+                if (  nextCEI->ce == UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER ) {
+                    break;
+                }
+                // As long as the next CE has primary weight of 0,
+                // it is part of the last target element matched by the pattern;
+                // make sure it can be part of a match with the last patCE
+                if ( (((nextCEI->ce) >> 32) & 0xFFFF0000UL) == 0 ) {
+                        UCompareCEsResult ceMatch = compareCE64s(nextCEI->ce, patCE, strsrch->search->elementComparisonType);
+                        if ( ceMatch == U_CE_NO_MATCH || ceMatch == U_CE_SKIP_PATN ) {
+                                found = FALSE;
+                                break;
+                        }
+                // If lowIndex == highIndex, this target CE is part of an expansion of the last matched
+                // target element, but it has non-zero primary weight => match fails
+                } else if ( nextCEI->lowIndex == nextCEI->highIndex ) {
+                        found = false;
+                        break;
+                // Else the target CE is not part of an expansion of the last matched element, match succeeds
+                } else {
+                        break;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        // Check for the start of the match being within a combining sequence.
+        //   This can happen if the pattern itself begins with a combining char, and
+        //   the match found combining marks in the target text that were attached
+        //    to something else.
+        //   This type of match should be rejected for not completely consuming a
+        //   combining sequence.
+        if (isBreakBoundary(strsrch, mStart)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        // Check for the start of the match being within an Collation Element Expansion,
+        //   meaning that the first char of the match is only partially matched.
+        //   With exapnsions, the first CE will report the index of the source
+        //   character, and all subsequent (expansions) CEs will report the source index of the
+        //    _following_ character.
+        int32_t secondIx = firstCEI->highIndex;
+        if (mStart == secondIx) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        //  Advance the match end position to the first acceptable match boundary.
+        //    This advances the index over any combining charcters.
+        mLimit = maxLimit;
+        if (minLimit < maxLimit) {
+            int32_t nba = nextBoundaryAfter(strsrch, minLimit);
+
+            if (nba >= lastCEI->highIndex) {
+                mLimit = nba;
+            }
+        }
+
+    #ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+        if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+            printf("minLimit, maxLimit, mLimit = %d, %d, %d\n", minLimit, maxLimit, mLimit);
+        }
+    #endif
+
+        // If advancing to the end of a combining sequence in character indexing space
+        //   advanced us beyond the end of the match in CE space, reject this match.
+        if (mLimit > maxLimit) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (isBreakBoundary(strsrch, mLimit)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (! checkIdentical(strsrch, mStart, mLimit)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (found) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+    if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+        printf("Target CEs [%d .. %d]\n", ceb.firstIx, ceb.limitIx);
+        int32_t  lastToPrint = ceb.limitIx+2;
+        for (int ii=ceb.firstIx; ii<lastToPrint; ii++) {
+            printf("%8x@%d ", ceb.get(ii)->ce, ceb.get(ii)->srcIndex);
+        }
+        printf("\n%s\n", found? "match found" : "no match");
+    }
+    #endif
+
+    // All Done.  Store back the match bounds to the caller.
+    //
+    if (found==FALSE) {
+        mLimit = -1;
+        mStart = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (matchStart != NULL) {
+        *matchStart= mStart;
+    }
+
+    if (matchLimit != NULL) {
+        *matchLimit = mLimit;
+    }
+
+    return found;
+}
+
+
+U_CAPI UBool U_EXPORT2 usearch_searchBackwards(UStringSearch  *strsrch,
+                                                int32_t        startIdx,
+                                                int32_t        *matchStart,
+                                                int32_t        *matchLimit,
+                                                UErrorCode     *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    // TODO:  reject search patterns beginning with a combining char.
+
+#ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+    if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+        printf("Pattern CEs\n");
+        for (int ii=0; ii<strsrch->pattern.CELength; ii++) {
+            printf(" %8x", strsrch->pattern.CE[ii]);
+        }
+        printf("\n");
+    }
+
+#endif
+    // Input parameter sanity check.
+    //  TODO:  should input indicies clip to the text length
+    //         in the same way that UText does.
