Implement type inference for try/catch blocks.

pkg/front_end/testcases/inference/try_catch_finally.dart.strong.expect

+library test;
+import self as self;
+import "dart:core" as core;
+
+class C extends core::Object {
+  constructor •() → void
+    : super core::Object::•()
+    ;
+}
+class D extends core::Object {
+  constructor •() → void
+    : super core::Object::•()
+    ;
+}
+class E extends core::Object {
+  constructor •() → void
+    : super core::Object::•()
+    ;
+}
+static method test(() → void f) → void {
+  try
+    try {
+      core::int x = 0;
+      f.call();
+    }
+    on self::C catch(no-exception-var) {
+      core::int x = 0;
+    }
+    on self::D catch(final self::D x) {
+      self::D x2 = x;
+    }
+    on self::E catch(final self::E x, final core::StackTrace y) {
+      self::E x2 = x;
+      core::StackTrace y2 = y;
+    }
+    on dynamic catch(final dynamic x, final core::StackTrace y) {
+      dynamic x2 = x;
+      core::StackTrace y2 = y;
+    }
+  finally {
+    core::int x = 0;
+  }
+}
+static method main() → dynamic {}