Update libusb 1.0.9 to libusbx 1.0.16

third_party/libusb/src/examples/ezusb.c

Index: third_party/libusb/src/examples/ezusb.c
diff --git a/third_party/libusb/src/examples/ezusb.c b/third_party/libusb/src/examples/ezusb.c
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000000000000000000000000000000000..931a86af596114e7aca1854198827d390d787e6b
--- /dev/null
+++ b/third_party/libusb/src/examples/ezusb.c
@@ -0,0 +1,796 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright © 2001 Stephen Williams (steve@icarus.com)
+ * Copyright © 2001-2002 David Brownell (dbrownell@users.sourceforge.net)
+ * Copyright © 2008 Roger Williams (rawqux@users.sourceforge.net)
+ * Copyright © 2012 Pete Batard (pete@akeo.ie)
+ * Copyright © 2013 Federico Manzan (f.manzan@gmail.com)
+ *
+ *    This source code is free software; you can redistribute it
+ *    and/or modify it in source code form under the terms of the GNU
+ *    General Public License as published by the Free Software
+ *    Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option)
+ *    any later version.
+ *
+ *    This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
+ *    but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
+ *    MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
+ *    GNU General Public License for more details.
+ *
+ *    You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
+ *    along with this program; if not, write to the Free Software
+ *    Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place - Suite 330, Boston, MA 02111-1307, USA
+ */
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <errno.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+#include <string.h>
+#include <stdint.h>
+
+#include "libusb.h"
+#include "ezusb.h"
+
+extern void logerror(const char *format, ...)
+	__attribute__ ((format(printf, 1, 2)));
+
+/*
+ * This file contains functions for uploading firmware into Cypress
+ * EZ-USB microcontrollers. These chips use control endpoint 0 and vendor
+ * specific commands to support writing into the on-chip SRAM. They also
+ * support writing into the CPUCS register, which is how we reset the
+ * processor after loading firmware (including the reset vector).
+ *
+ * These Cypress devices are 8-bit 8051 based microcontrollers with
+ * special support for USB I/O.  They come in several packages, and
+ * some can be set up with external memory when device costs allow.
+ * Note that the design was originally by AnchorChips, so you may find
+ * references to that vendor (which was later merged into Cypress).
+ * The Cypress FX parts are largely compatible with the Anchorhip ones.
+ */
+
+int verbose = 1;
+
+/*
+ * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM
+ * for Anchorchips EZ-USB or Cypress EZ-USB FX
+ */
+static bool fx_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len)
+{
+	/* with 8KB RAM, 0x0000-0x1b3f can be written
+	 * we can't tell if it's a 4KB device here
+	 */
+	if (addr <= 0x1b3f)
+		return ((addr + len) > 0x1b40);
+
+	/* there may be more RAM; unclear if we can write it.
+	 * some bulk buffers may be unused, 0x1b3f-0x1f3f
+	 * firmware can set ISODISAB for 2KB at 0x2000-0x27ff
+	 */
+	return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM
+ * for Cypress EZ-USB FX2
+ */
+static bool fx2_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len)
+{
+	/* 1st 8KB for data/code, 0x0000-0x1fff */
+	if (addr <= 0x1fff)
+		return ((addr + len) > 0x2000);
+
+	/* and 512 for data, 0xe000-0xe1ff */
+	else if (addr >= 0xe000 && addr <= 0xe1ff)
+		return ((addr + len) > 0xe200);
+
+	/* otherwise, it's certainly external */
+	else
+		return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * return true if [addr,addr+len] includes external RAM
+ * for Cypress EZ-USB FX2LP
+ */
+static bool fx2lp_is_external(uint32_t addr, size_t len)
+{
+	/* 1st 16KB for data/code, 0x0000-0x3fff */
+	if (addr <= 0x3fff)
+		return ((addr + len) > 0x4000);
+
+	/* and 512 for data, 0xe000-0xe1ff */
+	else if (addr >= 0xe000 && addr <= 0xe1ff)
+		return ((addr + len) > 0xe200);
+
+	/* otherwise, it's certainly external */
+	else
+		return true;
+}
+
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * These are the requests (bRequest) that the bootstrap loader is expected
+ * to recognize.  The codes are reserved by Cypress, and these values match
+ * what EZ-USB hardware, or "Vend_Ax" firmware (2nd stage loader) uses.
+ * Cypress' "a3load" is nice because it supports both FX and FX2, although
+ * it doesn't have the EEPROM support (subset of "Vend_Ax").