+    if(strsrch->pattern.CELength == 0         ||
+       startIdx < 0                           ||
+       startIdx > strsrch->search->textLength ||
+       strsrch->pattern.CE == NULL) {
+           *status = U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR;
+           return FALSE;
+    }
+
+    if (strsrch->pattern.PCE == NULL) {
+        initializePatternPCETable(strsrch, status);
+    }
+
+    CEBuffer ceb(strsrch, status);
+    int32_t    targetIx = 0;
+
+    /*
+     * Pre-load the buffer with the CE's for the grapheme
+     * after our starting position so that we're sure that
+     * we can look at the CE following the match when we
+     * check the match boundaries.
+     *
+     * This will also pre-fetch the first CE that we'll
+     * consider for the match.
+     */
+    if (startIdx < strsrch->search->textLength) {
+        UBreakIterator *bi = strsrch->search->internalBreakIter;
+        int32_t next = ubrk_following(bi, startIdx);
+
+        ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, next, status);
+
+        for (targetIx = 0; ; targetIx += 1) {
+            if (ceb.getPrevious(targetIx)->lowIndex < startIdx) {
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        ucol_setOffset(strsrch->textIter, startIdx, status);
+    }
+
+
+    const CEI *targetCEI = NULL;
+    int32_t    patIx;
+    UBool      found;
+
+    int32_t  limitIx = targetIx;
+    int32_t  mStart = -1;
+    int32_t  mLimit = -1;
+    int32_t  minLimit;
+    int32_t  maxLimit;
+
+
+
+    // Outer loop moves over match starting positions in the
+    //      target CE space.
+    // Here, targetIx values increase toward the beginning of the base text (i.e. we get the text CEs in reverse order).
+    // But  patIx is 0 at the beginning of the pattern and increases toward the end.
+    // So this loop performs a comparison starting with the end of pattern, and prcessd toward the beginning of the pattern
+    // and the beginning of the base text.
+    for(targetIx = limitIx; ; targetIx += 1)
+    {
+        found = TRUE;
+        //  Inner loop checks for a match beginning at each
+        //  position from the outer loop.
+        int32_t targetIxOffset = 0;
+        for (patIx = strsrch->pattern.PCELength - 1; patIx >= 0; patIx -= 1) {
+            int64_t patCE = strsrch->pattern.PCE[patIx];
+
+            targetCEI = ceb.getPrevious(targetIx + strsrch->pattern.PCELength - 1 - patIx + targetIxOffset);
+            //  Compare CE from target string with CE from the pattern.
+            //    Note that the target CE will be UCOL_NULLORDER if we reach the end of input,
+            //    which will fail the compare, below.
+            UCompareCEsResult ceMatch = compareCE64s(targetCEI->ce, patCE, strsrch->search->elementComparisonType);
+            if ( ceMatch == U_CE_NO_MATCH ) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            } else if ( ceMatch > U_CE_NO_MATCH ) {
+                if ( ceMatch == U_CE_SKIP_TARG ) {
+                    // redo with same patCE, next targCE
+                    patIx++;
+                    targetIxOffset++;
+                } else { // ceMatch == U_CE_SKIP_PATN
+                    // redo with same targCE, next patCE
+                    targetIxOffset--;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+
+        if (!found && ((targetCEI == NULL) || (targetCEI->ce != UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER))) {
+            // No match at this targetIx.  Try again at the next.
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (!found) {
+            // No match at all, we have run off the end of the target text.
+            break;
+        }
+
+
+        // We have found a match in CE space.
+        // Now determine the bounds in string index space.
+        //  There still is a chance of match failure if the CE range not correspond to
+        //     an acceptable character range.
+        //
+        const CEI *firstCEI = ceb.getPrevious(targetIx + strsrch->pattern.PCELength - 1 + targetIxOffset);
+        const CEI *lastCEI  = ceb.getPrevious(targetIx);
+        const CEI *nextCEI  = targetIx > 0? ceb.getPrevious(targetIx - 1) : NULL;
+
+        mStart   = firstCEI->lowIndex;
+        minLimit = lastCEI->lowIndex;
+        maxLimit = targetIx > 0? nextCEI->lowIndex : lastCEI->highIndex;
+
+        // Look at the CE following the match.  If it is UCOL_NULLORDER the match
+        //   extended to the end of input, and the match is good.
+
+        // Look at the high and low indices of the CE following the match. If
+        // they are the same it means one of two things:
+        //    1. The match extended to the last CE from the target text, which is OK, or
+        //    2. The last CE that was part of the match is in an expansion that extends
+        //       to the first CE after the match. In this case, we reject the match.
