VM support for running Kernel binaries.

runtime/vm/kernel_reader.cc

+// Copyright (c) 2016, the Dart project authors.  Please see the AUTHORS file
+// for details. All rights reserved. Use of this source code is governed by a
+// BSD-style license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "vm/kernel_reader.h"
+
+#include <string.h>
+
+#include "vm/dart_api_impl.h"
+#include "vm/longjump.h"
+#include "vm/object_store.h"
+#include "vm/parser.h"
+#include "vm/symbols.h"
+
+namespace dart {
+namespace kernel {
+
+#define Z (zone_)
+#define I (isolate_)
+#define T (type_translator_)
+#define H (translation_helper_)
+
+class SimpleExpressionConverter : public ExpressionVisitor {
+ public:
+  SimpleExpressionConverter(Thread* thread, Zone* zone)
+      : translation_helper_(thread, zone, NULL),
+        zone_(zone),
+        is_simple_(false),
+        simple_value_(NULL) {}
+
+  virtual void VisitDefaultExpression(Expression* node) { is_simple_ = false; }
+
+  virtual void VisitIntLiteral(IntLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ =
+        &Integer::ZoneHandle(Z, Integer::New(node->value(), Heap::kOld));
+    *simple_value_ = H.Canonicalize(*simple_value_);
+  }
+
+  virtual void VisitBigintLiteral(BigintLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ = &Integer::ZoneHandle(
+        Z, Integer::New(H.DartString(node->value(), Heap::kOld)));
+    *simple_value_ = H.Canonicalize(*simple_value_);
+  }
+
+  virtual void VisitDoubleLiteral(DoubleLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ = &Double::ZoneHandle(
+        Z, Double::New(H.DartString(node->value()), Heap::kOld));
+    *simple_value_ = H.Canonicalize(*simple_value_);
+  }
+
+  virtual void VisitBoolLiteral(BoolLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ = &Bool::Handle(Z, Bool::Get(node->value()).raw());
+  }
+
+  virtual void VisitNullLiteral(NullLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ = &dart::Instance::ZoneHandle(Z, dart::Instance::null());
+  }
+
+  virtual void VisitStringLiteral(StringLiteral* node) {
+    is_simple_ = true;
+    simple_value_ = &H.DartSymbol(node->value());
+  }
+
+  bool IsSimple(Expression* expression) {
+    expression->AcceptExpressionVisitor(this);
+    return is_simple_;
+  }
+
+  const dart::Instance& SimpleValue() { return *simple_value_; }
+  dart::Zone* zone() const { return zone_; }
+
+ private:
+  TranslationHelper translation_helper_;
+  dart::Zone* zone_;
+  bool is_simple_;
+  dart::Instance* simple_value_;
+};
+
+void BuildingTranslationHelper::SetFinalize(bool finalize) {
+  reader_->finalize_ = finalize;
+}
+
+RawLibrary* BuildingTranslationHelper::LookupLibraryByKernelLibrary(
+    Library* library) {
+  return reader_->LookupLibrary(library).raw();
+}
+
+RawClass* BuildingTranslationHelper::LookupClassByKernelClass(Class* klass) {
+  return reader_->LookupClass(klass).raw();
+}
+
+Object& KernelReader::ReadProgram() {
+  ASSERT(!bootstrapping_);
+  Program* program = ReadPrecompiledKernelFromBuffer(buffer_, buffer_length_);
+  if (program == NULL) {
+    const dart::String& error = H.DartString("Failed to read .kernell file");
+    return Object::Handle(Z, ApiError::New(error));
+  }
+
+  LongJumpScope jump;
+  if (setjmp(*jump.Set()) == 0) {
+    Procedure* main = program->main_method();
+    Library* kernel_main_library = Library::Cast(main->parent());
+
+    intptr_t length = program->libraries().length();
+    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      Library* kernel_library = program->libraries()[i];
+      ReadLibrary(kernel_library);
+    }
+
+    // We finalize classes after we've constructed all classes since we
+    // currently don't construct them in pre-order of the class hierarchy (and
+    // finalization of a class needs all of its superclasses to be finalized).
+    dart::String& name = dart::String::Handle(Z);
+    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < length; i++) {
+      Library* kernel_library = program->libraries()[i];
+      dart::Library& library = LookupLibrary(kernel_library);
+      name = library.url();
+
+      // TODO(27590) unskip this library when we fix underlying issue.
