third_party/protobuf: Update to HEAD (83d681ee2c)

third_party/protobuf/php/ext/google/protobuf/encode_decode.c

Index: third_party/protobuf/php/ext/google/protobuf/encode_decode.c
diff --git a/third_party/protobuf/ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/encode_decode.c b/third_party/protobuf/php/ext/google/protobuf/encode_decode.c
similarity index 59%
copy from third_party/protobuf/ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/encode_decode.c
copy to third_party/protobuf/php/ext/google/protobuf/encode_decode.c
index f6bea50f3966652a93f0ce56b133fa4cd73633ab..eafe1ae8328c977c4ab54549119af66954035afb 100644
--- a/third_party/protobuf/ruby/ext/google/protobuf_c/encode_decode.c
+++ b/third_party/protobuf/php/ext/google/protobuf/encode_decode.c
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 // Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format
-// Copyright 2014 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
+// Copyright 2008 Google Inc.  All rights reserved.
 // https://developers.google.com/protocol-buffers/
 //
 // Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
@@ -29,19 +29,100 @@
 // OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
 
 #include "protobuf.h"
+#include "utf8.h"
 
-// This function is equivalent to rb_str_cat(), but unlike the real
-// rb_str_cat(), it doesn't leak memory in some versions of Ruby.
-// For more information, see:
-//   https://bugs.ruby-lang.org/issues/11328
-VALUE noleak_rb_str_cat(VALUE rb_str, const char *str, long len) {
-  char *p;
-  size_t oldlen = RSTRING_LEN(rb_str);
-  rb_str_modify_expand(rb_str, len);
-  p = RSTRING_PTR(rb_str);
-  memcpy(p + oldlen, str, len);
-  rb_str_set_len(rb_str, oldlen + len);
-  return rb_str;
+/* stringsink *****************************************************************/
+
+typedef struct {
+  upb_byteshandler handler;
+  upb_bytessink sink;
+  char *ptr;
+  size_t len, size;
+} stringsink;
+
+
+static void *stringsink_start(void *_sink, const void *hd, size_t size_hint) {
+  stringsink *sink = _sink;
+  sink->len = 0;
+  return sink;
+}
+
+static size_t stringsink_string(void *_sink, const void *hd, const char *ptr,
+                                size_t len, const upb_bufhandle *handle) {
+  stringsink *sink = _sink;
+  size_t new_size = sink->size;
+
+  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
+  UPB_UNUSED(handle);
+
+  while (sink->len + len > new_size) {
+    new_size *= 2;
+  }
+
+  if (new_size != sink->size) {
+    sink->ptr = realloc(sink->ptr, new_size);
+    sink->size = new_size;
+  }
+
+  memcpy(sink->ptr + sink->len, ptr, len);
+  sink->len += len;
+
+  return len;
+}
+
+void stringsink_init(stringsink *sink) {
+  upb_byteshandler_init(&sink->handler);
+  upb_byteshandler_setstartstr(&sink->handler, stringsink_start, NULL);
+  upb_byteshandler_setstring(&sink->handler, stringsink_string, NULL);
+
+  upb_bytessink_reset(&sink->sink, &sink->handler, sink);
+
+  sink->size = 32;
+  sink->ptr = malloc(sink->size);
+  sink->len = 0;
+}
+
+void stringsink_uninit(stringsink *sink) { free(sink->ptr); }
+
+/* stackenv *****************************************************************/
+
+// Stack-allocated context during an encode/decode operation. Contains the upb
+// environment and its stack-based allocator, an initial buffer for allocations
+// to avoid malloc() when possible, and a template for PHP exception messages
+// if any error occurs.
+#define STACK_ENV_STACKBYTES 4096
+typedef struct {
+  upb_env env;
+  const char *php_error_template;
+  char allocbuf[STACK_ENV_STACKBYTES];
+} stackenv;
+
+
+static void stackenv_init(stackenv* se, const char* errmsg);
+static void stackenv_uninit(stackenv* se);
+
+// Callback invoked by upb if any error occurs during parsing or serialization.
+static bool env_error_func(void* ud, const upb_status* status) {
+    stackenv* se = ud;
+    // Free the env -- zend_error will longjmp up the stack past the
+    // encode/decode function so it would not otherwise have been freed.
+    stackenv_uninit(se);
+
+    // TODO(teboring): have a way to verify that this is actually a parse error,
+    // instead of just throwing "parse error" unconditionally.
+    zend_error(E_ERROR, se->php_error_template, upb_status_errmsg(status));
+    // Never reached.
+    return false;
+}
+
+static void stackenv_init(stackenv* se, const char* errmsg) {
+  se->php_error_template = errmsg;
+  upb_env_init2(&se->env, se->allocbuf, sizeof(se->allocbuf), NULL);
+  upb_env_seterrorfunc(&se->env, env_error_func, se);
+}
+
+static void stackenv_uninit(stackenv* se) {
+  upb_env_uninit(&se->env);
 }
 
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
@@ -52,7 +133,7 @@ VALUE noleak_rb_str_cat(VALUE rb_str, const char *str, long len) {
 
 // Creates a handlerdata that simply contains the offset for this field.
 static const void* newhandlerdata(upb_handlers* h, uint32_t ofs) {
-  size_t* hd_ofs = ALLOC(size_t);
+  size_t* hd_ofs = (size_t*)malloc(sizeof(size_t));
   *hd_ofs = ofs;
   upb_handlers_addcleanup(h, hd_ofs, free);
   return hd_ofs;
@@ -66,7 +147,8 @@ typedef struct {
 // Creates a handlerdata that contains offset and submessage type information.
 static const void *newsubmsghandlerdata(upb_handlers* h, uint32_t ofs,
                                         const upb_fielddef* f) {
-  submsg_handlerdata_t *hd = ALLOC(submsg_handlerdata_t);
+  submsg_handlerdata_t* hd =
+      (submsg_handlerdata_t*)malloc(sizeof(submsg_handlerdata_t));
   hd->ofs = ofs;
   hd->md = upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(f);
   upb_handlers_addcleanup(h, hd, free);
@@ -76,6 +158,7 @@ static const void *newsubmsghandlerdata(upb_handlers* h, uint32_t ofs,
 typedef struct {
   size_t ofs;              // union data slot
   size_t case_ofs;         // oneof_case field
+  int property_ofs;        // properties table cache
   uint32_t oneof_case_num; // oneof-case number to place in oneof_case field
   const upb_msgdef *md;    // msgdef, for oneof submessage handler
 } oneof_handlerdata_t;
@@ -83,10 +166,13 @@ typedef struct {
 static const void *newoneofhandlerdata(upb_handlers *h,
                                        uint32_t ofs,
                                        uint32_t case_ofs,
+                                       int property_ofs,
                                        const upb_fielddef *f) {
-  oneof_handlerdata_t *hd = ALLOC(oneof_handlerdata_t);
+  oneof_handlerdata_t* hd =
+      (oneof_handlerdata_t*)malloc(sizeof(oneof_handlerdata_t));
   hd->ofs = ofs;
   hd->case_ofs = case_ofs;
+  hd->property_ofs = property_ofs;
   // We reuse the field tag number as a oneof union discriminant tag. Note that
   // we don't expose these numbers to the user, so the only requirement is that
   // we have some unique ID for each union case/possibility. The field tag
@@ -108,16 +194,19 @@ static const void *newoneofhandlerdata(upb_handlers *h,
 static void *startseq_handler(void* closure, const void* hd) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const size_t *ofs = hd;
-  return (void*)DEREF(msg, *ofs, VALUE);
+  return (void*)(*DEREF(msg, *ofs, zval**));
 }
 
