Removed fixed dependencies

packages/analyzer/lib/src/summary/summarize_ast.dart

Index: packages/analyzer/lib/src/summary/summarize_ast.dart
diff --git a/packages/analyzer/lib/src/summary/summarize_ast.dart b/packages/analyzer/lib/src/summary/summarize_ast.dart
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..82d596e55a91cfbb507f9ba248fb9051cbaccfb9
--- /dev/null
+++ b/packages/analyzer/lib/src/summary/summarize_ast.dart
@@ -0,0 +1,1400 @@
+// Copyright (c) 2016, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+library serialization.summarize_ast;
+
+import 'package:analyzer/dart/ast/ast.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/dart/ast/token.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/dart/ast/visitor.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/dart/element/type.dart' show DartType;
+import 'package:analyzer/src/generated/utilities_dart.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/src/summary/format.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/src/summary/idl.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/src/summary/public_namespace_computer.dart';
+import 'package:analyzer/src/summary/summarize_const_expr.dart';
+
+/**
+ * Serialize all the declarations in [compilationUnit] to an unlinked summary.
+ */
+UnlinkedUnitBuilder serializeAstUnlinked(CompilationUnit compilationUnit) {
+  return new _SummarizeAstVisitor().serializeCompilationUnit(compilationUnit);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Instances of this class keep track of intermediate state during
+ * serialization of a single constant [Expression].
+ */
+class _ConstExprSerializer extends AbstractConstExprSerializer {
+  final _SummarizeAstVisitor visitor;
+
+  /**
+   * If the expression being serialized can contain closures, map whose
+   * keys are the offsets of local function nodes representing those closures,
+   * and whose values are indices of those local functions relative to their
+   * siblings.
+   */
+  final Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap;
+
+  /**
+   * If the expression being serialized appears inside a function body, the names
+   * of parameters that are in scope.  Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  final Set<String> parameterNames;
+
+  _ConstExprSerializer(
+      this.visitor, this.localClosureIndexMap, this.parameterNames);
+
+  @override
+  bool isParameterName(String name) {
+    return parameterNames?.contains(name) ?? false;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void serializeAnnotation(Annotation annotation) {
+    if (annotation.arguments == null) {
+      assert(annotation.constructorName == null);
+      serialize(annotation.name);
+    } else {
+      Identifier name = annotation.name;
+      EntityRefBuilder constructor;
+      if (name is PrefixedIdentifier && annotation.constructorName == null) {
+        constructor =
+            serializeConstructorRef(null, name.prefix, null, name.identifier);
+      } else {
+        constructor = serializeConstructorRef(
+            null, annotation.name, null, annotation.constructorName);
+      }
+      serializeInstanceCreation(constructor, annotation.arguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeConstructorRef(DartType type, Identifier typeName,
+      TypeArgumentList typeArguments, SimpleIdentifier name) {
+    EntityRefBuilder typeBuilder = serializeType(type, typeName, typeArguments);
+    if (name == null) {
+      return typeBuilder;
+    } else {
+      int nameRef =
+          visitor.serializeReference(typeBuilder.reference, name.name);
+      return new EntityRefBuilder(
+          reference: nameRef, typeArguments: typeBuilder.typeArguments);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  List<int> serializeFunctionExpression(FunctionExpression functionExpression) {
+    int localIndex;
+    if (localClosureIndexMap == null) {
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      localIndex = localClosureIndexMap[functionExpression.offset];
+      assert(localIndex != null);
+      return <int>[0, localIndex];
+    }
+  }
+
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeIdentifier(Identifier identifier) {
+    EntityRefBuilder b = new EntityRefBuilder();
+    if (identifier is SimpleIdentifier) {
+      int index = visitor.serializeSimpleReference(identifier.name,
+          allowTypeParameter: true);
+      if (index < 0) {
+        b.paramReference = -index;
+      } else {
+        b.reference = index;
+      }
+    } else if (identifier is PrefixedIdentifier) {
+      int prefix = visitor.serializeSimpleReference(identifier.prefix.name);
+      b.reference =
+          visitor.serializeReference(prefix, identifier.identifier.name);
+    } else {
+      throw new StateError(
+          'Unexpected identifier type: ${identifier.runtimeType}');
+    }
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeIdentifierSequence(Expression expr) {
+    if (expr is Identifier) {
+      AstNode parent = expr.parent;
+      if (parent is MethodInvocation &&
+          parent.methodName == expr &&
+          parent.target != null) {
+        int targetId = serializeIdentifierSequence(parent.target).reference;
+        int nameId = visitor.serializeReference(targetId, expr.name);
+        return new EntityRefBuilder(reference: nameId);
+      }
+      return serializeIdentifier(expr);
+    }
+    if (expr is PropertyAccess) {
+      int targetId = serializeIdentifierSequence(expr.target).reference;
+      int nameId = visitor.serializeReference(targetId, expr.propertyName.name);
+      return new EntityRefBuilder(reference: nameId);
+    } else {
+      throw new StateError('Unexpected node type: ${expr.runtimeType}');
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeType(
+      DartType type, Identifier name, TypeArgumentList arguments) {
+    return visitor.serializeType(name, arguments);
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A [_Scope] represents a set of name/value pairs defined locally within a
+ * limited span of a compilation unit.  (Note that the spec also uses the term
+ * "scope" to refer to the set of names defined at top level within a
+ * compilation unit, but we do not use [_Scope] for that purpose).
+ */
+class _Scope {
+  /**
+   * Names defined in this scope, and their meanings.
+   */
+  Map<String, _ScopedEntity> _definedNames = <String, _ScopedEntity>{};
+
+  /**
+   * Look up the meaning associated with the given [name], and return it.  If
+   * [name] is not defined in this scope, return `null`.
+   */
+  _ScopedEntity operator [](String name) => _definedNames[name];
+
+  /**
+   * Let the given [name] refer to [entity] within this scope.
