[kernel] Delete most of the AST

runtime/vm/kernel_binary.cc

 // Copyright (c) 2016, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
 // for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
 // BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
 #if !defined(DART_PRECOMPILED_RUNTIME)
 
 #include "vm/kernel_binary.h"
 #include "platform/globals.h"
 #include "vm/flags.h"
 #include "vm/growable_array.h"
 #include "vm/kernel.h"
 #include "vm/kernel_to_il.h"
 #include "vm/os.h"
 
-#if defined(DEBUG)
-#define TRACE_READ_OFFSET()                                                    \
-  do {                                                                         \
-    if (FLAG_trace_kernel_binary) reader->DumpOffset(DART_PRETTY_FUNCTION);    \
-  } while (0)
-#else
-#define TRACE_READ_OFFSET()
-#endif
 
 namespace dart {
 
 
 namespace kernel {
 
-
-Reader::~Reader() {
-  delete[] string_offsets_;
-  delete[] canonical_name_parents_;
-  delete[] canonical_name_strings_;
-}
-
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename IT>
-void List<T>::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, TreeNode* parent) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ASSERT(parent != NULL);
-  int length = reader->ReadListLength();
-  EnsureInitialized(length);
-
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length_; i++) {
-    IT* object = GetOrCreate<IT>(i, parent);
-    object->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-}
-
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename IT>
-void List<T>::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  int length = reader->ReadListLength();
-  EnsureInitialized(length);
-
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length_; i++) {
-    GetOrCreate<IT>(i)->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-}
-
-
-template <typename T>
-template <typename IT>
-void List<T>::ReadFromStatic(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  int length = reader->ReadListLength();
-  EnsureInitialized(length);
-
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length_; i++) {
-    ASSERT(array_[i] == NULL);
-    array_[i] = IT::ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-}
-
-
-void TypeParameterList::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  // It is possible for the bound of the first type parameter to refer to
-  // the second type parameter. This means we need to create [TypeParameter]
-  // objects before reading the bounds.
-  int length = reader->ReadListLength();
-  EnsureInitialized(length);
-
-  // Make all [TypeParameter]s available in scope.
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    TypeParameter* parameter = (*this)[i] = new TypeParameter();
-    reader->helper()->type_parameters().Push(parameter);
-  }
-
-  if (length > 0) {
-    // Read all [TypeParameter]s and their bounds.
-    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-      (*this)[i]->ReadFrom(reader);
-    }
-    first_offset = (*this)[0]->kernel_offset_;
-  }
-}
-
-
-NamedParameter* NamedParameter::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StringIndex name_index(reader->ReadUInt());
-  DartType* type = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  return new NamedParameter(name_index, type);
-}
-
-
-template <typename B, typename S>
-class DowncastReader {
- public:
-  static S* ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-    TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-    return S::Cast(B::ReadFrom(reader));
-  }
-};
-
-
-class VariableDeclarationImpl {
- public:
-  static VariableDeclaration* ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-    TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-    return VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, false);
-  }
-};
-
-
-void SourceTable::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  size_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  sources_ = new Source[size_];
-
-  // Build a table of the URI offsets.
-  intptr_t* end_offsets = new intptr_t[size_];
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size_; ++i) {
-    end_offsets[i] = reader->ReadUInt();
-  }
-
-  // Read the URI strings.
-  intptr_t start_offset = 0;
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size_; ++i) {
-    intptr_t length = end_offsets[i] - start_offset;
-    uint8_t* buffer = new uint8_t[length];
-    memmove(buffer, reader->buffer() + reader->offset(), length);
-    reader->Consume(length);
-
-    sources_[i].uri_ = buffer;
-    sources_[i].uri_size_ = length;
-
-    start_offset = end_offsets[i];
-  }
-
-  // Read the source code strings and line starts.
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < size_; ++i) {
-    intptr_t length = reader->ReadUInt();
-    uint8_t* string_buffer = new uint8_t[length];
-    memmove(string_buffer, reader->buffer() + reader->offset(), length);
-    reader->Consume(length);
-    intptr_t line_count = reader->ReadUInt();
-    intptr_t* line_starts = new intptr_t[line_count];
-    intptr_t previous_line_start = 0;
-    for (intptr_t j = 0; j < line_count; ++j) {
-      intptr_t line_start = reader->ReadUInt() + previous_line_start;
-      line_starts[j] = line_start;
-      previous_line_start = line_start;
-    }
-
-    sources_[i].source_code_ = string_buffer;
-    sources_[i].source_code_size_ = length;
-    sources_[i].line_starts_ = line_starts;
-    sources_[i].line_count_ = line_count;
-  }
-}
-
-
-Library* Library::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();  // no tag.