+ */
+#define RW_INTERNAL     0xA0	/* hardware implements this one */
+#define RW_MEMORY       0xA3
+
+/*
+ * Issues the specified vendor-specific write request.
+ */
+static int ezusb_write(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *label,
+	uint8_t opcode, uint32_t addr, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	if (verbose > 1)
+		logerror("%s, addr 0x%08x len %4u (0x%04x)\n", label, addr, (unsigned)len, (unsigned)len);
+	status = libusb_control_transfer(device,
+		LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
+		opcode, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16,
+		(unsigned char*)data, (uint16_t)len, 1000);
+	if (status != len) {
+		if (status < 0)
+			logerror("%s: %s\n", label, libusb_error_name(status));
+		else
+			logerror("%s ==> %d\n", label, status);
+	}
+	return (status < 0) ? -EIO : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Issues the specified vendor-specific read request.
+ */
+static int ezusb_read(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *label,
+	uint8_t opcode, uint32_t addr, const unsigned char *data, size_t len)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	if (verbose > 1)
+		logerror("%s, addr 0x%08x len %4u (0x%04x)\n", label, addr, (unsigned)len, (unsigned)len);
+	status = libusb_control_transfer(device,
+		LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_IN | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
+		opcode, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16,
+		(unsigned char*)data, (uint16_t)len, 1000);
+	if (status != len) {
+		if (status < 0)
+			logerror("%s: %s\n", label, libusb_error_name(status));
+		else
+			logerror("%s ==> %d\n", label, status);
+	}
+	return (status < 0) ? -EIO : 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Modifies the CPUCS register to stop or reset the CPU.
+ * Returns false on error.
+ */
+static bool ezusb_cpucs(libusb_device_handle *device, uint32_t addr, bool doRun)
+{
+	int status;
+	uint8_t data = doRun ? 0x00 : 0x01;
+
+	if (verbose)
+		logerror("%s\n", data ? "stop CPU" : "reset CPU");
+	status = libusb_control_transfer(device,
+		LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
+		RW_INTERNAL, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16,
+		&data, 1, 1000);
+	if ((status != 1) &&
+		/* We may get an I/O error from libusbx as the device disappears */
+		((!doRun) || (status != LIBUSB_ERROR_IO)))
+	{
+		const char *mesg = "can't modify CPUCS";
+		if (status < 0)
+			logerror("%s: %s\n", mesg, libusb_error_name(status));
+		else
+			logerror("%s\n", mesg);
+		return false;
+	} else
+		return true;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Send an FX3 jumpt to address command
+ * Returns false on error.
+ */
+static bool ezusb_fx3_jump(libusb_device_handle *device, uint32_t addr)
+{
+	int status;
+
+	if (verbose)
+		logerror("transfer execution to Program Entry at 0x%08x\n", addr);
+	status = libusb_control_transfer(device,
+		LIBUSB_ENDPOINT_OUT | LIBUSB_REQUEST_TYPE_VENDOR | LIBUSB_RECIPIENT_DEVICE,
+		RW_INTERNAL, addr & 0xFFFF, addr >> 16,
+		NULL, 0, 1000);
+	/* We may get an I/O error from libusbx as the device disappears */
+	if ((status != 0) && (status != LIBUSB_ERROR_IO))
+	{
+		const char *mesg = "failed to send jump command";
+		if (status < 0)
+			logerror("%s: %s\n", mesg, libusb_error_name(status));
+		else
+			logerror("%s\n", mesg);
+		return false;
+	} else
+		return true;
+}
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * Parse an Intel HEX image file and invoke the poke() function on the
+ * various segments to implement policies such as writing to RAM (with
+ * a one or two stage loader setup, depending on the firmware) or to
+ * EEPROM (two stages required).
+ *
+ * image       - the hex image file
+ * context     - for use by poke()
+ * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into
+ *               external memory (writable only by software loader)
+ * poke        - called with each memory segment; errors indicated
+ *               by returning negative values.
+ *
+ * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when
+ * overwriting a second stage loader.
+ */
+static int parse_ihex(FILE *image, void *context,
+	bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len),
+	int (*poke) (void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external,
+	const unsigned char *data, size_t len))
+{
+	unsigned char data[1023];
+	uint32_t data_addr = 0;
+	size_t data_len = 0;
+	int rc;
+	int first_line = 1;
+	bool external = false;
+
+	/* Read the input file as an IHEX file, and report the memory segments
+	 * as we go.  Each line holds a max of 16 bytes, but uploading is
+	 * faster (and EEPROM space smaller) if we merge those lines into larger
+	 * chunks.  Most hex files keep memory segments together, which makes
+	 * such merging all but free.  (But it may still be worth sorting the
+	 * hex files to make up for undesirable behavior from tools.)