 // Handlers that append primitive values to a repeated field.
-#define DEFINE_APPEND_HANDLER(type, ctype)                 \
-  static bool append##type##_handler(void *closure, const void *hd, \
-                                     ctype val) {                   \
-    VALUE ary = (VALUE)closure;                                     \
-    RepeatedField_push_native(ary, &val);                           \
-    return true;                                                    \
+#define DEFINE_APPEND_HANDLER(type, ctype)                             \
+  static bool append##type##_handler(void* closure, const void* hd,    \
+                                     ctype val) {                      \
+    zval* array = (zval*)closure;                                      \
+    TSRMLS_FETCH();                                                    \
+    RepeatedField* intern =                                            \
+        (RepeatedField*)zend_object_store_get_object(array TSRMLS_CC); \
+    repeated_field_push_native(intern, &val TSRMLS_CC);                \
+    return true;                                                       \
   }
 
 DEFINE_APPEND_HANDLER(bool,   bool)
@@ -132,10 +221,16 @@ DEFINE_APPEND_HANDLER(double, double)
 static void* appendstr_handler(void *closure,
                                const void *hd,
                                size_t size_hint) {
-  VALUE ary = (VALUE)closure;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyStringUtf8Encoding);
-  RepeatedField_push(ary, str);
+  zval* array = (zval*)closure;
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  RepeatedField* intern =
+      (RepeatedField*)zend_object_store_get_object(array TSRMLS_CC);
+
+  zval* str;
+  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(str);
+  ZVAL_STRING(str, "", 1);
+
+  repeated_field_push_native(intern, &str TSRMLS_CC);
   return (void*)str;
 }
 
@@ -143,10 +238,24 @@ static void* appendstr_handler(void *closure,
 static void* appendbytes_handler(void *closure,
                                  const void *hd,
                                  size_t size_hint) {
-  VALUE ary = (VALUE)closure;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyString8bitEncoding);
-  RepeatedField_push(ary, str);
+  zval* array = (zval*)closure;
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  RepeatedField* intern =
+      (RepeatedField*)zend_object_store_get_object(array TSRMLS_CC);
+
+  zval* str;
+  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(str);
+  ZVAL_STRING(str, "", 1);
+
+  repeated_field_push_native(intern, &str TSRMLS_CC);
+  return (void*)str;
+}
+
+static void *empty_php_string(zval** value_ptr) {
+  SEPARATE_ZVAL_IF_NOT_REF(value_ptr);
+  zval* str = *value_ptr;
+  zval_dtor(str);
+  ZVAL_STRINGL(str, "", 0, 1);
   return (void*)str;
 }
 
@@ -156,10 +265,7 @@ static void* str_handler(void *closure,
                          size_t size_hint) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const size_t *ofs = hd;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyStringUtf8Encoding);
-  DEREF(msg, *ofs, VALUE) = str;
-  return (void*)str;
+  return empty_php_string(DEREF(msg, *ofs, zval**));
 }
 
 // Sets a non-repeated 'bytes' field in a message.
@@ -168,33 +274,52 @@ static void* bytes_handler(void *closure,
                            size_t size_hint) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const size_t *ofs = hd;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyString8bitEncoding);
-  DEREF(msg, *ofs, VALUE) = str;
-  return (void*)str;
+  return empty_php_string(DEREF(msg, *ofs, zval**));
 }
 
 static size_t stringdata_handler(void* closure, const void* hd,
                                  const char* str, size_t len,
                                  const upb_bufhandle* handle) {
-  VALUE rb_str = (VALUE)closure;
-  noleak_rb_str_cat(rb_str, str, len);
+  zval* php_str = (zval*)closure;
+
+  char* old_str = Z_STRVAL_P(php_str);
+  size_t old_len = Z_STRLEN_P(php_str);
+  assert(old_str != NULL);
+
+  char* new_str = emalloc(old_len + len + 1);
+
+  memcpy(new_str, old_str, old_len);
+  memcpy(new_str + old_len, str, len);
+  new_str[old_len + len] = 0;
+  FREE(old_str);
+
+  Z_STRVAL_P(php_str) = new_str;
+  Z_STRLEN_P(php_str) = old_len + len;
+
   return len;
 }
 
-// Appends a submessage to a repeated field (a regular Ruby array for now).
+// Appends a submessage to a repeated field.
 static void *appendsubmsg_handler(void *closure, const void *hd) {
-  VALUE ary = (VALUE)closure;
+  zval* array = (zval*)closure;
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  RepeatedField* intern =
+      (RepeatedField*)zend_object_store_get_object(array TSRMLS_CC);
+
   const submsg_handlerdata_t *submsgdata = hd;
-  VALUE subdesc =
-      get_def_obj((void*)submsgdata->md);
-  VALUE subklass = Descriptor_msgclass(subdesc);
+  zval* subdesc_php = get_def_obj((void*)submsgdata->md);
+  Descriptor* subdesc = zend_object_store_get_object(subdesc_php TSRMLS_CC);
+  zend_class_entry* subklass = subdesc->klass;
   MessageHeader* submsg;
 
-  VALUE submsg_rb = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, subklass);
-  RepeatedField_push(ary, submsg_rb);
+  zval* val = NULL;
+  MAKE_STD_ZVAL(val);
+  Z_TYPE_P(val) = IS_OBJECT;
+  Z_OBJVAL_P(val) = subklass->create_object(subklass TSRMLS_CC);
+
+  repeated_field_push_native(intern, &val TSRMLS_CC);
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(submsg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, submsg);
+  submsg = zend_object_store_get_object(val TSRMLS_CC);
   return submsg;
 }
 
@@ -202,19 +327,26 @@ static void *appendsubmsg_handler(void *closure, const void *hd) {
 static void *submsg_handler(void *closure, const void *hd) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const submsg_handlerdata_t* submsgdata = hd;
-  VALUE subdesc =
-      get_def_obj((void*)submsgdata->md);
-  VALUE subklass = Descriptor_msgclass(subdesc);
-  VALUE submsg_rb;
+  zval* subdesc_php = get_def_obj((void*)submsgdata->md);
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  Descriptor* subdesc = zend_object_store_get_object(subdesc_php TSRMLS_CC);
+  zend_class_entry* subklass = subdesc->klass;
+  zval* submsg_php;
   MessageHeader* submsg;
 
-  if (DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, VALUE) == Qnil) {
-    DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, VALUE) =
-        rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, subklass);
+  if (Z_TYPE_P(*DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, zval**)) == IS_NULL) {
+    zval* val = NULL;
+    MAKE_STD_ZVAL(val);
+    Z_TYPE_P(val) = IS_OBJECT;
+    Z_OBJVAL_P(val) = subklass->create_object(subklass TSRMLS_CC);
+
+    zval_ptr_dtor(DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, zval**));
+    *DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, zval**) = val;
   }
 
-  submsg_rb = DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, VALUE);
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(submsg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, submsg);
+  submsg_php = *DEREF(msg, submsgdata->ofs, zval**);
+
+  submsg = zend_object_store_get_object(submsg_php TSRMLS_CC);
   return submsg;
 }
 