-  int flags = reader->ReadFlags();
-  ASSERT(flags == 0);  // external libraries not supported
-  kernel_data_ = reader->buffer();
-  kernel_data_size_ = reader->size();
-
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  import_uri_index_ = reader->CanonicalNameString(canonical_name_);
-  source_uri_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->set_current_script_id(source_uri_index_);
-
-  annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  dependencies().ReadFromStatic<LibraryDependency>(reader);
-  int num_typedefs = reader->ReadUInt();
-  typedefs().EnsureInitialized(num_typedefs);
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_typedefs; i++) {
-    typedefs().GetOrCreate<Typedef>(i, this)->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-  int num_classes = reader->ReadUInt();
-  classes().EnsureInitialized(num_classes);
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_classes; i++) {
-    Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-    ASSERT(tag == kClass);
-    NormalClass* klass = classes().GetOrCreate<NormalClass>(i, this);
-    klass->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-
-  fields().ReadFrom<Field>(reader, this);
-  procedures().ReadFrom<Procedure>(reader, this);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-LibraryDependency* LibraryDependency::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  LibraryDependency* node = new LibraryDependency();
-  node->flags_ = reader->ReadFlags();
-  node->annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  node->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadLibraryFrom(reader);
-  node->name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  node->combinators_.ReadFromStatic<Combinator>(reader);
-
-  return node;
-}
-
-
-Combinator* Combinator::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  Combinator* node = new Combinator();
-  node->is_show_ = (reader->ReadByte() == 1);
-  int num_names = reader->ReadUInt();
-  node->name_indices_.Initialize(num_names);
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_names; ++i) {
-    node->name_indices_[i] = reader->ReadUInt();
-  }
-
-  return node;
-}
-
-
-Typedef* Typedef::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  source_uri_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  type_parameters_.ReadFrom(reader);
-  type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-Class* Class::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  is_abstract_ = reader->ReadBool();
-  name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  source_uri_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->set_current_script_id(source_uri_index_);
-  reader->record_token_position(position_);
-  annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-NormalClass* NormalClass::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Class::ReadFrom(reader);
-  TypeParameterScope<ReaderHelper> scope(reader->helper());
-
-  type_parameters_.ReadFrom(reader);
-  DartType* type = reader->ReadOptional<DartType>();
-
-  super_class_ = InterfaceType::Cast(type);
-  reader->ReadOptional<DartType>();  // Mixed-in type is unused.
-  implemented_classes_.ReadFromStatic<DowncastReader<DartType, InterfaceType> >(
-      reader);
-  fields_.ReadFrom<Field>(reader, this);
-  constructors_.ReadFrom<Constructor>(reader, this);
-  procedures_.ReadFrom<Procedure>(reader, this);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-NameIndex Reference::ReadMemberFrom(Reader* reader, bool allow_null) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex canonical_name = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  if ((canonical_name == -1) && !allow_null) {
-    FATAL("Expected a valid member reference, but got `null`");
-  }
-  return canonical_name;
-}
-
-
-NameIndex Reference::ReadClassFrom(Reader* reader, bool allow_null) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex canonical_name = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  if ((canonical_name == -1) && !allow_null) {
-    FATAL("Expected a valid class reference, but got `null`");
-  }
-  return canonical_name;
-}
-
-
-NameIndex Reference::ReadTypedefFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex canonical_name = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  if (canonical_name == -1) {
-    FATAL("Expected a valid typedef reference, but got `null`");
-  }
-  return canonical_name;
-}
-
-
-NameIndex Reference::ReadLibraryFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex canonical_name = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  if (canonical_name == -1) {
-    FATAL("Expected a valid typedef reference, but got `null`");
-  }
-  return canonical_name;
-}
-
-
-Field* Field::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();  // Notice the ReadTag() below.
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  ASSERT(tag == kField);
-
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  end_position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  flags_ = reader->ReadFlags();
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // parent class binary offset (or 0).
-  name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  source_uri_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->set_current_script_id(source_uri_index_);
-  reader->record_token_position(position_);
-  reader->record_token_position(end_position_);
-  annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  initializer_ = reader->ReadOptional<Expression>();
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-Constructor* Constructor::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();  // Notice the ReadTag() below.
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  ASSERT(tag == kConstructor);
-
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> parameters(reader->helper());
-  position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  end_position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  flags_ = reader->ReadFlags();
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // parent class binary offset.
-  name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  function_ = FunctionNode::ReadFrom(reader);
-  initializers_.ReadFromStatic<Initializer>(reader);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-Procedure* Procedure::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();  // Notice the ReadTag() below.
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  ASSERT(tag == kProcedure);
-
-  canonical_name_ = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> parameters(reader->helper());
-  position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  end_position_ = reader->ReadPosition(false);
-  kind_ = static_cast<ProcedureKind>(reader->ReadByte());
-  flags_ = reader->ReadFlags();
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // parent class binary offset (or 0).