+	 *
+	 * Note that EEPROM segments max out at 1023 bytes; the upload protocol
+	 * allows segments of up to 64 KBytes (more than a loader could handle).
+	 */
+	for (;;) {
+		char buf[512], *cp;
+		char tmp, type;
+		size_t len;
+		unsigned idx, off;
+
+		cp = fgets(buf, sizeof(buf), image);
+		if (cp == NULL) {
+			logerror("EOF without EOF record!\n");
+			break;
+		}
+
+		/* EXTENSION: "# comment-till-end-of-line", for copyrights etc */
+		if (buf[0] == '#')
+			continue;
+
+		if (buf[0] != ':') {
+			logerror("not an ihex record: %s", buf);
+			return -2;
+		}
+
+		/* ignore any newline */
+		cp = strchr(buf, '\n');
+		if (cp)
+			*cp = 0;
+
+		if (verbose >= 3)
+			logerror("** LINE: %s\n", buf);
+
+		/* Read the length field (up to 16 bytes) */
+		tmp = buf[3];
+		buf[3] = 0;
+		len = strtoul(buf+1, NULL, 16);
+		buf[3] = tmp;
+
+		/* Read the target offset (address up to 64KB) */
+		tmp = buf[7];
+		buf[7] = 0;
+		off = (int)strtoul(buf+3, NULL, 16);
+		buf[7] = tmp;
+
+		/* Initialize data_addr */
+		if (first_line) {
+			data_addr = off;
+			first_line = 0;
+		}
+
+		/* Read the record type */
+		tmp = buf[9];
+		buf[9] = 0;
+		type = (char)strtoul(buf+7, NULL, 16);
+		buf[9] = tmp;
+
+		/* If this is an EOF record, then make it so. */
+		if (type == 1) {
+			if (verbose >= 2)
+				logerror("EOF on hexfile\n");
+			break;
+		}
+
+		if (type != 0) {
+			logerror("unsupported record type: %u\n", type);
+			return -3;
+		}
+
+		if ((len * 2) + 11 > strlen(buf)) {
+			logerror("record too short?\n");
+			return -4;
+		}
+
+		/* FIXME check for _physically_ contiguous not just virtually
+		 * e.g. on FX2 0x1f00-0x2100 includes both on-chip and external
+		 * memory so it's not really contiguous */
+
+		/* flush the saved data if it's not contiguous,
+		* or when we've buffered as much as we can.
+		*/
+		if (data_len != 0
+			&& (off != (data_addr + data_len)
+			/* || !merge */
+			|| (data_len + len) > sizeof(data))) {
+				if (is_external)
+					external = is_external(data_addr, data_len);
+				rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len);
+				if (rc < 0)
+					return -1;
+				data_addr = off;
+				data_len = 0;
+		}
+
+		/* append to saved data, flush later */
+		for (idx = 0, cp = buf+9 ;  idx < len ;  idx += 1, cp += 2) {
+			tmp = cp[2];
+			cp[2] = 0;
+			data[data_len + idx] = (uint8_t)strtoul(cp, NULL, 16);
+			cp[2] = tmp;
+		}
+		data_len += len;
+	}
+
+
+	/* flush any data remaining */
+	if (data_len != 0) {
+		if (is_external)
+			external = is_external(data_addr, data_len);
+		rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len);
+		if (rc < 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse a binary image file and write it as is to the target.
+ * Applies to Cypress BIX images for RAM or Cypress IIC images
+ * for EEPROM.
+ *
+ * image       - the BIX image file
+ * context     - for use by poke()
+ * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into
+ *               external memory (writable only by software loader)
+ * poke        - called with each memory segment; errors indicated
+ *               by returning negative values.
+ *
+ * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when
+ * overwriting a second stage loader.