+      if (name.Equals("dart:vmservice_io")) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      if (!library.Loaded()) {
+        dart::Class& klass = dart::Class::Handle(Z);
+        for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_library->classes().length(); i++) {
+          klass = LookupClass(kernel_library->classes()[i]).raw();
+          ClassFinalizer::FinalizeTypesInClass(klass);
+          ClassFinalizer::FinalizeClass(klass);
+        }
+        library.SetLoaded();
+      }
+    }
+
+    dart::Library& library = LookupLibrary(kernel_main_library);
+
+    // Sanity check that we can find the main entrypoint.
+    Object& main_obj = Object::Handle(
+        Z, library.LookupObjectAllowPrivate(H.DartSymbol("main")));
+    ASSERT(!main_obj.IsNull());
+    return library;
+  } else {
+    // Everything else is a compile-time error. We don't use the [error] since
+    // it sometimes causes the higher-level error handling to try to read the
+    // script and token position (which we don't have) to produce a nice error
+    // message.
+    Error& error = Error::Handle(Z);
+    error = thread_->sticky_error();
+    thread_->clear_sticky_error();
+
+    // Instead we simply make a non-informative error message.
+    const dart::String& error_message =
+        H.DartString("Failed to read .kernell file => CompileTimeError.");
+    return Object::Handle(Z, LanguageError::New(error_message));
+  }
+}
+
+void KernelReader::ReadLibrary(Library* kernel_library) {
+  dart::Library& library = LookupLibrary(kernel_library);
+  if (library.Loaded()) return;
+
+  // The bootstrapper will take care of creating the native wrapper classes, but
+  // we will add the synthetic constructors to them here.
+  if (library.name() ==
+      Symbols::Symbol(Symbols::kDartNativeWrappersLibNameId).raw()) {
+    ASSERT(library.LoadInProgress());
+  } else {
+    library.SetLoadInProgress();
+  }
+  // Setup toplevel class (which contains library fields/procedures).
+
+  // TODO(27590): Figure out why we need this script stuff here.
+  Script& script = Script::Handle(
+      Z,
+      Script::New(H.DartString(""), H.DartString(""), RawScript::kScriptTag));
+  script.SetLocationOffset(0, 0);
+  script.Tokenize(H.DartString("nop() {}"));
+  dart::Class& toplevel_class = dart::Class::Handle(Z, dart::Class::New(
+      library, Symbols::TopLevel(), script, TokenPosition::kNoSource));
+  toplevel_class.set_is_cycle_free();
+  library.set_toplevel_class(toplevel_class);
+  if (bootstrapping_) {
+    GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z, I->object_store()->pending_classes())
+        .Add(toplevel_class, Heap::kOld);
+  }
+
+  ActiveClassScope active_class_scope(&active_class_, NULL, &toplevel_class);
+  // Load toplevel fields.
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_library->fields().length(); i++) {
+    Field* kernel_field = kernel_library->fields()[i];
+
+    ActiveMemberScope active_member_scope(&active_class_, kernel_field);
+    const dart::String& name = H.DartFieldName(kernel_field->name());
+    dart::Field& field = dart::Field::Handle(
+        Z, dart::Field::NewTopLevel(name, kernel_field->IsFinal(),
+                                    kernel_field->IsConst(), toplevel_class,
+                                    TokenPosition::kNoSource));
+    field.set_kernel_field(kernel_field);
+    const AbstractType& type = T.TranslateType(kernel_field->type());
+    field.SetFieldType(type);
+    field.set_has_initializer(kernel_field->initializer() != NULL);
+    GenerateFieldAccessors(toplevel_class, field, kernel_field);
+    toplevel_class.AddField(field);
+    library.AddObject(field, name);
+  }
+
+  // Load toplevel procedures.
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_library->procedures().length(); i++) {
+    Procedure* kernel_procedure = kernel_library->procedures()[i];
+    ReadProcedure(library, toplevel_class, kernel_procedure);
+  }
+
+  // Load all classes.