@@ -237,51 +369,128 @@ typedef struct {
 // submessage. When the submessage ends, another handler is called to insert the
 // value into the map.
 typedef struct {
-  VALUE map;
+  zval* map;
   char key_storage[NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE];
   char value_storage[NATIVE_SLOT_MAX_SIZE];
 } map_parse_frame_t;
 
+static void map_slot_init(void* memory, upb_fieldtype_t type) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES: {
+      // Store zval** in memory in order to be consistent with the layout of
+      // singular fields.
+      zval** holder = ALLOC(zval*);
+      zval* tmp;
+      MAKE_STD_ZVAL(tmp);
+      ZVAL_STRINGL(tmp, "", 0, 1);
+      *holder = tmp;
+      *(zval***)memory = holder;
+      break;
+    }
+    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
+      zval** holder = ALLOC(zval*);
+      zval* tmp;
+      MAKE_STD_ZVAL(tmp);
+      ZVAL_NULL(tmp);
+      *holder = tmp;
+      *(zval***)memory = holder;
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      native_slot_init(type, memory, NULL);
+  }
+}
+
+static void map_slot_uninit(void* memory, upb_fieldtype_t type) {
+  switch (type) {
+    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES: {
+      zval** holder = *(zval***)memory;
+      zval_ptr_dtor(holder);
+      FREE(holder);
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      break;
+  }
+}
+
+static void map_slot_key(upb_fieldtype_t type, const void* from,
+                         const char** keyval,
+                         size_t* length) {
+  if (type == UPB_TYPE_STRING) {
+    zval* key_php = **(zval***)from;
+    *keyval = Z_STRVAL_P(key_php);
+    *length = Z_STRLEN_P(key_php);
+  } else {
+    *keyval = from;
+    *length = native_slot_size(type);
+  }
+}
+
+static void map_slot_value(upb_fieldtype_t type, const void* from,
+			   upb_value* v) {
+  size_t len;
+  void* to = upb_value_memory(v);
+#ifndef NDEBUG
+  v->ctype = UPB_CTYPE_UINT64;
+#endif
+
+  memset(to, 0, native_slot_size(type));
+
+  switch (type) {
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
+    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
+      *(zval**)to = **(zval***)from;
+      Z_ADDREF_PP((zval**)to);
+      break;
+    }
+    default:
+      len = native_slot_size(type);
+      memcpy(to, from, len);
+  }
+}
+
 // Handler to begin a map entry: allocates a temporary frame. This is the
 // 'startsubmsg' handler on the msgdef that contains the map field.
 static void *startmapentry_handler(void *closure, const void *hd) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const map_handlerdata_t* mapdata = hd;
-  VALUE map_rb = DEREF(msg, mapdata->ofs, VALUE);
+  zval* map = *DEREF(msg, mapdata->ofs, zval**);
 
   map_parse_frame_t* frame = ALLOC(map_parse_frame_t);
-  frame->map = map_rb;
+  frame->map = map;
 
-  native_slot_init(mapdata->key_field_type, &frame->key_storage);
-  native_slot_init(mapdata->value_field_type, &frame->value_storage);
+  map_slot_init(&frame->key_storage, mapdata->key_field_type);
+  map_slot_init(&frame->value_storage, mapdata->value_field_type);
 
   return frame;
 }
 
 // Handler to end a map entry: inserts the value defined during the message into
 // the map. This is the 'endmsg' handler on the map entry msgdef.
-static bool endmap_handler(void *closure, const void *hd, upb_status* s) {
+static bool endmap_handler(void* closure, const void* hd, upb_status* s) {
   map_parse_frame_t* frame = closure;
   const map_handlerdata_t* mapdata = hd;
 
-  VALUE key = native_slot_get(
-      mapdata->key_field_type, Qnil,
-      &frame->key_storage);
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  Map *map = (Map *)zend_object_store_get_object(frame->map TSRMLS_CC);
 
-  VALUE value_field_typeclass = Qnil;
-  VALUE value;
+  const char* keyval = NULL;
+  upb_value v;
+  size_t length;
 
-  if (mapdata->value_field_type == UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE ||
-      mapdata->value_field_type == UPB_TYPE_ENUM) {
-    value_field_typeclass = get_def_obj(mapdata->value_field_subdef);
-  }
+  map_slot_key(map->key_type, &frame->key_storage, &keyval, &length);
+  map_slot_value(map->value_type, &frame->value_storage, &v);
 
-  value = native_slot_get(
-      mapdata->value_field_type, value_field_typeclass,
-      &frame->value_storage);
+  map_index_set(map, keyval, length, v);
 
-  Map_index_set(frame->map, key, value);
-  free(frame);
+  map_slot_uninit(&frame->key_storage, mapdata->key_field_type);
+  map_slot_uninit(&frame->value_storage, mapdata->value_field_type);
+  FREE(frame);
 
   return true;
 }
@@ -299,7 +508,10 @@ static map_handlerdata_t* new_map_handlerdata(
     Descriptor* desc) {
   const upb_fielddef* key_field;
   const upb_fielddef* value_field;
-  map_handlerdata_t* hd = ALLOC(map_handlerdata_t);
+  // TODO(teboring): Use emalloc and efree.
+  map_handlerdata_t* hd =
+      (map_handlerdata_t*)malloc(sizeof(map_handlerdata_t));
+
   hd->ofs = ofs;
   key_field = upb_msgdef_itof(mapentry_def, MAP_KEY_FIELD);
   assert(key_field != NULL);
@@ -339,12 +551,13 @@ static void *oneofstr_handler(void *closure,
                               size_t size_hint) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const oneof_handlerdata_t *oneofdata = hd;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyStringUtf8Encoding);
+
   DEREF(msg, oneofdata->case_ofs, uint32_t) =
       oneofdata->oneof_case_num;
-  DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, VALUE) = str;
-  return (void*)str;
+  DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**) =
+      &(msg->std.properties_table)[oneofdata->property_ofs];
+
+  return empty_php_string(DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**));
 }
 
 static void *oneofbytes_handler(void *closure,
@@ -352,43 +565,54 @@ static void *oneofbytes_handler(void *closure,
                                 size_t size_hint) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const oneof_handlerdata_t *oneofdata = hd;
-  VALUE str = rb_str_new2("");
-  rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyString8bitEncoding);
+
   DEREF(msg, oneofdata->case_ofs, uint32_t) =
       oneofdata->oneof_case_num;
-  DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, VALUE) = str;
+  DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**) =
+      &(msg->std.properties_table)[oneofdata->property_ofs];
+
+  // TODO(teboring): Add it back.
+  // rb_enc_associate(str, kRubyString8bitEncoding);
+
+  SEPARATE_ZVAL_IF_NOT_REF(DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**));
+  zval* str = *DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**);
+  zval_dtor(str);
+  ZVAL_STRINGL(str, "", 0, 1);
   return (void*)str;
 }
 
 // Handler for a submessage field in a oneof.
-static void *oneofsubmsg_handler(void *closure,
-                                 const void *hd) {
+static void* oneofsubmsg_handler(void* closure, const void* hd) {
   MessageHeader* msg = closure;
   const oneof_handlerdata_t *oneofdata = hd;
   uint32_t oldcase = DEREF(msg, oneofdata->case_ofs, uint32_t);
-
-  VALUE subdesc =
-      get_def_obj((void*)oneofdata->md);
-  VALUE subklass = Descriptor_msgclass(subdesc);
-  VALUE submsg_rb;
+  zval* subdesc_php = get_def_obj((void*)oneofdata->md);
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  Descriptor* subdesc = zend_object_store_get_object(subdesc_php TSRMLS_CC);
+  zend_class_entry* subklass = subdesc->klass;
+  zval* submsg_php;
   MessageHeader* submsg;
 