+ */
+static int parse_bin(FILE *image, void *context,
+	bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len), int (*poke)(void *context,
+	uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len))
+{
+	unsigned char data[4096];
+	uint32_t data_addr = 0;
+	size_t data_len = 0;
+	int rc;
+	bool external = false;
+
+	for (;;) {
+		data_len = fread(data, 1, 4096, image);
+		if (data_len == 0)
+			break;
+		if (is_external)
+			external = is_external(data_addr, data_len);
+		rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len);
+		if (rc < 0)
+			return -1;
+		data_addr += (uint32_t)data_len;
+	}
+	return feof(image)?0:-1;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Parse a Cypress IIC image file and invoke the poke() function on the
+ * various segments for writing to RAM
+ *
+ * image       - the IIC image file
+ * context     - for use by poke()
+ * is_external - if non-null, used to check which segments go into
+ *               external memory (writable only by software loader)
+ * poke        - called with each memory segment; errors indicated
+ *               by returning negative values.
+ *
+ * Caller is responsible for halting CPU as needed, such as when
+ * overwriting a second stage loader.
+ */
+static int parse_iic(FILE *image, void *context,
+	bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len),
+	int (*poke)(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len))
+{
+	unsigned char data[4096];
+	uint32_t data_addr = 0;
+	size_t data_len = 0, read_len;
+	uint8_t block_header[4];
+	int rc;
+	bool external = false;
+	long file_size, initial_pos = ftell(image);
+
+	fseek(image, 0L, SEEK_END);
+	file_size = ftell(image);
+	fseek(image, initial_pos, SEEK_SET);
+	for (;;) {
+		/* Ignore the trailing reset IIC data (5 bytes) */
+		if (ftell(image) >= (file_size - 5))
+			break;
+		if (fread(&block_header, 1, sizeof(block_header), image) != 4) {
+			logerror("unable to read IIC block header\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		data_len = (block_header[0] << 8) + block_header[1];
+		data_addr = (block_header[2] << 8) + block_header[3];
+		if (data_len > sizeof(data)) {
+			/* If this is ever reported as an error, switch to using malloc/realloc */
+			logerror("IIC data block too small - please report this error to libusbx.org\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		read_len = fread(data, 1, data_len, image);
+		if (read_len != data_len) {
+			logerror("read error\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+		if (is_external)
+			external = is_external(data_addr, data_len);
+		rc = poke(context, data_addr, external, data, data_len);
+		if (rc < 0)
+			return -1;
+	}
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/* the parse call will be selected according to the image type */
+int (*parse[IMG_TYPE_MAX])(FILE *image, void *context, bool (*is_external)(uint32_t addr, size_t len),
+	int (*poke)(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external, const unsigned char *data, size_t len))
+	= { parse_ihex, parse_iic, parse_bin };
+
+/*****************************************************************************/
+
+/*
+ * For writing to RAM using a first (hardware) or second (software)
+ * stage loader and 0xA0 or 0xA3 vendor requests
+ */
+typedef enum {
+	_undef = 0,
+	internal_only,		/* hardware first-stage loader */
+	skip_internal,		/* first phase, second-stage loader */
+	skip_external		/* second phase, second-stage loader */
+} ram_mode;
+
+struct ram_poke_context {
+	libusb_device_handle *device;
+	ram_mode mode;
+	size_t total, count;
+};
+
+#define RETRY_LIMIT 5
+
+static int ram_poke(void *context, uint32_t addr, bool external,
+	const unsigned char *data, size_t len)
+{
+	struct ram_poke_context *ctx = (struct ram_poke_context*)context;
+	int rc;
+	unsigned retry = 0;
+
+	switch (ctx->mode) {
+	case internal_only:		/* CPU should be stopped */
+		if (external) {
+			logerror("can't write %u bytes external memory at 0x%08x\n",
+				(unsigned)len, addr);
+			return -EINVAL;
+		}
+		break;
+	case skip_internal:		/* CPU must be running */
+		if (!external) {
+			if (verbose >= 2) {
+				logerror("SKIP on-chip RAM, %u bytes at 0x%08x\n",
+					(unsigned)len, addr);
+			}
+			return 0;
+		}
+		break;
+	case skip_external:		/* CPU should be stopped */
+		if (external) {
+			if (verbose >= 2) {
+				logerror("SKIP external RAM, %u bytes at 0x%08x\n",
+					(unsigned)len, addr);
+			}
+			return 0;
+		}
+		break;
+	case _undef:
+	default:
+		logerror("bug\n");
+		return -EDOM;
+	}
+
+	ctx->total += len;
+	ctx->count++;
+
+	/* Retry this till we get a real error. Control messages are not
+	 * NAKed (just dropped) so time out means is a real problem.