-  name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  source_uri_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->set_current_script_id(source_uri_index_);
-  reader->record_token_position(position_);
-  reader->record_token_position(end_position_);
-  annotations_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  function_ = reader->ReadOptional<FunctionNode>();
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-Initializer* Initializer::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  switch (tag) {
-    case kInvalidInitializer:
-      return InvalidInitializer::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    case kFieldInitializer:
-      return FieldInitializer::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    case kSuperInitializer:
-      return SuperInitializer::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    case kRedirectingInitializer:
-      return RedirectingInitializer::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    case kLocalInitializer:
-      return LocalInitializer::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    default:
-      UNREACHABLE();
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-
-InvalidInitializer* InvalidInitializer::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  return new InvalidInitializer();
-}
-
-
-FieldInitializer* FieldInitializer::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  FieldInitializer* initializer = new FieldInitializer();
-  initializer->field_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  initializer->value_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return initializer;
-}
-
-
-SuperInitializer* SuperInitializer::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  SuperInitializer* init = new SuperInitializer();
-  init->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  init->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return init;
-}
-
-
-RedirectingInitializer* RedirectingInitializer::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  RedirectingInitializer* init = new RedirectingInitializer();
-  init->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  init->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return init;
-}
-
-
-LocalInitializer* LocalInitializer::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  LocalInitializer* init = new LocalInitializer();
-  init->variable_ = VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, false);
-
-  return init;
-}
-
-
-Expression* Expression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  uint8_t payload = 0;
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag(&payload);
-  switch (tag) {
-    case kInvalidExpression:
-      return InvalidExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVariableGet:
-      return VariableGet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSpecializedVariableGet:
-      return VariableGet::ReadFrom(reader, payload);
-    case kVariableSet:
-      return VariableSet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSpecializedVariableSet:
-      return VariableSet::ReadFrom(reader, payload);
-    case kPropertyGet:
-      return PropertyGet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kPropertySet:
-      return PropertySet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kDirectPropertyGet:
-      return DirectPropertyGet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kDirectPropertySet:
-      return DirectPropertySet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kStaticGet:
-      return StaticGet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kStaticSet:
-      return StaticSet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kMethodInvocation:
-      return MethodInvocation::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kDirectMethodInvocation:
-      return DirectMethodInvocation::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kStaticInvocation:
-      return StaticInvocation::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kConstStaticInvocation:
-      return StaticInvocation::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kConstructorInvocation:
-      return ConstructorInvocation::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kConstConstructorInvocation:
-      return ConstructorInvocation::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kNot:
-      return Not::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kLogicalExpression:
-      return LogicalExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kConditionalExpression:
-      return ConditionalExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kStringConcatenation:
-      return StringConcatenation::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kIsExpression:
-      return IsExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kAsExpression:
-      return AsExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSymbolLiteral:
-      return SymbolLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kTypeLiteral:
-      return TypeLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kThisExpression:
-      return ThisExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kRethrow:
-      return Rethrow::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kThrow:
-      return Throw::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kListLiteral:
-      return ListLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kConstListLiteral:
-      return ListLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kMapLiteral:
-      return MapLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kConstMapLiteral:
-      return MapLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kAwaitExpression:
-      return AwaitExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kFunctionExpression:
-      return FunctionExpression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kLet:
-      return Let::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVectorCreation:
-      return VectorCreation::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVectorGet:
-      return VectorGet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVectorSet:
-      return VectorSet::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVectorCopy:
-      return VectorCopy::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kClosureCreation:
-      return ClosureCreation::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kBigIntLiteral:
-      return BigintLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kStringLiteral:
-      return StringLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSpecialIntLiteral:
-      return IntLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, payload);
-    case kNegativeIntLiteral:
-      return IntLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kPositiveIntLiteral:
-      return IntLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kDoubleLiteral:
-      return DoubleLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kTrueLiteral:
-      return BoolLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kFalseLiteral:
-      return BoolLiteral::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kNullLiteral:
-      return NullLiteral::ReadFrom(reader);
-    default:
-      UNREACHABLE();
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-
-InvalidExpression* InvalidExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  InvalidExpression* invalid_expression = new InvalidExpression();
-  invalid_expression->kernel_offset_ =
-      reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  return invalid_expression;
-}
-
-
-VariableGet* VariableGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableGet* get = new VariableGet();
-  get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  get->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  get->variable_kernel_offset_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  get->variable_ = reader->helper()->variables().Lookup(reader->ReadUInt());
-  ASSERT(get->variable_->kernel_offset_no_tag() ==
-         get->variable_kernel_offset_);
-  reader->ReadOptional<DartType>();  // Unused promoted type.