+        if (targetIx >= 1) {
+            if (nextCEI->lowIndex == nextCEI->highIndex && nextCEI->ce != UCOL_PROCESSED_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+            }
+        }
+
+
+        // Check for the start of the match being within a combining sequence.
+        //   This can happen if the pattern itself begins with a combining char, and
+        //   the match found combining marks in the target text that were attached
+        //    to something else.
+        //   This type of match should be rejected for not completely consuming a
+        //   combining sequence.
+        if (isBreakBoundary(strsrch, mStart)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        // Look at the high index of the first CE in the match. If it's the same as the
+        // low index, the first CE in the match is in the middle of an expansion.
+        if (mStart == firstCEI->highIndex) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        //  Advance the match end position to the first acceptable match boundary.
+        //    This advances the index over any combining charcters.
+        mLimit = maxLimit;
+        if (/*targetIx > 0 &&*/ minLimit < maxLimit) {
+            int32_t nba = nextBoundaryAfter(strsrch, minLimit);
+
+            if (nba >= lastCEI->highIndex) {
+                mLimit = nba;
+            }
+        }
+
+    #ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+        if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+            printf("minLimit, maxLimit, mLimit = %d, %d, %d\n", minLimit, maxLimit, mLimit);
+        }
+    #endif
+
+        // If advancing to the end of a combining sequence in character indexing space
+        //   advanced us beyond the end of the match in CE space, reject this match.
+        if (mLimit > maxLimit) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        // Make sure the end of the match is on a break boundary
+        if (isBreakBoundary(strsrch, mLimit)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (! checkIdentical(strsrch, mStart, mLimit)) {
+            found = FALSE;
+        }
+
+        if (found) {
+            break;
+        }
+    }
+
+    #ifdef USEARCH_DEBUG
+    if (getenv("USEARCH_DEBUG") != NULL) {
+        printf("Target CEs [%d .. %d]\n", ceb.firstIx, ceb.limitIx);
+        int32_t  lastToPrint = ceb.limitIx+2;
+        for (int ii=ceb.firstIx; ii<lastToPrint; ii++) {
+            printf("%8x@%d ", ceb.get(ii)->ce, ceb.get(ii)->srcIndex);
+        }
+        printf("\n%s\n", found? "match found" : "no match");
+    }
+    #endif
+
+    // All Done.  Store back the match bounds to the caller.
+    //
+    if (found==FALSE) {
+        mLimit = -1;
+        mStart = -1;
+    }
+
+    if (matchStart != NULL) {
+        *matchStart= mStart;
+    }
+
+    if (matchLimit != NULL) {
+        *matchLimit = mLimit;
+    }
+
+    return found;
+}
+
+
+
+
+// internal use methods declared in usrchimp.h -----------------------------
+
+UBool usearch_handleNextExact(UStringSearch *strsrch, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+    UCollationElements *coleiter        = strsrch->textIter;
+    int32_t             textlength      = strsrch->search->textLength;
+    int32_t            *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t             patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int32_t             textoffset      = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+
+    // status used in setting coleiter offset, since offset is checked in
+    // shiftForward before setting the coleiter offset, status never
+    // a failure
+    textoffset = shiftForward(strsrch, textoffset, UCOL_NULLORDER,
+                              patterncelength);
+    while (textoffset <= textlength)
+    {
+        uint32_t    patternceindex = patterncelength - 1;
+        int32_t     targetce;
+        UBool       found          = FALSE;
+        int32_t    lastce          = UCOL_NULLORDER;
+
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+
+        for (;;) {
+            // finding the last pattern ce match, imagine composite characters
+            // for example: search for pattern A in text \u00C0
+            // we'll have to skip \u0300 the grave first before we get to A
+            targetce = ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE && inNormBuf(coleiter)) {
+                // this is for the text \u0315\u0300 that requires
+                // normalization and pattern \u0300, where \u0315 is ignorable
+                continue;
+            }
+            if (lastce == UCOL_NULLORDER || lastce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                lastce = targetce;
+            }
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            if (targetce == patternce[patternceindex]) {
+                // the first ce can be a contraction
+                found = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!hasExpansion(coleiter)) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        //targetce = lastce;
+
+        while (found && patternceindex > 0) {
+                lastce = targetce;
+            targetce    = ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce    = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            patternceindex --;
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            found = found && targetce == patternce[patternceindex];
+        }
+
+        targetce = lastce;
+
+        if (!found) {
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            textoffset = shiftForward(strsrch, textoffset, lastce,
+                                      patternceindex);
+            // status checked at loop.