+   */
+  void operator []=(String name, _ScopedEntity entity) {
+    _definedNames[name] = entity;
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A [_ScopedClassMember] is a [_ScopedEntity] refers to a member of a class.
+ */
+class _ScopedClassMember extends _ScopedEntity {
+  /**
+   * The name of the class.
+   */
+  final String className;
+
+  _ScopedClassMember(this.className);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Base class for entities that can live inside a scope.
+ */
+abstract class _ScopedEntity {}
+
+/**
+ * A [_ScopedTypeParameter] is a [_ScopedEntity] that refers to a type
+ * parameter of a class, typedef, or executable.
+ */
+class _ScopedTypeParameter extends _ScopedEntity {
+  /**
+   * Index of the type parameter within this scope.  Since summaries use De
+   * Bruijn indices to refer to type parameters, which count upwards from the
+   * innermost bound name, the last type parameter in the scope has an index of
+   * 1, and each preceding type parameter has the next higher index.
+   */
+  final int index;
+
+  _ScopedTypeParameter(this.index);
+}
+
+/**
+ * Visitor used to create a summary from an AST.
+ */
+class _SummarizeAstVisitor extends RecursiveAstVisitor {
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.classes].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedClassBuilder> classes = <UnlinkedClassBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.enums].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedEnumBuilder> enums = <UnlinkedEnumBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.executables],
+   * [UnlinkedClass.executables] or [UnlinkedExecutable.localFunctions].
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedExecutableBuilder> executables = <UnlinkedExecutableBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.exports].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedExportNonPublicBuilder> exports =
+      <UnlinkedExportNonPublicBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to
+   * [UnlinkedExecutable.localLabels].
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedLabelBuilder> labels = <UnlinkedLabelBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.parts].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedPartBuilder> parts = <UnlinkedPartBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.typedefs].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedTypedefBuilder> typedefs = <UnlinkedTypedefBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * List of objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.variables],
+   * [UnlinkedClass.fields] or [UnlinkedExecutable.localVariables].
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedVariableBuilder> variables = <UnlinkedVariableBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The unlinked portion of the "imports table".  This is the list of objects
+   * which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.imports].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedImportBuilder> unlinkedImports = <UnlinkedImportBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The unlinked portion of the "references table".  This is the list of
+   * objects which should be written to [UnlinkedUnit.references].
+   */
+  final List<UnlinkedReferenceBuilder> unlinkedReferences =
+      <UnlinkedReferenceBuilder>[new UnlinkedReferenceBuilder()];
+
+  /**
+   * Map associating names used as prefixes in this compilation unit with their
+   * associated indices into [UnlinkedUnit.references].
+   */
+  final Map<String, int> prefixIndices = <String, int>{};
+
+  /**
+   * List of [_Scope]s currently in effect.  This is used to resolve type names
+   * to type parameters within classes, typedefs, and executables, as well as
+   * references to class members.
+   */
+  final List<_Scope> scopes = <_Scope>[];
+
+  /**
+   * True if 'dart:core' has been explicitly imported.
+   */
+  bool hasCoreBeenImported = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Names referenced by this compilation unit.  Structured as a map from
+   * prefix index to (map from name to reference table index), where "prefix
+   * index" means the index into [UnlinkedUnit.references] of the prefix (or
+   * `null` if there is no prefix), and "reference table index" means the index
+   * into [UnlinkedUnit.references] for the name itself.
+   */
+  final Map<int, Map<String, int>> nameToReference = <int, Map<String, int>>{};
+
+  /**
+   * True if the 'dart:core' library is been summarized.
+   */
+  bool isCoreLibrary = false;
+
+  /**
+   * If the library has a library directive, the library name derived from it.
+   * Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  String libraryName;
+
+  /**
+   * If the library has a library directive, the offset of the library name.
+   * Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  int libraryNameOffset;
+
+  /**
+   * If the library has a library directive, the length of the library name, as
+   * it appears in the source file.  Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  int libraryNameLength;
+
+  /**
+   * If the library has a library directive, the documentation comment for it
+   * (if any).  Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  UnlinkedDocumentationCommentBuilder libraryDocumentationComment;
+
+  /**
+   * If the library has a library directive, the annotations for it (if any).
+   * Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedConst> libraryAnnotations = const <UnlinkedConstBuilder>[];
+
+  /**
+   * The number of slot ids which have been assigned to this compilation unit.
+   */
+  int numSlots = 0;
+
+  /**
+   * The [Block] that is being visited now, or `null` for non-local contexts.
+   */
+  Block enclosingBlock = null;
+
+  /**
+   * If an expression is being serialized which can contain closures, map whose
+   * keys are the offsets of local function nodes representing those closures,
+   * and whose values are indices of those local functions relative to their
+   * siblings.
+   */
+  Map<int, int> _localClosureIndexMap;
+
+  /**
+   * Indicates whether closure function bodies should be serialized.  This flag
+   * is set while visiting the bodies of initializer expressions that will be
+   * needed by type inference.
+   */
+  bool _serializeClosureBodyExprs = false;
+
+  /**
+   * If a closure function body is being serialized, the set of closure
+   * parameter names which are currently in scope.  Otherwise `null`.
+   */
+  Set<String> _parameterNames;
+
+  /**
+   * Indicates whether parameters found during visitors might inherit
+   * covariance.
+   */
+  bool _parametersMayInheritCovariance = false;
+
+  /**
+   * Create a slot id for storing a propagated or inferred type or const cycle
+   * info.
+   */
+  int assignSlot() => ++numSlots;
+
+  /**
+   * Build a [_Scope] object containing the names defined within the body of a
+   * class declaration.
+   */
+  _Scope buildClassMemberScope(
+      String className, NodeList<ClassMember> members) {
+    _Scope scope = new _Scope();
+    for (ClassMember member in members) {
+      if (member is MethodDeclaration) {
+        if (member.isSetter || member.isOperator) {
+          // We don't have to handle setters or operators because the only
+          // things we look up are type names and identifiers.