+	 */
+	while ((rc = ezusb_write(ctx->device,
+		external ? "write external" : "write on-chip",
+		external ? RW_MEMORY : RW_INTERNAL,
+		addr, data, len)) < 0
+		&& retry < RETRY_LIMIT) {
+		if (rc != LIBUSB_ERROR_TIMEOUT)
+			break;
+		retry += 1;
+	}
+	return rc;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load a Cypress Image file into target RAM.
+ * See http://www.cypress.com/?docID=41351 (AN76405 PDF) for more info.
+ */
+static int fx3_load_ram(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *path)
+{
+	uint32_t dCheckSum, dExpectedCheckSum, dAddress, i, dLen, dLength;
+	uint32_t* dImageBuf;
+	unsigned char *bBuf, hBuf[4], blBuf[4], rBuf[4096];
+	FILE *image;
+
+	image = fopen(path, "rb");
+	if (image == NULL) {
+		logerror("unable to open '%s' for input\n", path);
+		return -2;
+	} else if (verbose)
+		logerror("open firmware image %s for RAM upload\n", path);
+
+	// Read header
+	if (fread(hBuf, sizeof(char), sizeof(hBuf), image) != sizeof(hBuf)) {
+		logerror("could not read image header");
+		return -3;
+	}
+
+	// check "CY" signature byte and format
+	if ((hBuf[0] != 'C') || (hBuf[1] != 'Y')) {
+		logerror("image doesn't have a CYpress signature\n");
+		return -3;
+	}
+
+	// Check bImageType
+	switch(hBuf[3]) {
+	case 0xB0:
+		if (verbose)
+			logerror("normal FW binary %s image with checksum\n", (hBuf[2]&0x01)?"data":"executable");
+		break;
+	case 0xB1:
+		logerror("security binary image is not currently supported\n");
+		return -3;
+	case 0xB2:
+		logerror("VID:PID image is not currently supported\n");
+		return -3;
+	default:
+		logerror("invalid image type 0x%02X\n", hBuf[3]);
+		return -3;
+	}
+
+	// Read the bootloader version
+	if (verbose) {
+		if ((ezusb_read(device, "read bootloader version", RW_INTERNAL, 0xFFFF0020, blBuf, 4) < 0)) {
+			logerror("Could not read bootloader version\n");
+			return -8;
+		}
+		logerror("FX3 bootloader version: 0x%02X%02X%02X%02X\n", blBuf[3], blBuf[2], blBuf[1], blBuf[0]);
+	}
+
+	dCheckSum = 0;
+	if (verbose)
+		logerror("writing image...\n");
+	while (1) {
+		if ((fread(&dLength, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1) ||  // read dLength
+			(fread(&dAddress, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1)) { // read dAddress
+			logerror("could not read image");
+			return -3;
+		}
+		if (dLength == 0)
+			break; // done
+
+		dImageBuf = calloc(dLength, sizeof(uint32_t));
+		if (dImageBuf == NULL) {
+			logerror("could not allocate buffer for image chunk\n");
+			return -4;
+		}
+
+		// read sections
+		if (fread(dImageBuf, sizeof(uint32_t), dLength, image) != dLength) {
+			logerror("could not read image");
+			free(dImageBuf);
+			return -3;
+		}
+		for (i = 0; i < dLength; i++)
+			dCheckSum += dImageBuf[i];
+		dLength <<= 2; // convert to Byte length
+		bBuf = (unsigned char*) dImageBuf;
+
+		while (dLength > 0) {
+			dLen = 4096; // 4K max
+			if (dLen > dLength)
+				dLen = dLength;
+			if ((ezusb_write(device, "write firmware", RW_INTERNAL, dAddress, bBuf, dLen) < 0) ||
+				(ezusb_read(device, "read firmware", RW_INTERNAL, dAddress, rBuf, dLen) < 0)) {
+				logerror("R/W error\n");
+				free(dImageBuf);
+				return -5;
+			}
+			// Verify data: rBuf with bBuf
+			for (i = 0; i < dLen; i++) {
+				if (rBuf[i] != bBuf[i]) {
+					logerror("verify error");
+					free(dImageBuf);
+					return -6;
+				}
+			}
+
+			dLength -= dLen;
+			bBuf += dLen;
+			dAddress += dLen;
+		}
+		free(dImageBuf);
+	}
+
+	// read pre-computed checksum data
+	if ((fread(&dExpectedCheckSum, sizeof(uint32_t), 1, image) != 1) ||
+		(dCheckSum != dExpectedCheckSum)) {
+		logerror("checksum error\n");
+		return -7;
+	}
+
+	// transfer execution to Program Entry
+	if (!ezusb_fx3_jump(device, dAddress)) {
+		return -6;
+	}
+
+	return 0;
+}
+
+/*
+ * Load a firmware file into target RAM. device is the open libusbx
+ * device, and the path is the name of the source file. Open the file,
+ * parse the bytes, and write them in one or two phases.