+            patternceindex = patterncelength;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (checkNextExactMatch(strsrch, &textoffset, status)) {
+            // status checked in ucol_setOffset
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, strsrch->search->matchedIndex);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+    return FALSE;
+#else
+    int32_t textOffset = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+    int32_t start = -1;
+    int32_t end = -1;
+
+    if (usearch_search(strsrch, textOffset, &start, &end, status)) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = start;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - start;
+        return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+UBool usearch_handleNextCanonical(UStringSearch *strsrch, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+    UCollationElements *coleiter        = strsrch->textIter;
+    int32_t             textlength      = strsrch->search->textLength;
+    int32_t            *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t             patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int32_t             textoffset      = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+    UBool               hasPatternAccents =
+       strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents || strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents;
+
+    textoffset = shiftForward(strsrch, textoffset, UCOL_NULLORDER,
+                              patterncelength);
+    strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0] = 0;
+    strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0] = 0;
+
+    while (textoffset <= textlength)
+    {
+        int32_t     patternceindex = patterncelength - 1;
+        int32_t     targetce;
+        UBool       found          = FALSE;
+        int32_t     lastce         = UCOL_NULLORDER;
+
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+
+        for (;;) {
+            // finding the last pattern ce match, imagine composite characters
+            // for example: search for pattern A in text \u00C0
+            // we'll have to skip \u0300 the grave first before we get to A
+            targetce = ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (lastce == UCOL_NULLORDER || lastce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                lastce = targetce;
+            }
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            if (targetce == patternce[patternceindex]) {
+                // the first ce can be a contraction
+                found = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!hasExpansion(coleiter)) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        while (found && patternceindex > 0) {
+            targetce    = ucol_previous(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce    = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            patternceindex --;
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            found = found && targetce == patternce[patternceindex];
+        }
+
+        // initializing the rearranged accent array
+        if (hasPatternAccents && !found) {
+            strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0] = 0;
+            strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0] = 0;
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            found = doNextCanonicalMatch(strsrch, textoffset, status);
+        }
+
+        if (!found) {
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            textoffset = shiftForward(strsrch, textoffset, lastce,
+                                      patternceindex);
+            // status checked at loop
+            patternceindex = patterncelength;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (checkNextCanonicalMatch(strsrch, &textoffset, status)) {
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, strsrch->search->matchedIndex);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+    return FALSE;
+#else
+    int32_t textOffset = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+    int32_t start = -1;
+    int32_t end = -1;
+
+    if (usearch_search(strsrch, textOffset, &start, &end, status)) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex  = start;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - start;
+        return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+UBool usearch_handlePreviousExact(UStringSearch *strsrch, UErrorCode *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+    UCollationElements *coleiter        = strsrch->textIter;
+    int32_t            *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t             patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int32_t             textoffset      = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+
+    // shifting it check for setting offset
+    // if setOffset is called previously or there was no previous match, we
+    // leave the offset as it is.