+        } else {
+          scope[member.name.name] = new _ScopedClassMember(className);
+        }
+      } else if (member is FieldDeclaration) {
+        for (VariableDeclaration field in member.fields.variables) {
+          // A field declaration introduces two names, one with a trailing `=`.
+          // We don't have to worry about the one with a trailing `=` because
+          // the only things we look up are type names and identifiers.
+          scope[field.name.name] = new _ScopedClassMember(className);
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    return scope;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the given list of [annotations].  If there are no annotations,
+   * the empty list is returned.
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedConstBuilder> serializeAnnotations(
+      NodeList<Annotation> annotations) {
+    if (annotations == null || annotations.isEmpty) {
+      return const <UnlinkedConstBuilder>[];
+    }
+    return annotations.map((Annotation a) {
+      // Closures can't appear inside annotations, so we don't need a
+      // localClosureIndexMap.
+      Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap = null;
+      _ConstExprSerializer serializer =
+          new _ConstExprSerializer(this, localClosureIndexMap, null);
+      serializer.serializeAnnotation(a);
+      return serializer.toBuilder();
+    }).toList();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a [ClassDeclaration] or [ClassTypeAlias] into an [UnlinkedClass]
+   * and store the result in [classes].
+   */
+  void serializeClass(
+      AstNode node,
+      Token abstractKeyword,
+      String name,
+      int nameOffset,
+      TypeParameterList typeParameters,
+      TypeName superclass,
+      WithClause withClause,
+      ImplementsClause implementsClause,
+      NodeList<ClassMember> members,
+      bool isMixinApplication,
+      Comment documentationComment,
+      NodeList<Annotation> annotations) {
+    int oldScopesLength = scopes.length;
+    List<UnlinkedExecutableBuilder> oldExecutables = executables;
+    executables = <UnlinkedExecutableBuilder>[];
+    List<UnlinkedVariableBuilder> oldVariables = variables;
+    variables = <UnlinkedVariableBuilder>[];
+    _TypeParameterScope typeParameterScope = new _TypeParameterScope();
+    scopes.add(typeParameterScope);
+    UnlinkedClassBuilder b = new UnlinkedClassBuilder();
+    b.name = name;
+    b.nameOffset = nameOffset;
+    b.isMixinApplication = isMixinApplication;
+    b.typeParameters =
+        serializeTypeParameters(typeParameters, typeParameterScope);
+    if (superclass != null) {
+      b.supertype = serializeTypeName(superclass);
+    } else {
+      b.hasNoSupertype = isCoreLibrary && name == 'Object';
+    }
+    if (withClause != null) {
+      b.mixins = withClause.mixinTypes.map(serializeTypeName).toList();
+    }
+    if (implementsClause != null) {
+      b.interfaces =
+          implementsClause.interfaces.map(serializeTypeName).toList();
+    }
+    if (members != null) {
+      scopes.add(buildClassMemberScope(name, members));
+      for (ClassMember member in members) {
+        member.accept(this);
+      }
+      scopes.removeLast();
+    }
+    b.executables = executables;
+    b.fields = variables;
+    b.isAbstract = abstractKeyword != null;
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(annotations);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    classes.add(b);
+    scopes.removeLast();
+    assert(scopes.length == oldScopesLength);
+    executables = oldExecutables;
+    variables = oldVariables;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Create a [CodeRangeBuilder] for the given [node].
+   */
+  CodeRangeBuilder serializeCodeRange(AstNode node) {
+    return new CodeRangeBuilder(offset: node.offset, length: node.length);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a [Combinator] into an [UnlinkedCombinator].
+   */
+  UnlinkedCombinatorBuilder serializeCombinator(Combinator combinator) {
+    UnlinkedCombinatorBuilder b = new UnlinkedCombinatorBuilder();
+    if (combinator is ShowCombinator) {
+      b.shows =
+          combinator.shownNames.map((SimpleIdentifier id) => id.name).toList();
+      b.offset = combinator.offset;
+      b.end = combinator.end;
+    } else if (combinator is HideCombinator) {
+      b.hides =
+          combinator.hiddenNames.map((SimpleIdentifier id) => id.name).toList();
+    } else {
+      throw new StateError(
+          'Unexpected combinator type: ${combinator.runtimeType}');
+    }
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Main entry point for serializing an AST.
+   */
+  UnlinkedUnitBuilder serializeCompilationUnit(
+      CompilationUnit compilationUnit) {
+    compilationUnit.directives.accept(this);
+    if (!hasCoreBeenImported) {
+      unlinkedImports.add(new UnlinkedImportBuilder(isImplicit: true));
+    }
+    compilationUnit.declarations.accept(this);
+    UnlinkedUnitBuilder b = new UnlinkedUnitBuilder();
+    b.lineStarts = compilationUnit.lineInfo?.lineStarts;
+    b.libraryName = libraryName;
+    b.libraryNameOffset = libraryNameOffset;
+    b.libraryNameLength = libraryNameLength;
+    b.libraryDocumentationComment = libraryDocumentationComment;
+    b.libraryAnnotations = libraryAnnotations;
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(compilationUnit);
+    b.classes = classes;
+    b.enums = enums;
+    b.executables = executables;
+    b.exports = exports;
+    b.imports = unlinkedImports;
+    b.parts = parts;
+    b.references = unlinkedReferences;
+    b.typedefs = typedefs;
+    b.variables = variables;
+    b.publicNamespace = computePublicNamespace(compilationUnit);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the given [expression], creating an [UnlinkedConstBuilder].