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_library->classes().length(); i++) {
+    Class* kernel_klass = kernel_library->classes()[i];
+    ReadClass(library, kernel_klass);
+  }
+}
+
+void KernelReader::ReadPreliminaryClass(dart::Class* klass,
+                                        Class* kernel_klass) {
+  ActiveClassScope active_class_scope(&active_class_, kernel_klass, klass);
+
+  // First setup the type parameters, so if any of the following code uses it
+  // (in a recursive way) we're fine.
+  TypeArguments& type_parameters =
+      TypeArguments::Handle(Z, TypeArguments::null());
+  intptr_t num_type_parameters = kernel_klass->type_parameters().length();
+  if (num_type_parameters > 0) {
+    dart::TypeParameter& parameter = dart::TypeParameter::Handle(Z);
+    Type& null_bound = Type::Handle(Z, Type::null());
+
+    // Step a) Create array of [TypeParameter] objects (without bound).
+    type_parameters = TypeArguments::New(num_type_parameters);
+    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_type_parameters; i++) {
+      parameter = dart::TypeParameter::New(
+          *klass, Function::Handle(Z), i,
+          H.DartSymbol(kernel_klass->type_parameters()[i]->name()), null_bound,
+          TokenPosition::kNoSource);
+      type_parameters.SetTypeAt(i, parameter);
+    }
+    klass->set_type_parameters(type_parameters);
+
+    // Step b) Fill in the bounds of all [TypeParameter]s.
+    for (intptr_t i = 0; i < num_type_parameters; i++) {
+      TypeParameter* kernel_parameter = kernel_klass->type_parameters()[i];
+      // There is no dynamic bound, only Object.
+      // TODO(27590): Should we fix this in the kernel IR generator?
+      if (kernel_parameter->bound()->IsDynamicType()) {
+        parameter ^= type_parameters.TypeAt(i);
+        parameter.set_bound(Type::Handle(Z, I->object_store()->object_type()));
+      } else {
+        AbstractType& bound =
+            T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(kernel_parameter->bound());
+        if (bound.IsMalformedOrMalbounded()) {
+          bound = I->object_store()->object_type();
+        }
+
+        parameter ^= type_parameters.TypeAt(i);
+        parameter.set_bound(bound);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  if (kernel_klass->IsNormalClass()) {
+    NormalClass* kernel_normal_class = NormalClass::Cast(kernel_klass);
+
+    // Set super type.  Some classes (e.g., Object) do not have one.
+    if (kernel_normal_class->super_class() != NULL) {
+      AbstractType& super_type = T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(
+          kernel_normal_class->super_class());
+      if (super_type.IsMalformed()) H.ReportError("Malformed super type");
+      klass->set_super_type(super_type);
+    }
+  } else {
+    MixinClass* kernel_mixin = MixinClass::Cast(kernel_klass);
+
+    // Set super type.
+    AbstractType& super_type =
+        T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(kernel_mixin->first());
+    if (super_type.IsMalformed()) H.ReportError("Malformed super type.");
+    klass->set_super_type(super_type);
+
+    // Tell the rest of the system there is nothing to resolve.
+    super_type.SetIsResolved();
+
+    // Set mixin type.
+    AbstractType& mixin_type =
+        T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(kernel_mixin->second());
+    if (mixin_type.IsMalformed()) H.ReportError("Malformed mixin type.");
+    klass->set_mixin(Type::Cast(mixin_type));
+  }
+
+  // Build implemented interface types
+  intptr_t interface_count = kernel_klass->implemented_classes().length();
+  const dart::Array& interfaces =
+      dart::Array::Handle(Z, dart::Array::New(interface_count));
+  dart::Class& interface_class = dart::Class::Handle(Z);
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < interface_count; i++) {
+    InterfaceType* kernel_interface_type =
+        kernel_klass->implemented_classes()[i];
+    const AbstractType& type =
+        T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(kernel_interface_type);
+    if (type.IsMalformed()) H.ReportError("Malformed interface type.");
+    interfaces.SetAt(i, type);
+
+    // NOTE: Normally the DartVM keeps a list of pending classes and iterates
+    // through them later on using `ClassFinalizer::ProcessPendingClasses()`.
+    // This involes calling `ClassFinalizer::ResolveSuperTypeAndInterfaces()`
+    // which does a lot of error validation (e.g. cycle checks) which we don't
+    // need here.  But we do need to do one thing which this resolving phase
+    // normally does for us: set the `is_implemented` boolean.