-  if (oldcase != oneofdata->oneof_case_num ||
-      DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, VALUE) == Qnil) {
-    DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, VALUE) =
-        rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, subklass);
+  if (oldcase != oneofdata->oneof_case_num) {
+    DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**) =
+        &(msg->std.properties_table)[oneofdata->property_ofs];
+  }
+
+  if (Z_TYPE_P(*DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**)) == IS_NULL) {
+    zval* val = NULL;
+    MAKE_STD_ZVAL(val);
+    Z_TYPE_P(val) = IS_OBJECT;
+    Z_OBJVAL_P(val) = subklass->create_object(subklass TSRMLS_CC);
+
+    zval_ptr_dtor(DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**));
+    *DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**) = val;
   }
-  // Set the oneof case *after* allocating the new class instance -- otherwise,
-  // if the Ruby GC is invoked as part of a call into the VM, it might invoke
-  // our mark routines, and our mark routines might see the case value
-  // indicating a VALUE is present and expect a valid VALUE. See comment in
-  // layout_set() for more detail: basically, the change to the value and the
-  // case must be atomic w.r.t. the Ruby VM.
+
   DEREF(msg, oneofdata->case_ofs, uint32_t) =
       oneofdata->oneof_case_num;
 
-  submsg_rb = DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, VALUE);
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(submsg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, submsg);
+  submsg_php = *DEREF(msg, oneofdata->ofs, zval**);
+  submsg = zend_object_store_get_object(submsg_php TSRMLS_CC);
   return submsg;
 }
 
@@ -491,8 +715,7 @@ static void add_handlers_for_mapfield(upb_handlers* h,
 }
 
 // Adds handlers to a map-entry msgdef.
-static void add_handlers_for_mapentry(const upb_msgdef* msgdef,
-                                      upb_handlers* h,
+static void add_handlers_for_mapentry(const upb_msgdef* msgdef, upb_handlers* h,
                                       Descriptor* desc) {
   const upb_fielddef* key_field = map_entry_key(msgdef);
   const upb_fielddef* value_field = map_entry_value(msgdef);
@@ -503,23 +726,23 @@ static void add_handlers_for_mapentry(const upb_msgdef* msgdef,
   upb_handlerattr_sethandlerdata(&attr, hd);
   upb_handlers_setendmsg(h, endmap_handler, &attr);
 
-  add_handlers_for_singular_field(
-      h, key_field,
-      offsetof(map_parse_frame_t, key_storage));
-  add_handlers_for_singular_field(
-      h, value_field,
-      offsetof(map_parse_frame_t, value_storage));
+  add_handlers_for_singular_field(h, key_field,
+                                  offsetof(map_parse_frame_t, key_storage));
+  add_handlers_for_singular_field(h, value_field,
+                                  offsetof(map_parse_frame_t, value_storage));
 }
 
 // Set up handlers for a oneof field.
 static void add_handlers_for_oneof_field(upb_handlers *h,
                                          const upb_fielddef *f,
                                          size_t offset,
-                                         size_t oneof_case_offset) {
+                                         size_t oneof_case_offset,
+                                         int property_cache_offset) {
 
   upb_handlerattr attr = UPB_HANDLERATTR_INITIALIZER;
   upb_handlerattr_sethandlerdata(
-      &attr, newoneofhandlerdata(h, offset, oneof_case_offset, f));
+      &attr, newoneofhandlerdata(h, offset, oneof_case_offset,
+                                 property_cache_offset, f));
 
   switch (upb_fielddef_type(f)) {
 
@@ -557,10 +780,12 @@ static void add_handlers_for_oneof_field(upb_handlers *h,
   upb_handlerattr_uninit(&attr);
 }
 
-
-static void add_handlers_for_message(const void *closure, upb_handlers *h) {
+static void add_handlers_for_message(const void* closure,
+                                     upb_handlers* h) {
   const upb_msgdef* msgdef = upb_handlers_msgdef(h);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(get_def_obj((void*)msgdef));
+  TSRMLS_FETCH();
+  Descriptor* desc = (Descriptor*)zend_object_store_get_object(
+      get_def_obj((void*)msgdef) TSRMLS_CC);
   upb_msg_field_iter i;
 
   // If this is a mapentry message type, set up a special set of handlers and
@@ -589,7 +814,10 @@ static void add_handlers_for_message(const void *closure, upb_handlers *h) {
       size_t oneof_case_offset =
           desc->layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(f)].case_offset +
           sizeof(MessageHeader);
-      add_handlers_for_oneof_field(h, f, offset, oneof_case_offset);
+      int property_cache_index =
+          desc->layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(f)].cache_index;
+      add_handlers_for_oneof_field(h, f, offset, oneof_case_offset,
+                                   property_cache_index);
     } else if (is_map_field(f)) {
       add_handlers_for_mapfield(h, f, offset, desc);
     } else if (upb_fielddef_isseq(f)) {
@@ -621,8 +849,6 @@ const upb_handlers* get_fill_handlers(Descriptor* desc) {
   return desc->fill_handlers;
 }
 
-// Constructs the upb decoder method for parsing messages of this type.
-// This is called from the message class creation code.
 const upb_pbdecodermethod *new_fillmsg_decodermethod(Descriptor* desc,
                                                      const void* owner) {
   const upb_handlers* handlers = get_fill_handlers(desc);
@@ -640,362 +866,105 @@ static const upb_pbdecodermethod *msgdef_decodermethod(Descriptor* desc) {
   return desc->fill_method;
 }
 