+   */
+  UnlinkedConstBuilder serializeConstExpr(
+      Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap, Expression expression,
+      [Set<String> parameterNames]) {
+    _ConstExprSerializer serializer =
+        new _ConstExprSerializer(this, localClosureIndexMap, parameterNames);
+    serializer.serialize(expression);
+    return serializer.toBuilder();
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the given [declaredIdentifier] into [UnlinkedVariable], and
+   * store it in [variables].
+   */
+  void serializeDeclaredIdentifier(
+      AstNode scopeNode,
+      Comment documentationComment,
+      NodeList<Annotation> annotations,
+      bool isFinal,
+      bool isConst,
+      TypeName type,
+      bool assignPropagatedTypeSlot,
+      SimpleIdentifier declaredIdentifier) {
+    UnlinkedVariableBuilder b = new UnlinkedVariableBuilder();
+    b.isFinal = isFinal;
+    b.isConst = isConst;
+    b.name = declaredIdentifier.name;
+    b.nameOffset = declaredIdentifier.offset;
+    b.type = serializeTypeName(type);
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(annotations);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(declaredIdentifier);
+    if (assignPropagatedTypeSlot) {
+      b.propagatedTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+    }
+    b.visibleOffset = scopeNode?.offset;
+    b.visibleLength = scopeNode?.length;
+    this.variables.add(b);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a [Comment] node into an [UnlinkedDocumentationComment] object.
+   */
+  UnlinkedDocumentationCommentBuilder serializeDocumentation(
+      Comment documentationComment) {
+    if (documentationComment == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    String text = documentationComment.tokens
+        .map((Token t) => t.toString())
+        .join()
+        .replaceAll('\r\n', '\n');
+    return new UnlinkedDocumentationCommentBuilder(text: text);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a [FunctionDeclaration] or [MethodDeclaration] into an
+   * [UnlinkedExecutable].
+   *
+   * If [serializeBodyExpr] is `true`, then the function definition is stored
+   * in [UnlinkedExecutableBuilder.bodyExpr].
+   */
+  UnlinkedExecutableBuilder serializeExecutable(
+      AstNode node,
+      String name,
+      int nameOffset,
+      bool isGetter,
+      bool isSetter,
+      TypeName returnType,
+      FormalParameterList formalParameters,
+      FunctionBody body,
+      bool isTopLevel,
+      bool isDeclaredStatic,
+      Comment documentationComment,
+      NodeList<Annotation> annotations,
+      TypeParameterList typeParameters,
+      bool isExternal,
+      bool serializeBodyExpr) {
+    int oldScopesLength = scopes.length;
+    _TypeParameterScope typeParameterScope = new _TypeParameterScope();
+    scopes.add(typeParameterScope);
+    UnlinkedExecutableBuilder b = new UnlinkedExecutableBuilder();
+    String nameString = name;
+    if (isGetter) {
+      b.kind = UnlinkedExecutableKind.getter;
+    } else if (isSetter) {
+      b.kind = UnlinkedExecutableKind.setter;
+      nameString = '$nameString=';
+    } else {
+      b.kind = UnlinkedExecutableKind.functionOrMethod;
+    }
+    b.isExternal = isExternal;
+    b.isAbstract = !isExternal && body is EmptyFunctionBody;
+    b.isAsynchronous = body.isAsynchronous;
+    b.isGenerator = body.isGenerator;
+    b.name = nameString;
+    b.nameOffset = nameOffset;
+    b.typeParameters =
+        serializeTypeParameters(typeParameters, typeParameterScope);
+    if (!isTopLevel) {
+      b.isStatic = isDeclaredStatic;
+    }
+    b.returnType = serializeTypeName(returnType);
+    bool isSemanticallyStatic = isTopLevel || isDeclaredStatic;
+    if (formalParameters != null) {
+      bool oldMayInheritCovariance = _parametersMayInheritCovariance;
+      _parametersMayInheritCovariance = !isTopLevel && !isDeclaredStatic;
+      b.parameters = formalParameters.parameters
+          .map((FormalParameter p) => p.accept(this) as UnlinkedParamBuilder)
+          .toList();
+      _parametersMayInheritCovariance = oldMayInheritCovariance;
+      if (!isSemanticallyStatic) {
+        for (int i = 0; i < formalParameters.parameters.length; i++) {
+          if (!b.parameters[i].isFunctionTyped &&
+              b.parameters[i].type == null) {
+            b.parameters[i].inferredTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+          }
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(annotations);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    if (returnType == null && !isSemanticallyStatic) {
+      b.inferredReturnTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+    }
+    b.visibleOffset = enclosingBlock?.offset;
+    b.visibleLength = enclosingBlock?.length;
+    Set<String> oldParameterNames = _parameterNames;
+    if (formalParameters != null && formalParameters.parameters.isNotEmpty) {
+      _parameterNames =
+          _parameterNames == null ? new Set<String>() : _parameterNames.toSet();
+      _parameterNames.addAll(formalParameters.parameters
+          .map((FormalParameter p) => p.identifier.name));
+    }
+    serializeFunctionBody(b, null, body, serializeBodyExpr);
+    _parameterNames = oldParameterNames;
+    scopes.removeLast();
+    assert(scopes.length == oldScopesLength);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Record local functions and variables into the given executable. The given
+   * [body] is usually an actual [FunctionBody], but may be an [Expression]
+   * when we process a synthetic variable initializer function.
+   *
+   * If [initializers] is non-`null`, closures occurring inside the initializers
+   * are serialized first.
+   *
+   * If [serializeBodyExpr] is `true`, then the function definition is stored
+   * in [UnlinkedExecutableBuilder.bodyExpr], and closures occurring inside
+   * [initializers] and [body] have their function bodies serialized as well.
+   *
+   * The return value is a map whose keys are the offsets of local function
+   * nodes representing closures inside [initializers] and [body], and whose
+   * values are the indices of those local functions relative to their siblings.