+
+    // TODO(27590): Maybe we can do this differently once we have
+    // "bootstrapping from kernel"-support.
+    interface_class = type.type_class();
+    interface_class.set_is_implemented();
+  }
+  klass->set_interfaces(interfaces);
+  if (kernel_klass->is_abstract()) klass->set_is_abstract();
+  klass->set_is_cycle_free();
+
+  // When bootstrapping we should not finalize types yet because they will be
+  // finalized when the object store's pending_classes list is drained by
+  // ClassFinalizer::ProcessPendingClasses.  Even when not bootstrapping we are
+  // careful not to eagerly finalize types that may introduce a circularity
+  // (such as type arguments, interface types, field types, etc.).
+  if (finalize_) ClassFinalizer::FinalizeTypesInClass(*klass);
+}
+
+void KernelReader::ReadClass(const dart::Library& library,
+                             Class* kernel_klass) {
+  // This will trigger a call to [ReadPreliminaryClass] if not already done.
+  dart::Class& klass = LookupClass(kernel_klass);
+
+  ActiveClassScope active_class_scope(&active_class_, kernel_klass, &klass);
+
+  TokenPosition pos(0);
+
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_klass->fields().length(); i++) {
+    Field* kernel_field = kernel_klass->fields()[i];
+    ActiveMemberScope active_member_scope(&active_class_, kernel_field);
+
+    const dart::String& name = H.DartFieldName(kernel_field->name());
+    const AbstractType& type =
+        T.TranslateTypeWithoutFinalization(kernel_field->type());
+    dart::Field& field = dart::Field::Handle(
+        Z, dart::Field::New(name, kernel_field->IsStatic(),
+                            // In the VM all const fields are implicitly final
+                            // whereas in Kernel they are not final because they
+                            // are not explicitly declared that way.
+                            kernel_field->IsFinal() || kernel_field->IsConst(),
+                            kernel_field->IsConst(),
+                            false,  // is_reflectable
+                            klass, type, pos));
+    field.set_kernel_field(kernel_field);
+    field.set_has_initializer(kernel_field->initializer() != NULL);
+    GenerateFieldAccessors(klass, field, kernel_field);
+    klass.AddField(field);
+  }
+
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_klass->constructors().length(); i++) {
+    Constructor* kernel_constructor = kernel_klass->constructors()[i];
+    ActiveMemberScope active_member_scope(&active_class_, kernel_constructor);
+    ActiveFunctionScope active_function_scope(&active_class_,
+                                              kernel_constructor->function());
+
+    const dart::String& name = H.DartConstructorName(kernel_constructor);
+    Function& function = dart::Function::ZoneHandle(
+        Z, dart::Function::New(name, RawFunction::kConstructor,
+                               false,  // is_static
+                               kernel_constructor->IsConst(),
+                               false,  // is_abstract
+                               kernel_constructor->IsExternal(),
+                               false,  // is_native
+                               klass, pos));
+    klass.AddFunction(function);
+    function.set_kernel_function(kernel_constructor);
+    function.set_result_type(T.ReceiverType(klass));
+    SetupFunctionParameters(H, T, klass, function,
+                            kernel_constructor->function(),
+                            true,    // is_method
+                            false);  // is_closure
+  }
+
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < kernel_klass->procedures().length(); i++) {
+    Procedure* kernel_procedure = kernel_klass->procedures()[i];
+    ActiveMemberScope active_member_scope(&active_class_, kernel_procedure);
+    ReadProcedure(library, klass, kernel_procedure, kernel_klass);
+  }
+
+  if (bootstrapping_ && !klass.is_marked_for_parsing()) {
+    klass.set_is_marked_for_parsing();
+    GrowableObjectArray::Handle(Z, I->object_store()->pending_classes())
+        .Add(klass, Heap::kOld);
+  }
+}
+
+void KernelReader::ReadProcedure(const dart::Library& library,
+                                 const dart::Class& owner,
+                                 Procedure* kernel_procedure,
+                                 Class* kernel_klass) {
+  ActiveClassScope active_class_scope(&active_class_, kernel_klass, &owner);
+  ActiveMemberScope active_member_scope(&active_class_, kernel_procedure);
+  ActiveFunctionScope active_function_scope(&active_class_,
+                                            kernel_procedure->function());
+
+  const dart::String& name = H.DartProcedureName(kernel_procedure);
+  TokenPosition pos(0);
+  bool is_method = kernel_klass != NULL && !kernel_procedure->IsStatic();
+  bool is_abstract = kernel_procedure->IsAbstract();
+  bool is_external = kernel_procedure->IsExternal();
+  dart::String* native_name = NULL;
+  if (is_external) {
+    // Maybe it has a native implementation, which is not external as far as
+    // the VM is concerned because it does have an implementation.  Check for
+    // an ExternalName annotation and extract the string from it.