-static const upb_json_parsermethod *msgdef_jsonparsermethod(Descriptor* desc) {
-  if (desc->json_fill_method == NULL) {
-    desc->json_fill_method =
-        upb_json_parsermethod_new(desc->msgdef, &desc->json_fill_method);
-  }
-  return desc->json_fill_method;
-}
-
-
-// Stack-allocated context during an encode/decode operation. Contains the upb
-// environment and its stack-based allocator, an initial buffer for allocations
-// to avoid malloc() when possible, and a template for Ruby exception messages
-// if any error occurs.
-#define STACK_ENV_STACKBYTES 4096
-typedef struct {
-  upb_env env;
-  const char* ruby_error_template;
-  char allocbuf[STACK_ENV_STACKBYTES];
-} stackenv;
-
-static void stackenv_init(stackenv* se, const char* errmsg);
-static void stackenv_uninit(stackenv* se);
-
-// Callback invoked by upb if any error occurs during parsing or serialization.
-static bool env_error_func(void* ud, const upb_status* status) {
-  stackenv* se = ud;
-  // Free the env -- rb_raise will longjmp up the stack past the encode/decode
-  // function so it would not otherwise have been freed.
-  stackenv_uninit(se);
-
-  // TODO(haberman): have a way to verify that this is actually a parse error,
-  // instead of just throwing "parse error" unconditionally.
-  rb_raise(cParseError, se->ruby_error_template, upb_status_errmsg(status));
-  // Never reached: rb_raise() always longjmp()s up the stack, past all of our
-  // code, back to Ruby.
-  return false;
-}
-
-static void stackenv_init(stackenv* se, const char* errmsg) {
-  se->ruby_error_template = errmsg;
-  upb_env_init2(&se->env, se->allocbuf, sizeof(se->allocbuf), NULL);
-  upb_env_seterrorfunc(&se->env, env_error_func, se);
-}
-
-static void stackenv_uninit(stackenv* se) {
-  upb_env_uninit(&se->env);
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     MessageClass.decode(data) => message
- *
- * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
- * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
- * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
- */
-VALUE Message_decode(VALUE klass, VALUE data) {
-  VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-  VALUE msgklass = Descriptor_msgclass(descriptor);
-  VALUE msg_rb;
-  MessageHeader* msg;
-
-  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for binary protobuf data.");
-  }
-
-  msg_rb = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, msgklass);
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(msg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, msg);
-
-  {
-    const upb_pbdecodermethod* method = msgdef_decodermethod(desc);
-    const upb_handlers* h = upb_pbdecodermethod_desthandlers(method);
-    stackenv se;
-    upb_sink sink;
-    upb_pbdecoder* decoder;
-    stackenv_init(&se, "Error occurred during parsing: %s");
-
-    upb_sink_reset(&sink, h, msg);
-    decoder = upb_pbdecoder_create(&se.env, method, &sink);
-    upb_bufsrc_putbuf(RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data),
-                      upb_pbdecoder_input(decoder));
-
-    stackenv_uninit(&se);
-  }
-
-  return msg_rb;
-}
-
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     MessageClass.decode_json(data) => message
- *
- * Decodes the given data (as a string containing bytes in protocol buffers wire
- * format) under the interpretration given by this message class's definition
- * and returns a message object with the corresponding field values.
- */
-VALUE Message_decode_json(VALUE klass, VALUE data) {
-  VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-  VALUE msgklass = Descriptor_msgclass(descriptor);
-  VALUE msg_rb;
-  MessageHeader* msg;
-
-  if (TYPE(data) != T_STRING) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected string for JSON data.");
-  }
-  // TODO(cfallin): Check and respect string encoding. If not UTF-8, we need to
-  // convert, because string handlers pass data directly to message string
-  // fields.
-
-  msg_rb = rb_class_new_instance(0, NULL, msgklass);
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(msg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, msg);
-
-  {
-    const upb_json_parsermethod* method = msgdef_jsonparsermethod(desc);
-    stackenv se;
-    upb_sink sink;
-    upb_json_parser* parser;
-    stackenv_init(&se, "Error occurred during parsing: %s");
-
-    upb_sink_reset(&sink, get_fill_handlers(desc), msg);
-    parser = upb_json_parser_create(&se.env, method, &sink);
-    upb_bufsrc_putbuf(RSTRING_PTR(data), RSTRING_LEN(data),
-                      upb_json_parser_input(parser));
-
-    stackenv_uninit(&se);
-  }
-
-  return msg_rb;
-}
-
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 // Serializing.
 // -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
-//
-// The code below also comes from upb's prototype Ruby binding, developed by
-// haberman@.
 
-/* stringsink *****************************************************************/
+static void putmsg(zval* msg, const Descriptor* desc, upb_sink* sink,
+                   int depth TSRMLS_DC);
 
-// This should probably be factored into a common upb component.
+static void putstr(zval* str, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink);
 
-typedef struct {
-  upb_byteshandler handler;
-  upb_bytessink sink;
-  char *ptr;
-  size_t len, size;
-} stringsink;
+static void putrawstr(const char* str, int len, const upb_fielddef* f,
+                      upb_sink* sink);
 
-static void *stringsink_start(void *_sink, const void *hd, size_t size_hint) {
-  stringsink *sink = _sink;
-  sink->len = 0;
-  return sink;
-}
-
-static size_t stringsink_string(void *_sink, const void *hd, const char *ptr,
-                                size_t len, const upb_bufhandle *handle) {
-  stringsink *sink = _sink;
-  size_t new_size = sink->size;
-
-  UPB_UNUSED(hd);
-  UPB_UNUSED(handle);
-
-  while (sink->len + len > new_size) {
-    new_size *= 2;
-  }
-
-  if (new_size != sink->size) {
-    sink->ptr = realloc(sink->ptr, new_size);
-    sink->size = new_size;
-  }
-
-  memcpy(sink->ptr + sink->len, ptr, len);
-  sink->len += len;
-
-  return len;
-}
+static void putsubmsg(zval* submsg, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink,
+                      int depth TSRMLS_DC);
 
-void stringsink_init(stringsink *sink) {
-  upb_byteshandler_init(&sink->handler);
-  upb_byteshandler_setstartstr(&sink->handler, stringsink_start, NULL);
-  upb_byteshandler_setstring(&sink->handler, stringsink_string, NULL);
-
-  upb_bytessink_reset(&sink->sink, &sink->handler, sink);
-
-  sink->size = 32;
-  sink->ptr = malloc(sink->size);
-  sink->len = 0;
-}
-
-void stringsink_uninit(stringsink *sink) {
-  free(sink->ptr);
-}
-
-/* msgvisitor *****************************************************************/
+static void putarray(zval* array, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink,
+                     int depth TSRMLS_DC);
+static void putmap(zval* map, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink, int depth
+		   TSRMLS_DC);
 
-// TODO: If/when we support proto2 semantics in addition to the current proto3
-// semantics, which means that we have true field presence, we will want to
-// modify msgvisitor so that it emits all present fields rather than all
-// non-default-value fields.
-//
-// Likewise, when implementing JSON serialization, we may need to have a
-// 'verbose' mode that outputs all fields and a 'concise' mode that outputs only
-// those with non-default values.
-
-static void putmsg(VALUE msg, const Descriptor* desc,
-                   upb_sink *sink, int depth);
-
-static upb_selector_t getsel(const upb_fielddef *f, upb_handlertype_t type) {
+static upb_selector_t getsel(const upb_fielddef* f, upb_handlertype_t type) {
   upb_selector_t ret;
   bool ok = upb_handlers_getselector(f, type, &ret);
-  UPB_ASSERT_VAR(ok, ok);
+  UPB_ASSERT(ok);
   return ret;
 }
 
-static void putstr(VALUE str, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink) {
-  upb_sink subsink;
-
-  if (str == Qnil) return;
-
-  assert(BUILTIN_TYPE(str) == RUBY_T_STRING);
-
-  // Ensure that the string has the correct encoding. We also check at field-set
-  // time, but the user may have mutated the string object since then.
-  native_slot_validate_string_encoding(upb_fielddef_type(f), str);
-
-  upb_sink_startstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSTR), RSTRING_LEN(str),
-                    &subsink);
-  upb_sink_putstring(&subsink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STRING), RSTRING_PTR(str),
-                     RSTRING_LEN(str), NULL);
-  upb_sink_endstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSTR));
-}
+static void put_optional_value(const void* memory, int len, const upb_fielddef* f,
+                               int depth, upb_sink* sink TSRMLS_DC) {
+  assert(upb_fielddef_label(f) == UPB_LABEL_OPTIONAL);
 