-  return get;
-}
-
-
-VariableGet* VariableGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, uint8_t payload) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableGet* get = new VariableGet();
-  get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  get->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  get->variable_kernel_offset_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  get->variable_ = reader->helper()->variables().Lookup(payload);
-  ASSERT(get->variable_->kernel_offset_no_tag() ==
-         get->variable_kernel_offset_);
-  return get;
-}
-
-
-VariableSet* VariableSet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableSet* set = new VariableSet();
-  set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  set->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  set->variable_kernel_offset_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  set->variable_ = reader->helper()->variables().Lookup(reader->ReadUInt());
-  ASSERT(set->variable_->kernel_offset_no_tag() ==
-         set->variable_kernel_offset_);
-  set->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return set;
-}
-
-
-VariableSet* VariableSet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, uint8_t payload) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableSet* set = new VariableSet();
-  set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  set->variable_ = reader->helper()->variables().Lookup(payload);
-  set->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  set->variable_kernel_offset_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  ASSERT(set->variable_->kernel_offset_no_tag() ==
-         set->variable_kernel_offset_);
-  set->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return set;
-}
-
-
-PropertyGet* PropertyGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  PropertyGet* get = new PropertyGet();
-  get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  get->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  get->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  get->name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  get->interface_target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader, true);
-
-  return get;
-}
-
-
-PropertySet* PropertySet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  PropertySet* set = new PropertySet();
-  set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  set->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  set->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  set->name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  set->value_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  set->interface_target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader, true);
-
-  return set;
-}
-
-
-DirectPropertyGet* DirectPropertyGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  DirectPropertyGet* get = new DirectPropertyGet();
-  get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  get->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  get->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  get->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-
-  return get;
-}
-
-
-DirectPropertySet* DirectPropertySet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  DirectPropertySet* set = new DirectPropertySet();
-  set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  set->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  set->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  set->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  set->value_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return set;
-}
-
-
-StaticGet* StaticGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StaticGet* get = new StaticGet();
-  get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  get->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  get->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  return get;
-}
-
-
-StaticSet* StaticSet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StaticSet* set = new StaticSet();
-  set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  set->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  set->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  set->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return set;
-}
-
-
-Arguments* Arguments::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Arguments* arguments = new Arguments();
-  intptr_t num_arguments = reader->ReadUInt();
-  arguments->types().ReadFromStatic<DartType>(reader);
-  arguments->positional().ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  arguments->named().ReadFromStatic<NamedExpression>(reader);
-  ASSERT(arguments->count() == num_arguments);
-
-  return arguments;
-}
-
-
-NamedExpression* NamedExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StringIndex name_index(reader->ReadUInt());
-  Expression* expression = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  NamedExpression* named = new NamedExpression(name_index, expression);
-
-  return named;
-}
-
-
-MethodInvocation* MethodInvocation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  MethodInvocation* invocation = new MethodInvocation();
-  invocation->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  invocation->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  invocation->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  invocation->name_ = Name::ReadFrom(reader);
-  invocation->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-  invocation->interface_target_reference_ =
-      Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader, true);
-
-  return invocation;
-}
-
-
-DirectMethodInvocation* DirectMethodInvocation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  DirectMethodInvocation* invocation = new DirectMethodInvocation();
-  invocation->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  invocation->receiver_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  invocation->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  invocation->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return invocation;
-}
-
-
-StaticInvocation* StaticInvocation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool is_const) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StaticInvocation* invocation = new StaticInvocation();
-  invocation->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  invocation->is_const_ = is_const;
-  invocation->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  invocation->procedure_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  invocation->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return invocation;
-}
-
-
-ConstructorInvocation* ConstructorInvocation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader,
-                                                       bool is_const) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ConstructorInvocation* invocation = new ConstructorInvocation();
-  invocation->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  invocation->is_const_ = is_const;
-  invocation->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  invocation->target_reference_ = Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  invocation->arguments_ = Arguments::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return invocation;
-}
-
-
-Not* Not::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Not* n = new Not();
-  n->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  n->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return n;
-}
-
-
-LogicalExpression* LogicalExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  LogicalExpression* expr = new LogicalExpression();
-  expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  expr->left_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  expr->operator_ = static_cast<Operator>(reader->ReadByte());
-  expr->right_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return expr;
-}
-
-
-ConditionalExpression* ConditionalExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ConditionalExpression* expr = new ConditionalExpression();
-  expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  expr->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  expr->then_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  expr->otherwise_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  reader->ReadOptional<DartType>();  // Unused static type.