+    for (int i = 0; i < kernel_procedure->annotations().length(); ++i) {
+      Expression* annotation = kernel_procedure->annotations()[i];
+      if (!annotation->IsConstructorInvocation()) continue;
+      ConstructorInvocation* invocation =
+          ConstructorInvocation::Cast(annotation);
+      Class* annotation_class = Class::Cast(invocation->target()->parent());
+      String* class_name = annotation_class->name();
+      // Just compare by name, do not generate the annotation class.
+      int length = sizeof("ExternalName") - 1;
+      if (class_name->size() != length) continue;
+      if (memcmp(class_name->buffer(), "ExternalName", length) != 0) continue;
+      String* library_name = annotation_class->parent()->name();
+      length = sizeof("dart._internal") - 1;
+      if (library_name->size() != length) continue;
+      if (memcmp(library_name->buffer(), "dart._internal", length) != 0) {
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      is_external = false;
+      ASSERT(invocation->arguments()->positional().length() == 1 &&
+             invocation->arguments()->named().length() == 0);
+      StringLiteral* literal =
+          StringLiteral::Cast(invocation->arguments()->positional()[0]);
+      native_name = &H.DartSymbol(literal->value());
+      break;
+    }
+  }
+  dart::Function& function = dart::Function::ZoneHandle(
+      Z, Function::New(name, GetFunctionType(kernel_procedure),
+                       !is_method,  // is_static
+                       false,       // is_const
+                       is_abstract, is_external,
+                       native_name != NULL,  // is_native
+                       owner, pos));
+  owner.AddFunction(function);
+  function.set_kernel_function(kernel_procedure);
+  function.set_is_debuggable(false);
+  if (native_name != NULL) {
+    function.set_native_name(*native_name);
+  }
+
+  SetupFunctionParameters(H, T, owner, function, kernel_procedure->function(),
+                          is_method,
+                          false);  // is_closure
+
+  if (kernel_klass == NULL) {
+    library.AddObject(function, name);
+    ASSERT(!Object::Handle(Z, library.LookupObjectAllowPrivate(
+                                  H.DartProcedureName(kernel_procedure)))
+                .IsNull());
+  }
+}
+
+void KernelReader::GenerateFieldAccessors(const dart::Class& klass,
+                                          const dart::Field& field,
+                                          Field* kernel_field) {
+  TokenPosition pos(0);
+
+  if (kernel_field->IsStatic() && kernel_field->initializer() != NULL) {
+    // Static fields with initializers either have the static value set to the
+    // initializer value if it is simple enough or else set to an uninitialized
+    // sentinel.
+    SimpleExpressionConverter converter(H.thread(), Z);
+    if (converter.IsSimple(kernel_field->initializer())) {
+      // We do not need a getter.
+      field.SetStaticValue(converter.SimpleValue(), true);
+      return;
+    }
+    // We do need a getter that evaluates the initializer if necessary.
+    field.SetStaticValue(Object::sentinel(), true);
+  }
+
+  const dart::String& getter_name = H.DartGetterName(kernel_field->name());
+  Function& getter = Function::ZoneHandle(
+      Z,
+      Function::New(
+          getter_name,
+          kernel_field->IsStatic() ? RawFunction::kImplicitStaticFinalGetter
+                                   : RawFunction::kImplicitGetter,
+          kernel_field->IsStatic(),
+          // The functions created by the parser have is_const for static fields
+          // that are const (not just final) and they have is_const for
+          // non-static
+          // fields that are final.