-static void putsubmsg(VALUE submsg, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
-                      int depth) {
-  upb_sink subsink;
-  VALUE descriptor;
-  Descriptor* subdesc;
-
-  if (submsg == Qnil) return;
-
-  descriptor = rb_ivar_get(submsg, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  subdesc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-
-  upb_sink_startsubmsg(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSUBMSG), &subsink);
-  putmsg(submsg, subdesc, &subsink, depth + 1);
-  upb_sink_endsubmsg(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSUBMSG));
-}
-
-static void putary(VALUE ary, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
-                   int depth) {
-  upb_sink subsink;
-  upb_fieldtype_t type = upb_fielddef_type(f);
-  upb_selector_t sel = 0;
-  int size;
-
-  if (ary == Qnil) return;
-
-  upb_sink_startseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSEQ), &subsink);
-
-  if (upb_fielddef_isprimitive(f)) {
-    sel = getsel(f, upb_handlers_getprimitivehandlertype(f));
-  }
-
-  size = NUM2INT(RepeatedField_length(ary));
-  for (int i = 0; i < size; i++) {
-    void* memory = RepeatedField_index_native(ary, i);
-    switch (type) {
-#define T(upbtypeconst, upbtype, ctype)                         \
-  case upbtypeconst:                                            \
-    upb_sink_put##upbtype(&subsink, sel, *((ctype *)memory));   \
-    break;
-
-      T(UPB_TYPE_FLOAT,  float,  float)
-      T(UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE, double, double)
-      T(UPB_TYPE_BOOL,   bool,   int8_t)
-      case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:
-      T(UPB_TYPE_INT32,  int32,  int32_t)
-      T(UPB_TYPE_UINT32, uint32, uint32_t)
-      T(UPB_TYPE_INT64,  int64,  int64_t)
-      T(UPB_TYPE_UINT64, uint64, uint64_t)
-
-      case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
-      case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-        putstr(*((VALUE *)memory), f, &subsink);
-        break;
-      case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
-        putsubmsg(*((VALUE *)memory), f, &subsink, depth);
-        break;
+  switch (upb_fielddef_type(f)) {
+#define T(upbtypeconst, upbtype, ctype, default_value)                         \
+  case upbtypeconst: {                                                         \
+    ctype value = DEREF(memory, 0, ctype);                                     \
+    if (value != default_value) {                                              \
+      upb_selector_t sel = getsel(f, upb_handlers_getprimitivehandlertype(f)); \
+      upb_sink_put##upbtype(sink, sel, value);                                 \
+    }                                                                          \
+  } break;
+
+    T(UPB_TYPE_FLOAT, float, float, 0.0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE, double, double, 0.0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_BOOL, bool, uint8_t, 0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_ENUM, int32, int32_t, 0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_INT32, int32, int32_t, 0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_UINT32, uint32, uint32_t, 0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_INT64, int64, int64_t, 0)
+    T(UPB_TYPE_UINT64, uint64, uint64_t, 0)
 
 #undef T
-
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
+      putrawstr(memory, len, f, sink);
+      break;
+    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: {
+      zval* submsg = *(zval**)memory;
+      putsubmsg(submsg, f, sink, depth TSRMLS_CC);
+      break;
     }
+    default:
+      assert(false);
   }
-  upb_sink_endseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSEQ));
 }
 
-static void put_ruby_value(VALUE value,
-                           const upb_fielddef *f,
-                           VALUE type_class,
-                           int depth,
-                           upb_sink *sink) {
-  upb_selector_t sel = 0;
-  if (upb_fielddef_isprimitive(f)) {
-    sel = getsel(f, upb_handlers_getprimitivehandlertype(f));
+// Only string/bytes fields are stored as zval.
+static const char* raw_value(void* memory, const upb_fielddef* f) {
+  switch (upb_fielddef_type(f)) {
+    case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+    case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
+      return Z_STRVAL_PP((zval**)memory);
+      break;
+    default:
+      return memory;
   }
+}
 
+static int raw_value_len(void* memory, int len, const upb_fielddef* f) {
   switch (upb_fielddef_type(f)) {
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT32:
-      upb_sink_putint32(sink, sel, NUM2INT(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_INT64:
-      upb_sink_putint64(sink, sel, NUM2LL(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT32:
-      upb_sink_putuint32(sink, sel, NUM2UINT(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_UINT64:
-      upb_sink_putuint64(sink, sel, NUM2ULL(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_FLOAT:
-      upb_sink_putfloat(sink, sel, NUM2DBL(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE:
-      upb_sink_putdouble(sink, sel, NUM2DBL(value));
-      break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_ENUM: {
-      if (TYPE(value) == T_SYMBOL) {
-        value = rb_funcall(type_class, rb_intern("resolve"), 1, value);
-      }
-      upb_sink_putint32(sink, sel, NUM2INT(value));
-      break;
-    }
-    case UPB_TYPE_BOOL:
-      upb_sink_putbool(sink, sel, value == Qtrue);
-      break;
     case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
     case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-      putstr(value, f, sink);
+      return Z_STRLEN_PP((zval**)memory);
       break;
-    case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
-      putsubmsg(value, f, sink, depth);
+    default:
+      return len;
   }
 }
 
-static void putmap(VALUE map, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
-                   int depth) {
+static void putmap(zval* map, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink,
+                   int depth TSRMLS_DC) {
   Map* self;
   upb_sink subsink;
   const upb_fielddef* key_field;
   const upb_fielddef* value_field;
-  Map_iter it;
+  MapIter it;
+  int len;
 
-  if (map == Qnil) return;
-  self = ruby_to_Map(map);
+  if (map == NULL) return;
+  self = UNBOX(Map, map);
 
   upb_sink_startseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSEQ), &subsink);
 
@@ -1003,9 +972,7 @@ static void putmap(VALUE map, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
   key_field = map_field_key(f);
   value_field = map_field_value(f);
 
-  for (Map_begin(map, &it); !Map_done(&it); Map_next(&it)) {
-    VALUE key = Map_iter_key(&it);
-    VALUE value = Map_iter_value(&it);
+  for (map_begin(map, &it TSRMLS_CC); !map_done(&it); map_next(&it)) {
     upb_status status;
 
     upb_sink entry_sink;
@@ -1013,9 +980,15 @@ static void putmap(VALUE map, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
                          &entry_sink);
     upb_sink_startmsg(&entry_sink);
 
-    put_ruby_value(key, key_field, Qnil, depth + 1, &entry_sink);
-    put_ruby_value(value, value_field, self->value_type_class, depth + 1,
-                   &entry_sink);
+    // Serialize key.
+    const char *key = map_iter_key(&it, &len);
+    put_optional_value(key, len, key_field, depth + 1, &entry_sink TSRMLS_CC);
+
+    // Serialize value.
+    upb_value value = map_iter_value(&it, &len);
+    put_optional_value(raw_value(upb_value_memory(&value), value_field),
+                       raw_value_len(upb_value_memory(&value), len, value_field),
+                       value_field, depth + 1, &entry_sink TSRMLS_CC);
 
     upb_sink_endmsg(&entry_sink, &status);
     upb_sink_endsubmsg(&subsink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSUBMSG));
@@ -1024,9 +997,8 @@ static void putmap(VALUE map, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink,
   upb_sink_endseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSEQ));
 }
 
-static void putmsg(VALUE msg_rb, const Descriptor* desc,
-                   upb_sink *sink, int depth) {
-  MessageHeader* msg;
+static void putmsg(zval* msg_php, const Descriptor* desc, upb_sink* sink,
+                   int depth TSRMLS_DC) {
   upb_msg_field_iter i;
   upb_status status;
 
@@ -1035,20 +1007,17 @@ static void putmsg(VALUE msg_rb, const Descriptor* desc,
   // Protect against cycles (possible because users may freely reassign message
   // and repeated fields) by imposing a maximum recursion depth.
   if (depth > ENCODE_MAX_NESTING) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError,
+    zend_error(E_ERROR,
              "Maximum recursion depth exceeded during encoding.");
   }
 