-
-  return expr;
-}
-
-
-StringConcatenation* StringConcatenation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  StringConcatenation* concat = new StringConcatenation();
-  concat->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  concat->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  concat->expressions_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-
-  return concat;
-}
-
-
-IsExpression* IsExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  IsExpression* expr = new IsExpression();
-  expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  expr->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  expr->operand_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  expr->type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return expr;
-}
-
-
-AsExpression* AsExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  AsExpression* expr = new AsExpression();
-  expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  expr->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  expr->operand_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  expr->type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return expr;
-}
-
-
-StringLiteral* StringLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  intptr_t offset = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  StringLiteral* lit = new StringLiteral(StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt()));
-  lit->kernel_offset_ = offset;
-  return lit;
-}
-
-
-BigintLiteral* BigintLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  intptr_t offset = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  BigintLiteral* lit = new BigintLiteral(StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt()));
-  lit->kernel_offset_ = offset;
-  return lit;
-}
-
-
-IntLiteral* IntLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool is_negative) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  IntLiteral* literal = new IntLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->value_ = is_negative ? -static_cast<int64_t>(reader->ReadUInt())
-                                : reader->ReadUInt();
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-IntLiteral* IntLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, uint8_t payload) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  IntLiteral* literal = new IntLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->value_ = static_cast<int32_t>(payload) - SpecializedIntLiteralBias;
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-DoubleLiteral* DoubleLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  DoubleLiteral* literal = new DoubleLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->value_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-BoolLiteral* BoolLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool value) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  BoolLiteral* lit = new BoolLiteral();
-  lit->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  lit->value_ = value;
-  return lit;
-}
-
-
-NullLiteral* NullLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NullLiteral* lit = new NullLiteral();
-  lit->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  return lit;
-}
-
-
-SymbolLiteral* SymbolLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  SymbolLiteral* lit = new SymbolLiteral();
-  lit->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  lit->value_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  return lit;
-}
-
-
-TypeLiteral* TypeLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  TypeLiteral* literal = new TypeLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-ThisExpression* ThisExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ThisExpression* this_expr = new ThisExpression();
-  this_expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  return this_expr;
-}
-
-
-Rethrow* Rethrow::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Rethrow* rethrow = new Rethrow();
-  rethrow->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  rethrow->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  return rethrow;
-}
-
-
-Throw* Throw::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Throw* t = new Throw();
-  t->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  t->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  t->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return t;
-}
-
-
-ListLiteral* ListLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool is_const) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ListLiteral* literal = new ListLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->is_const_ = is_const;
-  literal->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  literal->type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  literal->expressions_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-MapLiteral* MapLiteral::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool is_const) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  MapLiteral* literal = new MapLiteral();
-  literal->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  literal->is_const_ = is_const;
-  literal->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  literal->key_type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  literal->value_type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  literal->entries_.ReadFromStatic<MapEntry>(reader);
-
-  return literal;
-}
-
-
-MapEntry* MapEntry::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  MapEntry* entry = new MapEntry();
-  entry->key_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  entry->value_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return entry;
-}
-
-
-AwaitExpression* AwaitExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  AwaitExpression* await = new AwaitExpression();
-  await->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  await->operand_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return await;
-}
-
-
-FunctionExpression* FunctionExpression::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> parameters(reader->helper());
-  FunctionExpression* expr = new FunctionExpression();
-  expr->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  expr->function_ = FunctionNode::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return expr;
-}
-
-
-Let* Let::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  Let* let = new Let();
-  let->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  let->variable_ = VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, false);
-  let->body_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  let->position_ = reader->min_position();
-  let->end_position_ = reader->max_position();
-
-  return let;
-}
-
-
-VectorCreation* VectorCreation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  VectorCreation* vector_creation = new VectorCreation();
-  vector_creation->kernel_offset_ =
-      reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  vector_creation->value_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-
-  return vector_creation;
-}
-
-
-VectorGet* VectorGet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  VectorGet* vector_get = new VectorGet();
-  vector_get->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  vector_get->vector_expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  vector_get->index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-
-  return vector_get;
-}
-
-
-VectorSet* VectorSet::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  VectorSet* vector_set = new VectorSet();
-  vector_set->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  vector_set->vector_expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  vector_set->index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  vector_set->value_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return vector_set;
-}
-
-
-VectorCopy* VectorCopy::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  VectorCopy* vector_copy = new VectorCopy();
-  vector_copy->kernel_offset_ =
-      reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  vector_copy->vector_expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return vector_copy;
-}
-
-
-ClosureCreation* ClosureCreation::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-
-  ClosureCreation* closure_creation = new ClosureCreation();
-  closure_creation->kernel_offset_ =
-      reader->offset() - 1;  // to include tag byte.