+ *
+ * If stage == 0, this uses the first stage loader, built into EZ-USB
+ * hardware but limited to writing on-chip memory or CPUCS.  Everything
+ * is written during one stage, unless there's an error such as the image
+ * holding data that needs to be written to external memory.
+ *
+ * Otherwise, things are written in two stages.  First the external
+ * memory is written, expecting a second stage loader to have already
+ * been loaded.  Then file is re-parsed and on-chip memory is written.
+ */
+int ezusb_load_ram(libusb_device_handle *device, const char *path, int fx_type, int img_type, int stage)
+{
+	FILE *image;
+	uint32_t cpucs_addr;
+	bool (*is_external)(uint32_t off, size_t len);
+	struct ram_poke_context ctx;
+	int status;
+	uint8_t iic_header[8] = { 0 };
+
+	if (fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX3)
+		return fx3_load_ram(device, path);
+
+	image = fopen(path, "rb");
+	if (image == NULL) {
+		logerror("%s: unable to open for input.\n", path);
+		return -2;
+	} else if (verbose > 1)
+		logerror("open firmware image %s for RAM upload\n", path);
+
+	if (img_type == IMG_TYPE_IIC) {
+		if ( (fread(iic_header, 1, sizeof(iic_header), image) != sizeof(iic_header))
+		  || (((fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX2LP) || (fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX2)) && (iic_header[0] != 0xC2))
+		  || ((fx_type == FX_TYPE_AN21) && (iic_header[0] != 0xB2))
+		  || ((fx_type == FX_TYPE_FX1) && (iic_header[0] != 0xB6)) ) {
+			logerror("IIC image does not contain executable code - cannot load to RAM.\n");
+			return -1;
+		}
+	}
+
+	/* EZ-USB original/FX and FX2 devices differ, apart from the 8051 core */
+	switch(fx_type) {
+	case FX_TYPE_FX2LP:
+		cpucs_addr = 0xe600;
+		is_external = fx2lp_is_external;
+		break;
+	case FX_TYPE_FX2:
+		cpucs_addr = 0xe600;
+		is_external = fx2_is_external;
+		break;
+	default:
+		cpucs_addr = 0x7f92;
+		is_external = fx_is_external;
+		break;
+	}
+
+	/* use only first stage loader? */
+	if (stage == 0) {
+		ctx.mode = internal_only;
+
+		/* if required, halt the CPU while we overwrite its code/data */
+		if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, false))
+			return -1;
+
+		/* 2nd stage, first part? loader was already uploaded */
+	} else {
+		ctx.mode = skip_internal;
+
+		/* let CPU run; overwrite the 2nd stage loader later */
+		if (verbose)
+			logerror("2nd stage: write external memory\n");
+	}
+
+	/* scan the image, first (maybe only) time */
+	ctx.device = device;
+	ctx.total = ctx.count = 0;
+	status = parse[img_type](image, &ctx, is_external, ram_poke);
+	if (status < 0) {
+		logerror("unable to upload %s\n", path);
+		return status;
+	}
+
+	/* second part of 2nd stage: rescan */
+	// TODO: what should we do for non HEX images there?
+	if (stage) {
+		ctx.mode = skip_external;
+
+		/* if needed, halt the CPU while we overwrite the 1st stage loader */
+		if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, false))
+			return -1;
+
+		/* at least write the interrupt vectors (at 0x0000) for reset! */
+		rewind(image);
+		if (verbose)
+			logerror("2nd stage: write on-chip memory\n");
+		status = parse_ihex(image, &ctx, is_external, ram_poke);
+		if (status < 0) {
+			logerror("unable to completely upload %s\n", path);
+			return status;
+		}
+	}
+
+	if (verbose)
+		logerror("... WROTE: %d bytes, %d segments, avg %d\n",
+		(int)ctx.total, (int)ctx.count, (int)(ctx.total/ctx.count));
+
+	/* if required, reset the CPU so it runs what we just uploaded */
+	if (cpucs_addr && !ezusb_cpucs(device, cpucs_addr, true))
+		return -1;
+
+	return 0;
+}