-  TypedData_Get_Struct(msg_rb, MessageHeader, &Message_type, msg);
+  MessageHeader* msg = zend_object_store_get_object(msg_php TSRMLS_CC);
 
-  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&i, desc->msgdef);
-       !upb_msg_field_done(&i);
+  for (upb_msg_field_begin(&i, desc->msgdef); !upb_msg_field_done(&i);
        upb_msg_field_next(&i)) {
-    upb_fielddef *f = upb_msg_iter_field(&i);
-    bool is_matching_oneof = false;
-    uint32_t offset =
-        desc->layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(f)].offset +
-        sizeof(MessageHeader);
+    upb_fielddef* f = upb_msg_iter_field(&i);
+    uint32_t offset = desc->layout->fields[upb_fielddef_index(f)].offset +
+                      sizeof(MessageHeader);
 
     if (upb_fielddef_containingoneof(f)) {
       uint32_t oneof_case_offset =
@@ -1056,67 +1025,170 @@ static void putmsg(VALUE msg_rb, const Descriptor* desc,
           sizeof(MessageHeader);
       // For a oneof, check that this field is actually present -- skip all the
       // below if not.
-      if (DEREF(msg, oneof_case_offset, uint32_t) !=
-          upb_fielddef_number(f)) {
+      if (DEREF(msg, oneof_case_offset, uint32_t) != upb_fielddef_number(f)) {
         continue;
       }
       // Otherwise, fall through to the appropriate singular-field handler
       // below.
-      is_matching_oneof = true;
     }
 
     if (is_map_field(f)) {
-      VALUE map = DEREF(msg, offset, VALUE);
-      if (map != Qnil) {
-        putmap(map, f, sink, depth);
+      zval* map = *DEREF(msg, offset, zval**);
+      if (map != NULL) {
+        putmap(map, f, sink, depth TSRMLS_CC);
       }
     } else if (upb_fielddef_isseq(f)) {
-      VALUE ary = DEREF(msg, offset, VALUE);
-      if (ary != Qnil) {
-        putary(ary, f, sink, depth);
+      zval* array = *DEREF(msg, offset, zval**);
+      if (array != NULL) {
+        putarray(array, f, sink, depth TSRMLS_CC);
       }
     } else if (upb_fielddef_isstring(f)) {
-      VALUE str = DEREF(msg, offset, VALUE);
-      if (is_matching_oneof || RSTRING_LEN(str) > 0) {
+      zval* str = *DEREF(msg, offset, zval**);
+      if (Z_STRLEN_P(str) > 0) {
         putstr(str, f, sink);
       }
     } else if (upb_fielddef_issubmsg(f)) {
-      putsubmsg(DEREF(msg, offset, VALUE), f, sink, depth);
+      putsubmsg(*DEREF(msg, offset, zval**), f, sink, depth TSRMLS_CC);
     } else {
       upb_selector_t sel = getsel(f, upb_handlers_getprimitivehandlertype(f));
 
-#define T(upbtypeconst, upbtype, ctype, default_value)                \
-  case upbtypeconst: {                                                \
-      ctype value = DEREF(msg, offset, ctype);                        \
-      if (is_matching_oneof || value != default_value) {              \
-        upb_sink_put##upbtype(sink, sel, value);                      \
-      }                                                               \
-    }                                                                 \
-    break;
+#define T(upbtypeconst, upbtype, ctype, default_value) \
+  case upbtypeconst: {                                 \
+    ctype value = DEREF(msg, offset, ctype);           \
+    if (value != default_value) {                      \
+      upb_sink_put##upbtype(sink, sel, value);         \
+    }                                                  \
+  } break;
 
       switch (upb_fielddef_type(f)) {
-        T(UPB_TYPE_FLOAT,  float,  float, 0.0)
+        T(UPB_TYPE_FLOAT, float, float, 0.0)
         T(UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE, double, double, 0.0)
-        T(UPB_TYPE_BOOL,   bool,   uint8_t, 0)
+        T(UPB_TYPE_BOOL, bool, uint8_t, 0)
         case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:
-        T(UPB_TYPE_INT32,  int32,  int32_t, 0)
-        T(UPB_TYPE_UINT32, uint32, uint32_t, 0)
-        T(UPB_TYPE_INT64,  int64,  int64_t, 0)
-        T(UPB_TYPE_UINT64, uint64, uint64_t, 0)
+          T(UPB_TYPE_INT32, int32, int32_t, 0)
+          T(UPB_TYPE_UINT32, uint32, uint32_t, 0)
+          T(UPB_TYPE_INT64, int64, int64_t, 0)
+          T(UPB_TYPE_UINT64, uint64, uint64_t, 0)
 
         case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
         case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
-        case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE: rb_raise(rb_eRuntimeError, "Internal error.");
+        case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
+          zend_error(E_ERROR, "Internal error.");
       }
 
 #undef T
-
     }
   }
 
   upb_sink_endmsg(sink, &status);
 }
 
+static void putstr(zval* str, const upb_fielddef *f, upb_sink *sink) {
+  upb_sink subsink;
+
+  if (ZVAL_IS_NULL(str)) return;
+
+  assert(Z_TYPE_P(str) == IS_STRING);
+
+  // Ensure that the string has the correct encoding. We also check at field-set
+  // time, but the user may have mutated the string object since then.
+  if (upb_fielddef_type(f) == UPB_TYPE_STRING &&
+      !is_structurally_valid_utf8(Z_STRVAL_P(str), Z_STRLEN_P(str))) {
+    zend_error(E_USER_ERROR, "Given string is not UTF8 encoded.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  upb_sink_startstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSTR), Z_STRLEN_P(str),
+                    &subsink);
+  upb_sink_putstring(&subsink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STRING), Z_STRVAL_P(str),
+                     Z_STRLEN_P(str), NULL);
+  upb_sink_endstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSTR));
+}
+
+static void putrawstr(const char* str, int len, const upb_fielddef* f,
+                      upb_sink* sink) {
+  upb_sink subsink;
+
+  if (len == 0) return;
+
+  // Ensure that the string has the correct encoding. We also check at field-set
+  // time, but the user may have mutated the string object since then.
+  if (upb_fielddef_type(f) == UPB_TYPE_STRING &&
+      !is_structurally_valid_utf8(str, len)) {
+    zend_error(E_USER_ERROR, "Given string is not UTF8 encoded.");
+    return;
+  }
+
+  upb_sink_startstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSTR), len, &subsink);
+  upb_sink_putstring(&subsink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STRING), str, len, NULL);
+  upb_sink_endstr(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSTR));
+}
+
+static void putsubmsg(zval* submsg, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink,
+                      int depth TSRMLS_DC) {
+  upb_sink subsink;
+
+  if (Z_TYPE_P(submsg) == IS_NULL) return;
+
+  zval* php_descriptor = get_def_obj(upb_fielddef_msgsubdef(f));
+  Descriptor* subdesc =
+      (Descriptor*)zend_object_store_get_object(php_descriptor TSRMLS_CC);
+
+  upb_sink_startsubmsg(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSUBMSG), &subsink);
+  putmsg(submsg, subdesc, &subsink, depth + 1 TSRMLS_CC);
+  upb_sink_endsubmsg(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSUBMSG));
+}
+
+static void putarray(zval* array, const upb_fielddef* f, upb_sink* sink,
+                     int depth TSRMLS_DC) {
+  upb_sink subsink;
+  upb_fieldtype_t type = upb_fielddef_type(f);
+  upb_selector_t sel = 0;
+  int size, i;
+
+  assert(array != NULL);
+  RepeatedField* intern =
+      (RepeatedField*)zend_object_store_get_object(array TSRMLS_CC);
+  size = zend_hash_num_elements(HASH_OF(intern->array));
+  if (size == 0) return;
+
+  upb_sink_startseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_STARTSEQ), &subsink);
+
+  if (upb_fielddef_isprimitive(f)) {
+    sel = getsel(f, upb_handlers_getprimitivehandlertype(f));
+  }
+
+  for (i = 0; i < size; i++) {
+    void* memory = repeated_field_index_native(intern, i TSRMLS_CC);
+    switch (type) {
+#define T(upbtypeconst, upbtype, ctype)                      \
+  case upbtypeconst:                                         \
+    upb_sink_put##upbtype(&subsink, sel, *((ctype*)memory)); \
+    break;
+
+      T(UPB_TYPE_FLOAT, float, float)
+      T(UPB_TYPE_DOUBLE, double, double)
+      T(UPB_TYPE_BOOL, bool, int8_t)
+      case UPB_TYPE_ENUM:
+        T(UPB_TYPE_INT32, int32, int32_t)
+        T(UPB_TYPE_UINT32, uint32, uint32_t)
+        T(UPB_TYPE_INT64, int64, int64_t)
+        T(UPB_TYPE_UINT64, uint64, uint64_t)
+
+      case UPB_TYPE_STRING:
+      case UPB_TYPE_BYTES:
+        putstr(*((zval**)memory), f, &subsink);
+        break;
+      case UPB_TYPE_MESSAGE:
+        putsubmsg(*((zval**)memory), f, &subsink, depth TSRMLS_CC);
+        break;
+
+#undef T
+    }
+  }
+  upb_sink_endseq(sink, getsel(f, UPB_HANDLER_ENDSEQ));
+}
+
 static const upb_handlers* msgdef_pb_serialize_handlers(Descriptor* desc) {
   if (desc->pb_serialize_handlers == NULL) {
     desc->pb_serialize_handlers =
@@ -1125,109 +1197,61 @@ static const upb_handlers* msgdef_pb_serialize_handlers(Descriptor* desc) {
   return desc->pb_serialize_handlers;
 }
 
