Add 1.22 features to CHANGELOG.

CHANGELOG.md

 ## 1.22.0
 
 ### Language
 
   * Breaking change: ['Generalized tear-offs'](https://github.com/gbracha/generalizedTearOffs/blob/master/proposal.md)
     are no longer supported, and will cause errors. We updated the language spec
     and added warnings in 1.21, and are now taking the last step to fully
     de-support them. They were previously supported in the VM only.
 
   * The `assert()` statement has been expanded to support an optional second
@@ skipping 12 matching lines @@
     ```
     Unhandled exception:
     'file:///Users/mit/tmp/tool/bin/main.dart': Failed assertion: line 9 pos 10:
     'configFile != null': Tool config missing. Please see https://goo.gl/k8iAi for details.
     #0      _AssertionError._doThrowNew (dart:core-patch/errors_patch.dart:33)
     #1      _AssertionError._throwNew (dart:core-patch/errors_patch.dart:29)
     #2      main (file:///Users/mit/tmp/tool/bin/main.dart:9:10)
     ```
 
   * The `Null` type has been moved to the bottom of the type hierarchy. As such,
     it is considered a subtype of every other type.

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:50]

We could add the following sentence here, to address the 'WAT?! - wasn't it so
already?' experience that readers might otherwise have: 'The `null` value itself
has always had such a type, but the following examples used to fail and they
will now work:`.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Done.

 
     Examples:

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

And then we might as well delete this line.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:30]

Done. Also came up with a more motivating example.

-    ```
+
+    ```dart
     Null foo() => null;
     int x = foo();
     String x = foo();
 
     List<Null> bar() => <Null>[];
     List<int> = bar();
     List<String> = bar();
     ```
 
+  * Introduce `covariant` modifier on parameters. Adding that indicates that the

[Lasse Reichstein Nielsen, 2017/01/24 06:52:40]

Please say very early that this is only intended for strong-mode, and that spec
mode ignores it completely. Same for the other entries.

It's somewhat confusing to read this as a primarily spec-mode programmer and
only figure out at the end that this is for strong mode, and it doesn't affect
spec mode at all - and it doesn't even say that explicitly.

Maybe have a sub-section of the ###Language section for strong mode, so it's
obvious what it's about.

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

+1!

So at this point we could have 'Support the `covariant` modifier syntax. This
modifier has no effect outside strong mode (see the description below).', and
then the current text in this bullet goes to a separate strong mode section.

[mit, 2017/01/24 14:55:01]

+1 for having a `### Language (strong mode only)` section

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

That would be tricky because then we'd still have to mention the syntax in spec
mode. Clarified that it only affects strong mode.

+    parameter (and the corresponding parameter in any method that overrides it)
+    has looser override rules which require a runtime type check to maintain
+    soundness, but enable an architectural pattern that is useful in some code.
+
+    It lets you specialize a family of classes together, like so:
+
+    ```dart
+    abstract class Predator {
+      void chaseAndEat(covariant Prey p);
+    }
+
+    abstract class Prey {}
+
+    class Cat extends Predator {
+      void chaseAndEat(Mouse m) => ...
+    }
+
+    class Mouse extends Prey {}
+
+    // Eaten by orcas.

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

Ought to add 'class Orca extends Predator ..', and then I guess the comment is
unnecessary.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Done.

+    class Seal extends Prey {}
+    ```
+
+    This isn't statically safe, because you could do:
+
+    ```dart
+    Predator predator = new Cat(); // Upcast.
+    predator(new Seal()); // Cats can't eat seals!
+    ```
+
+    To preserve soundness, in the body of a method that uses a covariant
+    override (here, `Cat.chaseAndEat()`), the compiler automatically inserts
+    a check that the parameter is of the expected type. So the compiler gives
+    you something like:
+
+    ```dart
+    class Cat extends Predator {
+      void chaseAndEat(o) {
+        var m = o as Mouse;
+        ...
+      }
+    }
+    ```
+
+    Dart 1.0 allows this unsound behavior on all parameters, even though users
+    rarely rely on it. Strong mode disallowed it initially. Now it lets you
+    opt into in the places where you do want it using this modifier.

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

'opt into [it]..', or maybe just 'it lets you use it in the places'?

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Done.

+
+  * Change instantiate-to-bounds rules for generic type parameters. If you leave

[Leaf, 2017/01/24 07:55:27]

"for generic type parameters when running in strong mode."

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

With a separate section for strong mode, this should be located in that section
(and the words 'when running in strong mode' could then be omitted).

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Done.