+          kernel_field->IsStatic() ? kernel_field->IsConst()
+                                   : kernel_field->IsFinal(),
+          false,  // is_abstract
+          false,  // is_external
+          false,  // is_native
+          klass, pos));
+  klass.AddFunction(getter);
+  if (klass.IsTopLevel()) {
+    dart::Library& library = dart::Library::Handle(Z, klass.library());
+    library.AddObject(getter, getter_name);
+  }
+  getter.set_kernel_function(kernel_field);
+  getter.set_result_type(AbstractType::Handle(Z, field.type()));
+  getter.set_is_debuggable(false);
+  SetupFieldAccessorFunction(klass, getter);
+
+  if (!kernel_field->IsStatic() && !kernel_field->IsFinal()) {
+    // Only static fields can be const.
+    ASSERT(!kernel_field->IsConst());
+    const dart::String& setter_name = H.DartSetterName(kernel_field->name());
+    Function& setter = Function::ZoneHandle(
+        Z, Function::New(setter_name, RawFunction::kImplicitSetter,
+                         false,  // is_static
+                         false,  // is_const
+                         false,  // is_abstract
+                         false,  // is_external
+                         false,  // is_native
+                         klass, pos));
+    klass.AddFunction(setter);
+    setter.set_kernel_function(kernel_field);
+    setter.set_result_type(Object::void_type());
+    setter.set_is_debuggable(false);
+    SetupFieldAccessorFunction(klass, setter);
+  }
+}
+
+void KernelReader::SetupFunctionParameters(TranslationHelper translation_helper,
+                                           DartTypeTranslator type_translator,
+                                           const dart::Class& klass,
+                                           const dart::Function& function,
+                                           FunctionNode* node, bool is_method,
+                                           bool is_closure) {
+  dart::Zone* zone = translation_helper.zone();
+
+  ASSERT(!(is_method && is_closure));
+  bool is_factory = function.IsFactory();
+  intptr_t extra_parameters = (is_method || is_closure || is_factory) ? 1 : 0;
+
+  function.set_num_fixed_parameters(extra_parameters +
+                                    node->required_parameter_count());
+  if (node->named_parameters().length() > 0) {
+    function.SetNumOptionalParameters(node->named_parameters().length(), false);
+  } else {
+    function.SetNumOptionalParameters(node->positional_parameters().length() -
+                                          node->required_parameter_count(),
+                                      true);
+  }
+  intptr_t num_parameters = extra_parameters +
+                            node->positional_parameters().length() +
+                            node->named_parameters().length();
+  function.set_parameter_types(
+      Array::Handle(zone, Array::New(num_parameters, Heap::kOld)));
+  function.set_parameter_names(
+      Array::Handle(zone, Array::New(num_parameters, Heap::kOld)));
+  intptr_t pos = 0;
+  if (is_method) {
+    ASSERT(!klass.IsNull());
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(pos,
+                                translation_helper.GetCanonicalType(klass));
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(pos, Symbols::This());
+    pos++;
+  } else if (is_closure) {
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(pos, AbstractType::dynamic_type());
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(pos, Symbols::ClosureParameter());
+    pos++;
+  } else if (is_factory) {
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(pos, AbstractType::dynamic_type());
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(pos, Symbols::TypeArgumentsParameter());
+    pos++;
+  }
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < node->positional_parameters().length(); i++, pos++) {
+    VariableDeclaration* kernel_variable = node->positional_parameters()[i];
+    const AbstractType& type =
+        type_translator.TranslateType(kernel_variable->type());
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(
+        pos, type.IsMalformed() ? Type::dynamic_type() : type);
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(
+        pos, translation_helper.DartSymbol(kernel_variable->name()));
+  }
+  for (intptr_t i = 0; i < node->named_parameters().length(); i++, pos++) {
+    VariableDeclaration* named_expression = node->named_parameters()[i];
+    const AbstractType& type =
+        type_translator.TranslateType(named_expression->type());
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(
+        pos, type.IsMalformed() ? Type::dynamic_type() : type);
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(