-static const upb_handlers* msgdef_json_serialize_handlers(
-    Descriptor* desc, bool preserve_proto_fieldnames) {
-  if (preserve_proto_fieldnames) {
-    if (desc->json_serialize_handlers == NULL) {
-      desc->json_serialize_handlers =
-          upb_json_printer_newhandlers(
-              desc->msgdef, true, &desc->json_serialize_handlers);
-    }
-    return desc->json_serialize_handlers;
-  } else {
-    if (desc->json_serialize_handlers_preserve == NULL) {
-      desc->json_serialize_handlers_preserve =
-          upb_json_printer_newhandlers(
-              desc->msgdef, false, &desc->json_serialize_handlers_preserve);
-    }
-    return desc->json_serialize_handlers_preserve;
-  }
-}
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// PHP encode/decode methods
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     MessageClass.encode(msg) => bytes
- *
- * Encodes the given message object to its serialized form in protocol buffers
- * wire format.
- */
-VALUE Message_encode(VALUE klass, VALUE msg_rb) {
-  VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
+PHP_METHOD(Message, encode) {
+  zval* php_descriptor = get_ce_obj(Z_OBJCE_P(getThis()));
+  Descriptor* desc =
+      (Descriptor*)zend_object_store_get_object(php_descriptor TSRMLS_CC);
 
   stringsink sink;
   stringsink_init(&sink);
 
   {
-    const upb_handlers* serialize_handlers =
-        msgdef_pb_serialize_handlers(desc);
+    const upb_handlers* serialize_handlers = msgdef_pb_serialize_handlers(desc);
 
     stackenv se;
     upb_pb_encoder* encoder;
-    VALUE ret;
 
     stackenv_init(&se, "Error occurred during encoding: %s");
     encoder = upb_pb_encoder_create(&se.env, serialize_handlers, &sink.sink);
 
-    putmsg(msg_rb, desc, upb_pb_encoder_input(encoder), 0);
+    putmsg(getThis(), desc, upb_pb_encoder_input(encoder), 0 TSRMLS_CC);
 
-    ret = rb_str_new(sink.ptr, sink.len);
+    RETVAL_STRINGL(sink.ptr, sink.len, 1);
 
     stackenv_uninit(&se);
     stringsink_uninit(&sink);
-
-    return ret;
   }
 }
 
-/*
- * call-seq:
- *     MessageClass.encode_json(msg) => json_string
- *
- * Encodes the given message object into its serialized JSON representation.
- */
-VALUE Message_encode_json(int argc, VALUE* argv, VALUE klass) {
-  VALUE descriptor = rb_ivar_get(klass, descriptor_instancevar_interned);
-  Descriptor* desc = ruby_to_Descriptor(descriptor);
-  VALUE msg_rb;
-  VALUE preserve_proto_fieldnames = Qfalse;
-  stringsink sink;
+PHP_METHOD(Message, decode) {
+  zval* php_descriptor = get_ce_obj(Z_OBJCE_P(getThis()));
+  Descriptor* desc =
+      (Descriptor*)zend_object_store_get_object(php_descriptor TSRMLS_CC);
+  MessageHeader* msg = zend_object_store_get_object(getThis() TSRMLS_CC);
 
-  if (argc < 1 || argc > 2) {
-    rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected 1 or 2 arguments.");
-  }
-
-  msg_rb = argv[0];
-
-  if (argc == 2) {
-    VALUE hash_args = argv[1];
-    if (TYPE(hash_args) != T_HASH) {
-      rb_raise(rb_eArgError, "Expected hash arguments.");
-    }
-    preserve_proto_fieldnames = rb_hash_lookup2(
-        hash_args, ID2SYM(rb_intern("preserve_proto_fieldnames")), Qfalse);
+  char *data = NULL;
+  int data_len;
+  if (zend_parse_parameters(ZEND_NUM_ARGS() TSRMLS_CC, "s", &data, &data_len) ==
+      FAILURE) {
+    return;
   }
 
-  stringsink_init(&sink);
-
   {
-    const upb_handlers* serialize_handlers =
-        msgdef_json_serialize_handlers(desc, RTEST(preserve_proto_fieldnames));
-    upb_json_printer* printer;
+    const upb_pbdecodermethod* method = msgdef_decodermethod(desc);
+    const upb_handlers* h = upb_pbdecodermethod_desthandlers(method);
     stackenv se;
-    VALUE ret;
-
-    stackenv_init(&se, "Error occurred during encoding: %s");
-    printer = upb_json_printer_create(&se.env, serialize_handlers, &sink.sink);
-
-    putmsg(msg_rb, desc, upb_json_printer_input(printer), 0);
+    upb_sink sink;
+    upb_pbdecoder* decoder;
+    stackenv_init(&se, "Error occurred during parsing: %s");
 
-    ret = rb_enc_str_new(sink.ptr, sink.len, rb_utf8_encoding());
+    upb_sink_reset(&sink, h, msg);
+    decoder = upb_pbdecoder_create(&se.env, method, &sink);
+    upb_bufsrc_putbuf(data, data_len, upb_pbdecoder_input(decoder));
 
     stackenv_uninit(&se);
-    stringsink_uninit(&sink);
-
-    return ret;
   }
 }
-