-  closure_creation->top_level_function_reference_ =
-      Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader);
-  closure_creation->context_vector_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  closure_creation->function_type_ =
-      FunctionType::Cast(DartType::ReadFrom(reader));
-
-  return closure_creation;
-}
-
-
-Statement* Statement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  switch (tag) {
-    case kInvalidStatement:
-      return InvalidStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kExpressionStatement:
-      return ExpressionStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kBlock:
-      return Block::ReadFromImpl(reader);
-    case kEmptyStatement:
-      return EmptyStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kAssertStatement:
-      return AssertStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kLabeledStatement:
-      return LabeledStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kBreakStatement:
-      return BreakStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kWhileStatement:
-      return WhileStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kDoStatement:
-      return DoStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kForStatement:
-      return ForStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kForInStatement:
-      return ForInStatement::ReadFrom(reader, false);
-    case kAsyncForInStatement:
-      return ForInStatement::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kSwitchStatement:
-      return SwitchStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kContinueSwitchStatement:
-      return ContinueSwitchStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kIfStatement:
-      return IfStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kReturnStatement:
-      return ReturnStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kTryCatch:
-      return TryCatch::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kTryFinally:
-      return TryFinally::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kYieldStatement:
-      return YieldStatement::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVariableDeclaration:
-      return VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, true);
-    case kFunctionDeclaration:
-      return FunctionDeclaration::ReadFrom(reader);
-    default:
-      UNREACHABLE();
-  }
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-
-InvalidStatement* InvalidStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  InvalidStatement* stmt = new InvalidStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-ExpressionStatement* ExpressionStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  intptr_t offset = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  ExpressionStatement* stmt =
-      new ExpressionStatement(Expression::ReadFrom(reader));
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = offset;
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-Block* Block::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  Block* block = new Block();
-  block->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  block->statements().ReadFromStatic<Statement>(reader);
-  block->position_ = reader->min_position();
-  block->end_position_ = reader->max_position();
-
-  return block;
-}
-
-
-EmptyStatement* EmptyStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  EmptyStatement* stmt = new EmptyStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-AssertStatement* AssertStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  AssertStatement* stmt = new AssertStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  reader->ReadPosition();  // condition start offset.
-  reader->ReadPosition();  // condition end offset.
-  stmt->message_ = reader->ReadOptional<Expression>();
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-LabeledStatement* LabeledStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  LabeledStatement* stmt = new LabeledStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-
-  reader->helper()->labels()->Push(stmt);
-  stmt->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  reader->helper()->labels()->Pop(stmt);
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-BreakStatement* BreakStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  BreakStatement* stmt = new BreakStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  stmt->target_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-WhileStatement* WhileStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  WhileStatement* stmt = new WhileStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  stmt->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-DoStatement* DoStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  DoStatement* dostmt = new DoStatement();
-  dostmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  dostmt->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  dostmt->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return dostmt;
-}
-
-
-ForStatement* ForStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  ForStatement* forstmt = new ForStatement();
-  forstmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  forstmt->variables_.ReadFromStatic<VariableDeclarationImpl>(reader);
-  forstmt->condition_ = reader->ReadOptional<Expression>();
-  forstmt->updates_.ReadFromStatic<Expression>(reader);
-  forstmt->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  forstmt->end_position_ = reader->max_position();
-  forstmt->position_ = reader->min_position();
-
-  return forstmt;
-}
-
-
-ForInStatement* ForInStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool is_async) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  ForInStatement* forinstmt = new ForInStatement();
-  forinstmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  forinstmt->is_async_ = is_async;
-  forinstmt->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  forinstmt->variable_ = VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, false);
-  forinstmt->iterable_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  forinstmt->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  forinstmt->end_position_ = reader->max_position();
-  if (!forinstmt->position_.IsReal()) {
-    forinstmt->position_ = reader->min_position();
-  }
-  forinstmt->variable_->set_end_position(forinstmt->position_);
-
-  return forinstmt;
-}
-
-
-SwitchStatement* SwitchStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  SwitchStatement* stmt = new SwitchStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  int count = reader->ReadUInt();
-  stmt->cases_.EnsureInitialized(count);
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < count; i++) {
-    SwitchCase* sc = stmt->cases_.GetOrCreate<SwitchCase>(i);
-    sc->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-SwitchCase* SwitchCase::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  int length = reader->ReadListLength();
-  expressions_.EnsureInitialized(length);
-
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
-    ASSERT(expressions_[i] == NULL);
-    TokenPosition position = reader->ReadPosition();
-    expressions_[i] = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-    expressions_[i]->set_position(position);
-  }
-  is_default_ = reader->ReadBool();
-  body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return this;
-}
-
-
-ContinueSwitchStatement* ContinueSwitchStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ContinueSwitchStatement* stmt = new ContinueSwitchStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->target_index_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-IfStatement* IfStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  IfStatement* ifstmt = new IfStatement();
-  ifstmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  ifstmt->condition_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-  ifstmt->then_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  ifstmt->otherwise_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return ifstmt;
-}
-
-
-ReturnStatement* ReturnStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  ReturnStatement* ret = new ReturnStatement();
-  ret->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  ret->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  ret->expression_ = reader->ReadOptional<Expression>();
-
-  return ret;
-}
-
-
-TryCatch* TryCatch::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  TryCatch* tc = new TryCatch();
-  tc->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  tc->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  reader->ReadBool();  // whether any catch needs a stacktrace.
-  tc->catches_.ReadFromStatic<Catch>(reader);
-  tc->position_ = reader->min_position();
-
-  return tc;
-}
-
-
-Catch* Catch::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  Catch* c = new Catch();
-  c->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();  // Catch has no tag.