+   */
+  Map<int, int> serializeFunctionBody(
+      UnlinkedExecutableBuilder b,
+      List<ConstructorInitializer> initializers,
+      AstNode body,
+      bool serializeBodyExpr) {
+    if (body is BlockFunctionBody || body is ExpressionFunctionBody) {
+      for (UnlinkedParamBuilder parameter in b.parameters) {
+        parameter.visibleOffset = body.offset;
+        parameter.visibleLength = body.length;
+      }
+    }
+    List<UnlinkedExecutableBuilder> oldExecutables = executables;
+    List<UnlinkedLabelBuilder> oldLabels = labels;
+    List<UnlinkedVariableBuilder> oldVariables = variables;
+    Map<int, int> oldLocalClosureIndexMap = _localClosureIndexMap;
+    bool oldSerializeClosureBodyExprs = _serializeClosureBodyExprs;
+    executables = <UnlinkedExecutableBuilder>[];
+    labels = <UnlinkedLabelBuilder>[];
+    variables = <UnlinkedVariableBuilder>[];
+    _localClosureIndexMap = <int, int>{};
+    _serializeClosureBodyExprs = serializeBodyExpr;
+    if (initializers != null) {
+      for (ConstructorInitializer initializer in initializers) {
+        initializer.accept(this);
+      }
+    }
+    body.accept(this);
+    if (serializeBodyExpr) {
+      if (body is Expression) {
+        b.bodyExpr =
+            serializeConstExpr(_localClosureIndexMap, body, _parameterNames);
+      } else if (body is ExpressionFunctionBody) {
+        b.bodyExpr = serializeConstExpr(
+            _localClosureIndexMap, body.expression, _parameterNames);
+      } else {
+        // TODO(paulberry): serialize other types of function bodies.
+      }
+    }
+    b.localFunctions = executables;
+    b.localLabels = labels;
+    b.localVariables = variables;
+    Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap = _localClosureIndexMap;
+    executables = oldExecutables;
+    labels = oldLabels;
+    variables = oldVariables;
+    _localClosureIndexMap = oldLocalClosureIndexMap;
+    _serializeClosureBodyExprs = oldSerializeClosureBodyExprs;
+    return localClosureIndexMap;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the return type and parameters of a function-typed formal
+   * parameter and store them in [b].
+   */
+  void serializeFunctionTypedParameterDetails(UnlinkedParamBuilder b,
+      TypeName returnType, FormalParameterList parameters) {
+    EntityRefBuilder serializedReturnType = serializeTypeName(returnType);
+    if (serializedReturnType != null) {
+      b.type = serializedReturnType;
+    }
+    bool oldMayInheritCovariance = _parametersMayInheritCovariance;
+    _parametersMayInheritCovariance = false;
+    b.parameters = parameters.parameters
+        .map((FormalParameter p) => p.accept(this) as UnlinkedParamBuilder)
+        .toList();
+    _parametersMayInheritCovariance = oldMayInheritCovariance;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * If the given [expression] is not `null`, serialize it as an
+   * [UnlinkedExecutableBuilder], otherwise return `null`.
+   *
+   * If [serializeBodyExpr] is `true`, then the initializer expression is stored
+   * in [UnlinkedExecutableBuilder.bodyExpr].
+   */
+  UnlinkedExecutableBuilder serializeInitializerFunction(
+      Expression expression, bool serializeBodyExpr) {
+    if (expression == null) {
+      return null;
+    }
+    UnlinkedExecutableBuilder initializer =
+        new UnlinkedExecutableBuilder(nameOffset: expression.offset);
+    serializeFunctionBody(initializer, null, expression, serializeBodyExpr);
+    initializer.inferredReturnTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+    return initializer;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a [FieldFormalParameter], [FunctionTypedFormalParameter], or
+   * [SimpleFormalParameter] into an [UnlinkedParam].
+   */
+  UnlinkedParamBuilder serializeParameter(NormalFormalParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedParamBuilder b = new UnlinkedParamBuilder();
+    b.name = node.identifier.name;
+    b.nameOffset = node.identifier.offset;
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    if (_parametersMayInheritCovariance) {
+      b.inheritsCovariantSlot = assignSlot();
+    }
+    switch (node.kind) {
+      case ParameterKind.REQUIRED:
+        b.kind = UnlinkedParamKind.required;
+        break;
+      case ParameterKind.POSITIONAL:
+        b.kind = UnlinkedParamKind.positional;
+        break;
+      case ParameterKind.NAMED:
+        b.kind = UnlinkedParamKind.named;
+        break;
+      default:
+        throw new StateError('Unexpected parameter kind: ${node.kind}');
+    }
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a reference to a top level name declared elsewhere, by adding an
+   * entry to the references table if necessary.  If [prefixIndex] is not null,
+   * the reference is associated with the prefix having the given index in the
+   * references table.
+   */
+  int serializeReference(int prefixIndex, String name) => nameToReference
+          .putIfAbsent(prefixIndex, () => <String, int>{})
+          .putIfAbsent(name, () {
+        int index = unlinkedReferences.length;
+        unlinkedReferences.add(new UnlinkedReferenceBuilder(
+            prefixReference: prefixIndex, name: name));
+        return index;
+      });
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a reference to a name declared either at top level or in a
+   * nested scope.
+   *
+   * If [allowTypeParameter] is `true`, then references to type
+   * parameters are allowed, and are returned as negative numbers.
+   */
+  int serializeSimpleReference(String name, {bool allowTypeParameter: false}) {
+    int indexOffset = 0;
+    for (int i = scopes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+      _Scope scope = scopes[i];
+      _ScopedEntity entity = scope[name];
+      if (entity != null) {
+        if (entity is _ScopedClassMember) {
+          return serializeReference(
+              serializeReference(null, entity.className), name);
+        } else if (allowTypeParameter && entity is _ScopedTypeParameter) {
+          int paramReference = indexOffset + entity.index;
+          return -paramReference;
+        } else {
+          // Invalid reference to a type parameter.  Should never happen in
+          // legal Dart code.
