Added informal spec of optional const/new to docs/language/informal.

docs/language/informal/optional-const.md

+# Optional const
+
+Author: eernst@.
+
+Version: 0.1 (2017-08-10)
+
+Status: Under discussion
+
+**This document** is an informal specification of the *optional const* feature.
+**The feature** adds support for omitting the reserved word `const` in list and
+map literals and constant object expressions, in locations where `const` is
+currently required.
+
+This informal specification is built on a
+[combined proposal](https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/blob/master/docs/language/informal/optional-new-const.md)
+which presents optional const and several other features.
+
+## Motivation
+
+In Dart without optional const, complex constant expressions often contain many
+occurrences of `const` on list and map literals, and on constant object
+expressions. Subexpressions of constant expressions are themselves required to
+be constant expressions, and this means that `const` on a nested list or map
+literal provides no extra information: It is a compile-time error if that
+`const` is omitted. Similarly, it is a compile-time error if a nested constant
+object expression is modified to use `new` rather than `const`. In that
+situation it carries no extra information whether `new` or `const` is used, and
+it is even possible to omit the reserved word entirely. It is also required for
+certain other expressions to be constant, e.g., default values on formal
+parameters and initializing expressions for constant variables.
+
+In all these cases the presence of `const` is required, and hence such a
+`const` may be inferred by compilers and similar tools if it is omitted.
+
+Developers reading the source code are likely to find it easy to understand
+that a required `const` was omitted and is implied, because the reason for
+the requirement is visible in the enclosing syntax: The expression where
+`const` is inferred is a subexpression of an expression with `const`, it is
+used to initialize a constant variable, or it is a default value for a formal
+parameter.
+
+In summary, tools do not need the required occurrences of `const`, and they
+are also unimportant for developers. Conversely, omitting required occurrences
+of `const` will sometimes make large expressions substantially more concise
+and readable, and also more convenient to write. Here is an example:
+
+```dart
+const myMap = const {
+  "a": const [const C("able"), const C("apple"), const C("axis")],
+  "b": const [const C("banana"), const C("bold"), const C("burglary")],
+};
+```
+
+Removing the required occurrences of `const` yields the following:
+
+```dart
+const myMap = {
+  "a": [C("able"), C("apple"), C("axis")],
+  "b": [C("banana"), C("bold"), C("burglary")],
+};
+```
+
+This proposal specifies that these previously required occurrences of `const`
+can be omitted, and will then be inferred.
+
+For a more detailed discussion and motivation, please consult the
+[combined proposal](https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/blob/master/docs/language/informal/optional-new-const.md)
+which covers optional const as well as several other proposals. That document
+was the starting point for this informal specification.
+
+## Syntax
+
+In order to support the optional const feature, the Dart grammar is modified as
+follows.
+
+```
+postfixExpression ::=
+    assignableExpression postfixOperator |
+    constructorInvocation |  // NEW
+    primary selector*
+constructorInvocation ::=  // NEW
+    typeName typeArguments '.' identifier arguments
+assignableExpression ::=
+    SUPER unconditionalAssignableSelector |
+    typeName typeArguments '.' identifier arguments
+        (arguments* assignableSelector)+ |  // NEW
+    identifier |
+    primary (arguments* assignableSelector)+
+```
+
+*A complete grammar which includes these changes is available
+[here](https://gist.github.com/eernstg/024a997f4f8c7ef885d459c3703a35f6).*
+
+*Note that the alternative which is added in the rule for `assignableExpression`
+is required in order to allow expressions which are obtained by constructing a
+constant object expression in Dart without optional const and removing the
+`const`. That particular case will not match any of the cases where the `const`
+is required (because `assignableExpression` is only used in contexts which
+cannot be constant expressions). However, this approach yields syntactic support
+for omitting `const` in every `constantObjectExpression`, and it also allows for
+omitting `new` from every `newExpression`, which is useful for the
+associated
+[optional new feature](https://gist.github.com/eernstg/7e819b44acd8dd9d71f0cc510b618a3d).*
+
+*The grammar only needs to be adjusted for one case, namely invocations of named
+constructors for generic classes. In this case we can derive expressions like
+`const Foo<int>.bar()`, and the corresponding `Foo<int>.bar()` is not derivable
+in the same situations where the variant with `const` can be derived. In other
+words, we must add support for constructs like `Foo<int>.bar()` as part of a
+`postfixExpression` and as part of an `assignableExpression`. For all other
+situations, the variant with `const` becomes a construct which is already
+syntactically correct Dart when the `const` is removed. For instance `const
+C(42)` becomes `C(42)` which could already be a function invocation and is hence
+already allowed syntactically.*
+
+## Static analysis
+
+We specify a type directed source code transformation which eliminates the 
+feature. The static analysis proceeds to work on the transformed program.
+
+*This means that the feature is "sugar", but because of the need to refer
+to types it could be described as static semantic sugar rather than
+syntactic sugar. We do not specify the dynamic semantics for this feature,
+because the feature is eliminated in this transformation step.*
+
+An expression on one of the following forms must be modified to be or
+contain a `constantObjectExpression` as described:
+
+With a `postfixExpression` _e_,
+
+- if _e_ is on the form `constructorInvocation`, i.e.,
+  `typeName typeArguments '.' identifier arguments` then replace _e_ by
+  `'const' typeName typeArguments '.' identifier arguments`.
+- if _e_ is on the form
+  `typeIdentifier arguments` where `typeIdentifier` denotes a class then
+  replace _e_ by
+  `'const' typeIdentifier arguments`.
+- if _e_ is on the form
+  `identifier1 '.' identifier2 arguments` where `identifier1` denotes
+  a class and `identifier2` is the name of a named constructor in that class,
+  or `identifier1` denotes a prefix for a library _L_ and `identifier2` denotes
+  a class exported by _L_, replace _e_ by
+  `'const' identifier1 '.' identifier2 arguments`.
+-  if _e_ is on the form
+  `identifier1 '.' typeIdentifier '.' identifier2 arguments` where 
+  `identifier1` denotes a library prefix for a library _L_, `typeIdentifier`
+  denotes a class _C_ exported by _L_, and `identifier2` is the name of a named
+  constructor in _C_, replace _e_ by
+  `'const' identifier1 '.' typeIdentifier '.' identifier2 arguments`.
+
+*In short, in these specific situations: "just add `const`". It is easy to
+verify that each of the replacements can be derived from
+`constObjectExpression`, which can be derived from `postfixExpression` via
+`primary selector*`; hence the transformation preserves syntactic correctness.*
+
+The remaining static analysis proceeds to work on the transformed program.
+
+*It is possible that this transformation will create
+`constObjectExpressions` which violate the constraints on constant object
+expressions. It is recommended that the error messages emitted by tools in
+response to such violations include information about the transformative
+step that added this `const` to the given construct and informs developers
+that they may add `new` explicitly if that matches the intention.*
+
+## Dynamic Semantics
+
+There is no dynamic semantics to specify for this feature because it is
+eliminated by code transformation.
+
+
+## Revisions
+
+- 0.1 (2017-08-10) Stand-alone proposal for optional const created, using
+  version 0.8 of the combined proposal
+  [optional-new-const.md](https://github.com/dart-lang/sdk/blob/master/docs/language/informal/optional-new-const.md)
+  as the starting point.