-  c->guard_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  c->exception_ =
-      reader->ReadOptional<VariableDeclaration, VariableDeclarationImpl>();
-  c->stack_trace_ =
-      reader->ReadOptional<VariableDeclaration, VariableDeclarationImpl>();
-  c->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  c->end_position_ = reader->max_position();
-  c->position_ = reader->min_position();
-
-  return c;
-}
-
-
-TryFinally* TryFinally::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  TryFinally* tf = new TryFinally();
-  tf->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  tf->body_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-  tf->finalizer_ = Statement::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return tf;
-}
-
-
-YieldStatement* YieldStatement::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  YieldStatement* stmt = new YieldStatement();
-  stmt->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  stmt->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  reader->record_yield_token_position(stmt->position_);
-  stmt->flags_ = reader->ReadByte();
-  stmt->expression_ = Expression::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return stmt;
-}
-
-
-VariableDeclaration* VariableDeclaration::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  ASSERT(tag == kVariableDeclaration);
-  return VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, true);
-}
-
-
-VariableDeclaration* VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(Reader* reader,
-                                                       bool read_tag) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  PositionScope scope(reader);
-
-  VariableDeclaration* decl = new VariableDeclaration();
-  // -1 or -0 depending on whether there's a tag or not.
-  decl->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - (read_tag ? 1 : 0);
-  decl->kernel_offset_no_tag_ = reader->offset();
-  decl->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  decl->equals_position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  decl->flags_ = reader->ReadFlags();
-  decl->name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  decl->type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  decl->initializer_ = reader->ReadOptional<Expression>();
-
-  // Go to next token position so it ends *after* the last potentially
-  // debuggable position in the initializer.
-  TokenPosition position = reader->max_position();
-  if (position.IsReal()) position.Next();
-  decl->end_position_ = position;
-  reader->helper()->variables().Push(decl);
-
-  return decl;
-}
-
-
-FunctionDeclaration* FunctionDeclaration::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  FunctionDeclaration* decl = new FunctionDeclaration();
-  decl->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset() - 1;  // -1 to include tag byte.
-  decl->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  decl->variable_ = VariableDeclaration::ReadFromImpl(reader, false);
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> parameters(reader->helper());
-  decl->function_ = FunctionNode::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  return decl;
-}
-
-
-Name* Name::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  StringIndex name_index(reader->ReadUInt());
-  if ((reader->StringLength(name_index) >= 1) &&
-      (reader->CharacterAt(name_index, 0) == '_')) {
-    intptr_t library_reference = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-    return new Name(name_index, library_reference);
-  } else {
-    return new Name(name_index, NULL);
-  }
-}
-
-
-DartType* DartType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  switch (tag) {
-    case kInvalidType:
-      return InvalidType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kDynamicType:
-      return DynamicType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVoidType:
-      return VoidType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kBottomType:
-      return BottomType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kInterfaceType:
-      return InterfaceType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSimpleInterfaceType:
-      return InterfaceType::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kFunctionType:
-      return FunctionType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kSimpleFunctionType:
-      return FunctionType::ReadFrom(reader, true);
-    case kTypeParameterType:
-      return TypeParameterType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kVectorType:
-      return VectorType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    case kTypedefType:
-      return TypedefType::ReadFrom(reader);
-    default:
-      UNREACHABLE();
-  }
-  UNREACHABLE();
-  return NULL;
-}
-
-
-InvalidType* InvalidType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  return new InvalidType();
-}
-
-
-DynamicType* DynamicType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  return new DynamicType();
-}
-
-
-VoidType* VoidType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  return new VoidType();
-}
-
-
-BottomType* BottomType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  return new BottomType();
-}
-
-
-InterfaceType* InterfaceType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex klass_name = Reference::ReadClassFrom(reader);
-  InterfaceType* type = new InterfaceType(klass_name);
-  type->type_arguments().ReadFromStatic<DartType>(reader);
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-InterfaceType* InterfaceType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader,
-                                       bool _without_type_arguments_) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex klass_name = Reference::ReadClassFrom(reader);
-  InterfaceType* type = new InterfaceType(klass_name);
-  ASSERT(_without_type_arguments_);
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-TypedefType* TypedefType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  NameIndex typedef_name = Reference::ReadTypedefFrom(reader);
-  TypedefType* type = new TypedefType(typedef_name);
-  type->type_arguments().ReadFromStatic<DartType>(reader);
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-FunctionType* FunctionType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  FunctionType* type = new FunctionType();
-  TypeParameterScope<ReaderHelper> scope(reader->helper());
-  type->type_parameters().ReadFrom(reader);
-  type->required_parameter_count_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  intptr_t total_parameter_count = reader->ReadUInt();
-  type->positional_parameters().ReadFromStatic<DartType>(reader);
-  type->named_parameters().ReadFromStatic<NamedParameter>(reader);
-  ASSERT(type->positional_parameters().length() +
-             type->named_parameters().length() ==
-         total_parameter_count);
-  type->return_type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-FunctionType* FunctionType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader, bool _is_simple_) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  FunctionType* type = new FunctionType();
-  ASSERT(_is_simple_);
-  type->positional_parameters().ReadFromStatic<DartType>(reader);
-  type->required_parameter_count_ = type->positional_parameters().length();
-  type->return_type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-TypeParameterType* TypeParameterType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  TypeParameterType* type = new TypeParameterType();
-  type->parameter_ =
-      reader->helper()->type_parameters().Lookup(reader->ReadUInt());
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // binary offset of parameter list
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // index of parameter
-  // There is an optional promoted bound, currently ignored.