+        pos, translation_helper.DartSymbol(named_expression->name()));
+  }
+
+  const AbstractType& return_type =
+      type_translator.TranslateType(node->return_type());
+  function.set_result_type(return_type.IsMalformed() ? Type::dynamic_type()
+                                                     : return_type);
+}
+
+void KernelReader::SetupFieldAccessorFunction(const dart::Class& klass,
+                                              const dart::Function& function) {
+  bool is_setter = function.IsImplicitSetterFunction();
+  bool is_method = !function.IsStaticFunction();
+  intptr_t num_parameters = (is_method ? 1 : 0) + (is_setter ? 1 : 0);
+
+  function.SetNumOptionalParameters(0, false);
+  function.set_num_fixed_parameters(num_parameters);
+  function.set_parameter_types(
+      Array::Handle(Z, Array::New(num_parameters, Heap::kOld)));
+  function.set_parameter_names(
+      Array::Handle(Z, Array::New(num_parameters, Heap::kOld)));
+
+  intptr_t pos = 0;
+  if (is_method) {
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(pos, T.ReceiverType(klass));
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(pos, Symbols::This());
+    pos++;
+  }
+  if (is_setter) {
+    function.SetParameterTypeAt(pos, AbstractType::dynamic_type());
+    function.SetParameterNameAt(pos, Symbols::Value());
+    pos++;
+  }
+}
+
+dart::Library& KernelReader::LookupLibrary(Library* library) {
+  dart::Library* handle = NULL;
+  if (!libraries_.Lookup(library, &handle)) {
+    const dart::String& url = H.DartSymbol(library->import_uri());
+    handle =
+        &dart::Library::Handle(Z, dart::Library::LookupLibrary(thread_, url));
+    if (handle->IsNull()) {
+      *handle = dart::Library::New(url);
+      handle->Register(thread_);
+    }
+    ASSERT(!handle->IsNull());
+    libraries_.Insert(library, handle);
+  }
+  return *handle;
+}
+
+dart::Class& KernelReader::LookupClass(Class* klass) {
+  dart::Class* handle = NULL;
+  if (!classes_.Lookup(klass, &handle)) {
+    dart::Library& library = LookupLibrary(klass->parent());
+    const dart::String& name = H.DartClassName(klass);
+    handle = &dart::Class::Handle(Z, library.LookupClass(name));
+    if (handle->IsNull()) {
+      // The class needs to have a script because all the functions in the class
+      // will inherit it.  The predicate Function::IsOptimizable uses the
+      // absence of a script to detect test functions that should not be
+      // optimized.  Use a dummy script.
+      //
+      // TODO(27590): We shouldn't need a dummy script per class.  At the
+      // least we could have a singleton.  At best, we'd change IsOptimizable to
+      // detect test functions some other way (like simply not setting the
+      // optimizable bit on those functions in the first place).
+      TokenPosition pos(0);
+      Script& script =
+          Script::Handle(Z, Script::New(H.DartString(""), H.DartString(""),
+                                        RawScript::kScriptTag));
+      handle =
+          &dart::Class::Handle(Z, dart::Class::New(library, name, script, pos));
+      library.AddClass(*handle);
+    } else if (handle->script() == Script::null()) {
+      // When bootstrapping we can encounter classes that do not yet have a
+      // dummy script.
+      TokenPosition pos(0);
+      Script& script =
+          Script::Handle(Z, Script::New(H.DartString(""), H.DartString(""),
+                                        RawScript::kScriptTag));
+      handle->set_script(script);
+    }
+    // Insert the class in the cache before calling ReadPreliminaryClass so
+    // we do not risk allocating the class again by calling LookupClass
+    // recursively from ReadPreliminaryClass for the same class.
+    classes_.Insert(klass, handle);
+    if (!handle->is_type_finalized()) {
+      ReadPreliminaryClass(handle, klass);
+    }
+  }
+  return *handle;
+}
+
+RawFunction::Kind KernelReader::GetFunctionType(Procedure* kernel_procedure) {
+  intptr_t lookuptable[] = {
+      RawFunction::kRegularFunction,  // Procedure::kMethod
+      RawFunction::kGetterFunction,   // Procedure::kGetter
+      RawFunction::kSetterFunction,   // Procedure::kSetter
+      RawFunction::kRegularFunction,  // Procedure::kOperator
+      RawFunction::kConstructor,      // Procedure::kFactory
+  };
+  intptr_t kind = static_cast<int>(kernel_procedure->kind());
+  if (kind == Procedure::kIncompleteProcedure) {
+    return RawFunction::kSignatureFunction;
+  } else {
+    ASSERT(0 <= kind && kind <= Procedure::kFactory);
+    return static_cast<RawFunction::Kind>(lookuptable[kind]);
+  }
+}
+
+}  // namespace kernel
+}  // namespace dart