+    if (strsrch->search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE) {
+        textoffset = strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+    }
+
+    textoffset = reverseShift(strsrch, textoffset, UCOL_NULLORDER,
+                              patterncelength);
+
+    while (textoffset >= 0)
+    {
+        int32_t     patternceindex = 1;
+        int32_t     targetce;
+        UBool       found          = FALSE;
+        int32_t     firstce        = UCOL_NULLORDER;
+
+        // if status is a failure, ucol_setOffset does nothing
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+
+        for (;;) {
+            // finding the first pattern ce match, imagine composite
+            // characters. for example: search for pattern \u0300 in text
+            // \u00C0, we'll have to skip A first before we get to
+            // \u0300 the grave accent
+            targetce = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (firstce == UCOL_NULLORDER || firstce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                firstce = targetce;
+            }
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE && strsrch->strength != UCOL_PRIMARY) {
+                continue;
+            }
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            if (targetce == patternce[0]) {
+                found = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!hasExpansion(coleiter)) {
+                // checking for accents in composite character
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        //targetce = firstce;
+
+        while (found && (patternceindex < patterncelength)) {
+                firstce = targetce;
+            targetce    = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce    = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            found = found && targetce == patternce[patternceindex];
+            patternceindex ++;
+        }
+
+        targetce = firstce;
+
+        if (!found) {
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+
+            textoffset = reverseShift(strsrch, textoffset, targetce,
+                                      patternceindex);
+            patternceindex = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (checkPreviousExactMatch(strsrch, &textoffset, status)) {
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+    return FALSE;
+#else
+    int32_t textOffset = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+    int32_t start = -1;
+    int32_t end = -1;
+
+    if (usearch_searchBackwards(strsrch, textOffset, &start, &end, status)) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex = start;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - start;
+        return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+UBool usearch_handlePreviousCanonical(UStringSearch *strsrch,
+                                      UErrorCode    *status)
+{
+    if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+
+#if BOYER_MOORE
+    UCollationElements *coleiter        = strsrch->textIter;
+    int32_t            *patternce       = strsrch->pattern.CE;
+    int32_t             patterncelength = strsrch->pattern.CELength;
+    int32_t             textoffset      = ucol_getOffset(coleiter);
+    UBool               hasPatternAccents =
+       strsrch->pattern.hasSuffixAccents || strsrch->pattern.hasPrefixAccents;
+
+    // shifting it check for setting offset
+    // if setOffset is called previously or there was no previous match, we
+    // leave the offset as it is.
+    if (strsrch->search->matchedIndex != USEARCH_DONE) {
+        textoffset = strsrch->search->matchedIndex;
+    }
+
+    textoffset = reverseShift(strsrch, textoffset, UCOL_NULLORDER,
+                              patterncelength);
+    strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0] = 0;
+    strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0] = 0;
+
+    while (textoffset >= 0)
+    {
+        int32_t     patternceindex = 1;
+        int32_t     targetce;
+        UBool       found          = FALSE;
+        int32_t     firstce        = UCOL_NULLORDER;
+
+        setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+        for (;;) {
+            // finding the first pattern ce match, imagine composite
+            // characters. for example: search for pattern \u0300 in text
+            // \u00C0, we'll have to skip A first before we get to
+            // \u0300 the grave accent
+            targetce = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (firstce == UCOL_NULLORDER || firstce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                firstce = targetce;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            if (targetce == patternce[0]) {
+                // the first ce can be a contraction
+                found = TRUE;
+                break;
+            }
+            if (!hasExpansion(coleiter)) {
+                // checking for accents in composite character
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+        }
+
+        targetce = firstce;
+
+        while (found && patternceindex < patterncelength) {
+            targetce    = ucol_next(coleiter, status);
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status) || targetce == UCOL_NULLORDER) {
+                found = FALSE;
+                break;
+            }
+            targetce = getCE(strsrch, targetce);
+            if (targetce == UCOL_IGNORABLE) {
+                continue;
+            }
+
+            // TODO: #if BOYER_MOORE, replace with code using 32-bit version of compareCE64s
+            found = found && targetce == patternce[patternceindex];
+            patternceindex ++;
+        }
+
+        // initializing the rearranged accent array
+        if (hasPatternAccents && !found) {
+            strsrch->canonicalPrefixAccents[0] = 0;
+            strsrch->canonicalSuffixAccents[0] = 0;
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            found = doPreviousCanonicalMatch(strsrch, textoffset, status);
+        }
+
+        if (!found) {
+            if (U_FAILURE(*status)) {
+                break;
+            }
+            textoffset = reverseShift(strsrch, textoffset, targetce,
+                                      patternceindex);
+            patternceindex = 0;
+            continue;
+        }
+
+        if (checkPreviousCanonicalMatch(strsrch, &textoffset, status)) {
+            setColEIterOffset(coleiter, textoffset);
+            return TRUE;
+        }
+    }
+    setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+    return FALSE;
+#else
+    int32_t textOffset = ucol_getOffset(strsrch->textIter);
+    int32_t start = -1;
+    int32_t end = -1;
+
+    if (usearch_searchBackwards(strsrch, textOffset, &start, &end, status)) {
+        strsrch->search->matchedIndex = start;
+        strsrch->search->matchedLength = end - start;
+        return TRUE;
+    } else {
+        setMatchNotFound(strsrch);
+        return FALSE;
+    }
+#endif
+}
+
+#endif /* #if !UCONFIG_NO_COLLATION */