+          // TODO(paulberry): could this exception ever be uncaught in illegal
+          // code?
+          throw new StateError('Invalid identifier reference');
+        }
+      }
+      if (scope is _TypeParameterScope) {
+        indexOffset += scope.length;
+      }
+    }
+    return serializeReference(null, name);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a type name (which might be defined in a nested scope, at top
+   * level within this library, or at top level within an imported library) to
+   * a [EntityRef].  Note that this method does the right thing if the
+   * name doesn't refer to an entity other than a type (e.g. a class member).
+   */
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeType(
+      Identifier identifier, TypeArgumentList typeArguments) {
+    if (identifier == null) {
+      return null;
+    } else {
+      EntityRefBuilder b = new EntityRefBuilder();
+      if (identifier is SimpleIdentifier) {
+        String name = identifier.name;
+        int indexOffset = 0;
+        for (int i = scopes.length - 1; i >= 0; i--) {
+          _Scope scope = scopes[i];
+          _ScopedEntity entity = scope[name];
+          if (entity != null) {
+            if (entity is _ScopedTypeParameter) {
+              b.paramReference = indexOffset + entity.index;
+              return b;
+            } else {
+              // None of the other things that can be declared in local scopes
+              // are types, so this is an error and should be treated as a
+              // reference to `dynamic`.
+              b.reference = serializeReference(null, 'dynamic');
+              return b;
+            }
+          }
+          if (scope is _TypeParameterScope) {
+            indexOffset += scope.length;
+          }
+        }
+        b.reference = serializeReference(null, name);
+      } else if (identifier is PrefixedIdentifier) {
+        int prefixIndex = prefixIndices.putIfAbsent(identifier.prefix.name,
+            () => serializeSimpleReference(identifier.prefix.name));
+        b.reference =
+            serializeReference(prefixIndex, identifier.identifier.name);
+      } else {
+        throw new StateError(
+            'Unexpected identifier type: ${identifier.runtimeType}');
+      }
+      if (typeArguments != null) {
+        b.typeArguments =
+            typeArguments.arguments.map(serializeTypeName).toList();
+      }
+      return b;
+    }
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize a type name (which might be defined in a nested scope, at top
+   * level within this library, or at top level within an imported library) to
+   * a [EntityRef].  Note that this method does the right thing if the
+   * name doesn't refer to an entity other than a type (e.g. a class member).
+   */
+  EntityRefBuilder serializeTypeName(TypeName node) {
+    return serializeType(node?.name, node?.typeArguments);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the given [typeParameters] into a list of [UnlinkedTypeParam]s,
+   * and also store them in [typeParameterScope].
+   */
+  List<UnlinkedTypeParamBuilder> serializeTypeParameters(
+      TypeParameterList typeParameters,
+      _TypeParameterScope typeParameterScope) {
+    if (typeParameters != null) {
+      for (int i = 0; i < typeParameters.typeParameters.length; i++) {
+        TypeParameter typeParameter = typeParameters.typeParameters[i];
+        typeParameterScope[typeParameter.name.name] =
+            new _ScopedTypeParameter(typeParameters.typeParameters.length - i);
+      }
+      return typeParameters.typeParameters.map(visitTypeParameter).toList();
+    }
+    return const <UnlinkedTypeParamBuilder>[];
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Serialize the given [variables] into [UnlinkedVariable]s, and store them
+   * in [this.variables].
+   */
+  void serializeVariables(
+      AstNode scopeNode,
+      VariableDeclarationList variables,
+      bool isDeclaredStatic,
+      Comment documentationComment,
+      NodeList<Annotation> annotations,
+      bool isField) {
+    for (VariableDeclaration variable in variables.variables) {
+      UnlinkedVariableBuilder b = new UnlinkedVariableBuilder();
+      b.isFinal = variables.isFinal;
+      b.isConst = variables.isConst;
+      b.isStatic = isDeclaredStatic;
+      b.name = variable.name.name;
+      b.nameOffset = variable.name.offset;
+      b.type = serializeTypeName(variables.type);
+      b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(documentationComment);
+      b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(annotations);
+      b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(variables.parent);
+      bool serializeBodyExpr = variable.isConst ||
+          variable.isFinal && isField && !isDeclaredStatic ||
+          variables.type == null;
+      b.initializer =
+          serializeInitializerFunction(variable.initializer, serializeBodyExpr);
+      if (variable.initializer != null &&
+          (variables.isFinal || variables.isConst)) {
+        b.propagatedTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+      }
+      bool isSemanticallyStatic = !isField || isDeclaredStatic;
+      if (variables.type == null &&
+          (variable.initializer != null || !isSemanticallyStatic)) {
+        b.inferredTypeSlot = assignSlot();
+      }
+      b.visibleOffset = scopeNode?.offset;
+      b.visibleLength = scopeNode?.length;
+      this.variables.add(b);
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitBlock(Block node) {
+    Block oldBlock = enclosingBlock;
+    enclosingBlock = node;
+    super.visitBlock(node);
+    enclosingBlock = oldBlock;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitCatchClause(CatchClause node) {
+    SimpleIdentifier exception = node.exceptionParameter;
+    SimpleIdentifier st = node.stackTraceParameter;
+    if (exception != null) {
+      serializeDeclaredIdentifier(
+          node, null, null, false, false, node.exceptionType, false, exception);
+    }
+    if (st != null) {
+      serializeDeclaredIdentifier(
+          node, null, null, false, false, null, false, st);
+    }
+    super.visitCatchClause(node);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitClassDeclaration(ClassDeclaration node) {
+    TypeName superclass =
+        node.extendsClause == null ? null : node.extendsClause.superclass;
+    serializeClass(
+        node,
+        node.abstractKeyword,
+        node.name.name,
+        node.name.offset,
+        node.typeParameters,
+        superclass,
+        node.withClause,
+        node.implementsClause,
+        node.members,
+        false,
+        node.documentationComment,
+        node.metadata);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitClassTypeAlias(ClassTypeAlias node) {
+    serializeClass(
+        node,
+        node.abstractKeyword,
+        node.name.name,
+        node.name.offset,
+        node.typeParameters,
+        node.superclass,
+        node.withClause,
+        node.implementsClause,
+        null,
+        true,
+        node.documentationComment,
+        node.metadata);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitConstructorDeclaration(ConstructorDeclaration node) {
+    UnlinkedExecutableBuilder b = new UnlinkedExecutableBuilder();
+    if (node.name != null) {
+      b.name = node.name.name;
+      b.nameOffset = node.name.offset;
+      b.periodOffset = node.period.offset;
+      b.nameEnd = node.name.end;
+    } else {
+      b.nameOffset = node.returnType.offset;
+    }
+    b.parameters = node.parameters.parameters
+        .map((FormalParameter p) => p.accept(this) as UnlinkedParamBuilder)
+        .toList();
+    b.kind = UnlinkedExecutableKind.constructor;
+    if (node.factoryKeyword != null) {
+      b.isFactory = true;
+      if (node.redirectedConstructor != null) {
+        b.isRedirectedConstructor = true;
+        TypeName typeName = node.redirectedConstructor.type;
+        // Closures can't appear inside factory constructor redirections, so we
+        // don't need a localClosureIndexMap.