-  delete reader->ReadOptional<DartType>();
-  return type;
-}
-
-
-VectorType* VectorType::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  VectorType* type = new VectorType();
-  return type;
-}
-
-
 Program* Program::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
   uint32_t magic = reader->ReadUInt32();
   if (magic != kMagicProgramFile) FATAL("Invalid magic identifier");
 
   Program* program = new Program();
-  reader->helper()->set_program(program);
+  program->kernel_data_ = reader->buffer();
+  program->kernel_data_size_ = reader->size();
 
-  // Deserialize the string offset table to give fast access to the string data
-  // during deserialization.
   program->string_table_offset_ = reader->offset();
-  intptr_t string_count = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->string_offsets_ = new intptr_t[string_count + 1];
-  intptr_t offset = 0;
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < string_count; ++i) {
-    reader->string_offsets_[i] = offset;
-    offset = reader->ReadUInt();
-  }
-  reader->string_offsets_[string_count] = offset;
-  // Skip the UTF-8 encoded strings.
-  reader->MarkStringDataOffset();
-  reader->Consume(offset);
 
-  program->source_table_.ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  // Deserialize the canonical name table to give fast access to canonical names
-  // during deserialization.
-  program->name_table_offset_ = reader->offset();
-  intptr_t name_count = reader->ReadUInt();
-  reader->canonical_name_parents_ = new NameIndex[name_count];
-  reader->canonical_name_strings_ = new StringIndex[name_count];
-  for (int i = 0; i < name_count; ++i) {
-    // The parent name index is biased: 0 is the root name and otherwise N+1 is
-    // the Nth name.
-    reader->canonical_name_parents_[i] = reader->ReadCanonicalNameReference();
-    reader->canonical_name_strings_[i] = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  }
-
-  int libraries = reader->ReadUInt();
-  program->libraries().EnsureInitialized(libraries);
-  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < libraries; i++) {
-    program->libraries().GetOrCreate<Library>(i)->ReadFrom(reader);
-  }
-
-  program->main_method_reference_ =
-      Reference::ReadMemberFrom(reader, /*allow_null=*/true);
+  // Read backwards at the end.
+  reader->set_offset(reader->size() - 4);
+  program->library_count_ = reader->ReadUInt32();
+  reader->set_offset(reader->size() - 4 - 4 * program->library_count_ - 2 * 4);
+  program->name_table_offset_ = reader->ReadUInt32();
+  program->main_method_reference_ = NameIndex(reader->ReadUInt32() - 1);
 
   return program;
 }
 
 
-FunctionNode* FunctionNode::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  TypeParameterScope<ReaderHelper> scope(reader->helper());
-
-  FunctionNode* function = new FunctionNode();
-  // FunctionNode tag not read yet.
-  function->kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();
-  Tag tag = reader->ReadTag();
-  ASSERT(tag == kFunctionNode);
-  function->position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  function->end_position_ = reader->ReadPosition();
-  function->async_marker_ =
-      static_cast<FunctionNode::AsyncMarker>(reader->ReadByte());
-  function->dart_async_marker_ =
-      static_cast<FunctionNode::AsyncMarker>(reader->ReadByte());
-  function->type_parameters().ReadFrom(reader);
-  reader->ReadUInt();  // total parameter count.
-  function->required_parameter_count_ = reader->ReadUInt();
-  function->positional_parameters().ReadFromStatic<VariableDeclarationImpl>(
-      reader);
-  function->named_parameters().ReadFromStatic<VariableDeclarationImpl>(reader);
-  function->return_type_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-
-  LabelScope<ReaderHelper, BlockStack<LabeledStatement> > labels(
-      reader->helper());
-  VariableScope<ReaderHelper> vars(reader->helper());
-  function->body_ = reader->ReadOptional<Statement>();
-
-  return function;
-}
-
-
-TypeParameter* TypeParameter::ReadFrom(Reader* reader) {
-  TRACE_READ_OFFSET();
-  kernel_offset_ = reader->offset();
-  name_index_ = StringIndex(reader->ReadUInt());
-  bound_ = DartType::ReadFrom(reader);
-  return this;
-}
-
-
 }  // namespace kernel
 
 
 kernel::Program* ReadPrecompiledKernelFromBuffer(const uint8_t* buffer,
                                                  intptr_t buffer_length) {
   kernel::Reader reader(buffer, buffer_length);
   return kernel::Program::ReadFrom(&reader);
 }
 
 
 }  // namespace dart
 #endif  // !defined(DART_PRECOMPILED_RUNTIME)