+    off the type parameters from a generic type, we need to decide what to fill
+    them in with.  Dart 1.0 says just use `dynamic`, but that isn't sound:
+
+    ```dart
+    class Abser<T extends num> {
+       void absThis(T n) { n.abs(); }
+    }
+
+    var a = new Abser(); // A<dynamic>.

[eernst, 2017/01/24 09:13:51]

'// Abser<dynamic>', presumably.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Done.

+    a.absThis("not a num");
+    ```
+
+    We want the body of `absThis()` to be able to safely assume `n` is at
+    least a `num` -- that's why there's a constraint on T, after all. Implicitly
+    using `dynamic` as the type parameter in this example breaks that.
+
+    Instead, strong mode uses the bound. In the above example, it fills it in
+    with `num`, and then the second line where a string is passed becomes a
+    static error.
+
+    However, there are some cases where it is hard to figure out what that
+    default bound should be:
+
+    ```dart
+    class RuhRoh<T extends Comparable<T>> {}
+    ```
+
+    Strong mode's initial behavior sometimes produced surprising, unintended
+    results. For 1.22, we take a simpler approach and then report an error if
+    a good default type argument can't be found.
+
+### Core libraries
+
+  * Define `FutureOr<T>` for code that works with either a future or an
+    immediate value of some type. Some APIs are "polymorphic over asynchrony".
+    For example, say you have some interface for doing manipulations on text:
+
+    ```dart
+    abstract class StringSwizzler {
+      ??? swizzle(String input);
+    }
+    ```

[Lasse Reichstein Nielsen, 2017/01/24 06:52:40]

Please, please, please do not use this example. This is exactly code that we do
NOT want use people to write.
There should (and hopefully will) be a style guide entry saying to *not* use
FutureOr as an actual return type of a method.
(I know that this isn't an actual method, since it's abstract, and subclasses
can override it to be either async or not, but it still exposes an async-or-not
API to arbitrary users, it's not just something itself has to handle)

The place where it makes sense is for return types of *parameter* functions:
  Future<S> then<S>(FutureOr<S> action(T value), ...)
Here only the function itself needs to be able to handle the async-or-not
result.
We use it here because the union type on the return type extends naturally to a
union type on the function type, and that is what we really want:
  Future<S> then<S>((S Function(T) | Future<S> Function(T)) action, ...)

We don't actually want "API function" (something exposed to others) where you
don't know the return type that other people have to handle. That's bad
usability design. It means that you don't know if you need to await the result
or not, and you either always await, or you have to do an is-check on the result
before using it. It's more usable design to *always* return a Future.
(Even methods returning null or a Future have turned out to be annoying in
practice, likewise for functions that can throw both synchronously and
asynchronously - if it's async, keep it all async).

[Leaf, 2017/01/24 07:55:27]

+1 Future.value, Future.then are both good examples.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Came up with a different example. I do think the original one is reasonable too.
Right.
Not necessarily. Some interfaces are meant to be implemented but not used. The
example here is basically a Barback transformers. Users implement the
Transformer API, but they never invoke it themselves. Barback does. Barback is
happy to handle the async-or-not aspect of it.

+
+    Users can implement this to do their own string manipulations. You'd like
+    users to be able to write `swizzle()` methods that are synchronous or
+    asynchronous. Either is fine. (Barback transformers are a concrete example
+    of this.) What is the return type of this method?

[Lasse Reichstein Nielsen, 2017/01/24 06:52:40]

Again, not a choice that I recommend. I'd probably prefer to just pass a
function instead of an object. You might have a case where it makes more sense
(like knowing that you are the only consumer of transformer objects), but don't
encourage it in general.

[Bob Nystrom, 2017/01/26 21:20:31]

Yup, fair point. Came up with a better example.

+
+    Now, it would be:
+
+    ```dart
+    abstract class StringSwizzler {
+      FutureOr<String> swizzle(String input);
+    }
+    ```
+
+    In this case, that's not super useful beyond just stating a more precise
+    type for readers of the code. It does give you a little better error
+    checking in code that uses the result of that.
+
+    But this becomes really important in generic methods like `Future.then()`
+    where you take a callback whose return type is `FutureOr<T>`. In those
+    cases, having the type system understand this magical union type gives you
+    much better type inference for the type argument of the method.
+
+    Previously, strong mode had hard-coded rules for handling `Future.then()`
+    specifically. `FutureOr<T>` exposes that functionality so third-party APIs
+    can take advantage of it.
+
 ### Tool changes
 
 * Dart2Js
 
   * Remove support for (long-time deprecated) mixin typedefs.
 
 * Pub
 
   * Avoid using a barback asset server for executables unless they actually use
     transformers. This makes precompilation substantially faster, produces
@@ skipping 1433 matching lines @@
     they will keep the Dart process alive until they time out. This fixes the
     handling of persistent connections. Previously, the client would shut down
     immediately after a request.
 
   * **Breaking change:** `HttpServer` no longer compresses all traffic by
     default. The new `autoCompress` property can be set to `true` to re-enable
     compression.
 
 * `dart:isolate`: `Isolate.spawnUri` added the optional `packageRoot` argument,
   which controls how it resolves `package:` URIs.