+        Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap = null;
+        b.redirectedConstructor =
+            new _ConstExprSerializer(this, localClosureIndexMap, null)
+                .serializeConstructorRef(null, typeName.name,
+                    typeName.typeArguments, node.redirectedConstructor.name);
+      }
+    } else {
+      for (ConstructorInitializer initializer in node.initializers) {
+        if (initializer is RedirectingConstructorInvocation) {
+          b.isRedirectedConstructor = true;
+          b.redirectedConstructorName = initializer.constructorName?.name;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+    if (node.constKeyword != null) {
+      b.isConst = true;
+      b.constCycleSlot = assignSlot();
+    }
+    b.isExternal = node.externalKeyword != null;
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(node.documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    Map<int, int> localClosureIndexMap = serializeFunctionBody(
+        b, node.initializers, node.body, node.constKeyword != null);
+    if (node.constKeyword != null) {
+      Set<String> constructorParameterNames =
+          node.parameters.parameters.map((p) => p.identifier.name).toSet();
+      b.constantInitializers = node.initializers
+          .map((ConstructorInitializer initializer) =>
+              serializeConstructorInitializer(initializer, (Expression expr) {
+                return serializeConstExpr(
+                    localClosureIndexMap, expr, constructorParameterNames);
+              }))
+          .toList();
+    }
+    executables.add(b);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  UnlinkedParamBuilder visitDefaultFormalParameter(
+      DefaultFormalParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedParamBuilder b =
+        node.parameter.accept(this) as UnlinkedParamBuilder;
+    b.initializer = serializeInitializerFunction(node.defaultValue, true);
+    if (node.defaultValue != null) {
+      b.defaultValueCode = node.defaultValue.toSource();
+    }
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitEnumDeclaration(EnumDeclaration node) {
+    UnlinkedEnumBuilder b = new UnlinkedEnumBuilder();
+    b.name = node.name.name;
+    b.nameOffset = node.name.offset;
+    b.values = node.constants
+        .map((EnumConstantDeclaration value) => new UnlinkedEnumValueBuilder(
+            documentationComment:
+                serializeDocumentation(value.documentationComment),
+            name: value.name.name,
+            nameOffset: value.name.offset))
+        .toList();
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(node.documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    enums.add(b);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitExportDirective(ExportDirective node) {
+    UnlinkedExportNonPublicBuilder b = new UnlinkedExportNonPublicBuilder(
+        uriOffset: node.uri.offset, uriEnd: node.uri.end, offset: node.offset);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    exports.add(b);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitFieldDeclaration(FieldDeclaration node) {
+    serializeVariables(null, node.fields, node.staticKeyword != null,
+        node.documentationComment, node.metadata, true);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  UnlinkedParamBuilder visitFieldFormalParameter(FieldFormalParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedParamBuilder b = serializeParameter(node);
+    b.isInitializingFormal = true;
+    if (node.type != null || node.parameters != null) {
+      b.isFunctionTyped = node.parameters != null;
+      if (node.parameters != null) {
+        serializeFunctionTypedParameterDetails(b, node.type, node.parameters);
+      } else {
+        b.type = serializeTypeName(node.type);
+      }
+    }
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitForEachStatement(ForEachStatement node) {
+    DeclaredIdentifier loopVariable = node.loopVariable;
+    if (loopVariable != null) {
+      serializeDeclaredIdentifier(
+          node,
+          loopVariable.documentationComment,
+          loopVariable.metadata,
+          loopVariable.isFinal,
+          loopVariable.isConst,
+          loopVariable.type,
+          true,
+          loopVariable.identifier);
+    }
+    super.visitForEachStatement(node);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitForStatement(ForStatement node) {
+    VariableDeclarationList declaredVariables = node.variables;
+    if (declaredVariables != null) {
+      serializeVariables(node, declaredVariables, false, null, null, false);
+    }
+    super.visitForStatement(node);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitFunctionDeclaration(FunctionDeclaration node) {
+    executables.add(serializeExecutable(
+        node,
+        node.name.name,
+        node.name.offset,
+        node.isGetter,
+        node.isSetter,
+        node.returnType,
+        node.functionExpression.parameters,
+        node.functionExpression.body,
+        true,
+        false,
+        node.documentationComment,
+        node.metadata,
+        node.functionExpression.typeParameters,
+        node.externalKeyword != null,
+        false));
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitFunctionExpression(FunctionExpression node) {
+    if (node.parent is! FunctionDeclaration) {
+      if (_localClosureIndexMap != null) {
+        _localClosureIndexMap[node.offset] = executables.length;
+      }
+      executables.add(serializeExecutable(
+          node,
+          null,
+          node.offset,
+          false,
+          false,
+          null,
+          node.parameters,
+          node.body,
+          false,
+          false,
+          null,
+          null,
+          node.typeParameters,
+          false,
+          _serializeClosureBodyExprs));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitFunctionTypeAlias(FunctionTypeAlias node) {
+    int oldScopesLength = scopes.length;
+    _TypeParameterScope typeParameterScope = new _TypeParameterScope();
+    scopes.add(typeParameterScope);
+    UnlinkedTypedefBuilder b = new UnlinkedTypedefBuilder();
+    b.name = node.name.name;
+    b.nameOffset = node.name.offset;
+    b.typeParameters =
+        serializeTypeParameters(node.typeParameters, typeParameterScope);
+    EntityRefBuilder serializedReturnType = serializeTypeName(node.returnType);
+    if (serializedReturnType != null) {
+      b.returnType = serializedReturnType;
+    }
+    b.parameters = node.parameters.parameters
+        .map((FormalParameter p) => p.accept(this) as UnlinkedParamBuilder)
+        .toList();
+    b.documentationComment = serializeDocumentation(node.documentationComment);
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    typedefs.add(b);
+    scopes.removeLast();
+    assert(scopes.length == oldScopesLength);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  UnlinkedParamBuilder visitFunctionTypedFormalParameter(
+      FunctionTypedFormalParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedParamBuilder b = serializeParameter(node);
+    b.isFunctionTyped = true;
+    serializeFunctionTypedParameterDetails(b, node.returnType, node.parameters);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitImportDirective(ImportDirective node) {
+    UnlinkedImportBuilder b = new UnlinkedImportBuilder();
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    if (node.uri.stringValue == 'dart:core') {
+      hasCoreBeenImported = true;
+    }
+    b.offset = node.offset;
+    b.combinators = node.combinators.map(serializeCombinator).toList();
+    b.configurations = node.configurations.map(serializeConfiguration).toList();
+    if (node.prefix != null) {
+      b.prefixReference = serializeReference(null, node.prefix.name);
+      b.prefixOffset = node.prefix.offset;
+    }
+    b.isDeferred = node.deferredKeyword != null;
+    b.uri = node.uri.stringValue;
+    b.uriOffset = node.uri.offset;
+    b.uriEnd = node.uri.end;
+    unlinkedImports.add(b);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitLabel(Label node) {
+    AstNode parent = node.parent;
+    if (parent is! NamedExpression) {
+      labels.add(new UnlinkedLabelBuilder(
+          name: node.label.name,
+          nameOffset: node.offset,
+          isOnSwitchMember: parent is SwitchMember,
+          isOnSwitchStatement: parent is LabeledStatement &&
+              parent.statement is SwitchStatement));
+    }
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitLibraryDirective(LibraryDirective node) {
+    libraryName =
+        node.name.components.map((SimpleIdentifier id) => id.name).join('.');
+    libraryNameOffset = node.name.offset;
+    libraryNameLength = node.name.length;
+    isCoreLibrary = libraryName == 'dart.core';
+    libraryDocumentationComment =
+        serializeDocumentation(node.documentationComment);
+    libraryAnnotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitMethodDeclaration(MethodDeclaration node) {
+    executables.add(serializeExecutable(
+        node,
+        node.name.name,
+        node.name.offset,
+        node.isGetter,
+        node.isSetter,
+        node.returnType,
+        node.parameters,
+        node.body,
+        false,
+        node.isStatic,
+        node.documentationComment,
+        node.metadata,
+        node.typeParameters,
+        node.externalKeyword != null,
+        false));
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitPartDirective(PartDirective node) {
+    parts.add(new UnlinkedPartBuilder(
+        uriOffset: node.uri.offset,
+        uriEnd: node.uri.end,
+        annotations: serializeAnnotations(node.metadata)));
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitPartOfDirective(PartOfDirective node) {
+    isCoreLibrary = node.libraryName.name == 'dart.core';
+  }
+
+  @override
+  UnlinkedParamBuilder visitSimpleFormalParameter(SimpleFormalParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedParamBuilder b = serializeParameter(node);
+    b.type = serializeTypeName(node.type);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitTopLevelVariableDeclaration(TopLevelVariableDeclaration node) {
+    serializeVariables(null, node.variables, false, node.documentationComment,
+        node.metadata, false);
+  }
+
+  @override
+  UnlinkedTypeParamBuilder visitTypeParameter(TypeParameter node) {
+    UnlinkedTypeParamBuilder b = new UnlinkedTypeParamBuilder();
+    b.name = node.name.name;
+    b.nameOffset = node.name.offset;
+    if (node.bound != null) {
+      b.bound = serializeTypeName(node.bound);
+    }
+    b.annotations = serializeAnnotations(node.metadata);
+    b.codeRange = serializeCodeRange(node);
+    return b;
+  }
+
+  @override
+  void visitVariableDeclarationStatement(VariableDeclarationStatement node) {
+    serializeVariables(
+        enclosingBlock, node.variables, false, null, null, false);
+  }
+
+  /**
+   * Helper method to determine if a given [typeName] refers to `dynamic`.
+   */
+  static bool isDynamic(TypeName typeName) {
+    Identifier name = typeName.name;
+    return name is SimpleIdentifier && name.name == 'dynamic';
+  }
+}
+
+/**
+ * A [_TypeParameterScope] is a [_Scope] which defines [_ScopedTypeParameter]s.
+ */
+class _TypeParameterScope extends _Scope {
+  /**
+   * Get the number of [_ScopedTypeParameter]s defined in this
+   * [_TypeParameterScope].
+   */
+  int get length => _definedNames.length;
+}