Certificate path builder for new certificate verification library

net/cert/internal/path_builder_unittest.cc

+// Copyright 2016 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
+// found in the LICENSE file.
+
+#include "net/cert/internal/path_builder.h"
+
+#include "base/base_paths.h"
+#include "base/cancelable_callback.h"
+#include "base/files/file_util.h"
+#include "base/location.h"
+#include "base/path_service.h"
+#include "base/threading/thread_task_runner_handle.h"
+#include "net/base/net_errors.h"
+#include "net/base/test_completion_callback.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/cert_issuer_source_static.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/parsed_certificate.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/signature_policy.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/test_helpers.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/trust_store.h"
+#include "net/cert/internal/verify_certificate_chain.h"
+#include "net/cert/pem_tokenizer.h"
+#include "net/der/input.h"
+#include "net/test/cert_test_util.h"
+#include "net/test/test_certificate_data.h"
+#include "testing/gmock/include/gmock/gmock.h"
+#include "testing/gtest/include/gtest/gtest.h"
+
+namespace net {
+
+namespace {
+
+using ::testing::_;
+using ::testing::Invoke;
+using ::testing::SaveArg;
+using ::testing::StrictMock;
+using ::testing::SetArgPointee;
+using ::testing::Return;
+using CertVector = std::vector<scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>>;
+
+// AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic always returns its certs asynchronously.
+class AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic : public CertIssuerSource {
+ public:
+  class StaticAsyncRequest : public Request {
+   public:
+    StaticAsyncRequest(const IssuerCallback& issuers_callback,
+                       CertVector&& issuers)
+        : cancelable_closure_(base::Bind(&StaticAsyncRequest::RunCallback,
+                                         base::Unretained(this))),
+          issuers_callback_(issuers_callback) {
+      issuers_.swap(issuers);
+      issuers_iter_ = issuers_.begin();
+    }
+    ~StaticAsyncRequest() override {}
+
+    CompletionStatus GetNext(
+        scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>* out_cert) override {
+      if (issuers_iter_ == issuers_.end())
+        *out_cert = nullptr;
+      else
+        *out_cert = std::move(*issuers_iter_++);
+      return CompletionStatus::SYNC;
+    }
+
+    base::Closure callback() { return cancelable_closure_.callback(); }
+
+   private:
+    void RunCallback() { issuers_callback_.Run(this); }
+
+    base::CancelableClosure cancelable_closure_;
+    IssuerCallback issuers_callback_;
+    CertVector issuers_;
+    CertVector::iterator issuers_iter_;
+
+    DISALLOW_COPY_AND_ASSIGN(StaticAsyncRequest);
+  };
+
+  ~AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic() override {}
+
+  void AddCert(scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> cert) {
+    static_cert_issuer_source_.AddCert(std::move(cert));
+  }
+
+  void SyncGetIssuersOf(const ParsedCertificate* cert,
+                        CertVector* issuers) override {}
+  void AsyncGetIssuersOf(const ParsedCertificate* cert,
+                         const IssuerCallback& issuers_callback,
+                         std::unique_ptr<Request>* out_req) override {
+    num_async_gets_++;
+    CertVector issuers;
+    static_cert_issuer_source_.SyncGetIssuersOf(cert, &issuers);
+    std::unique_ptr<StaticAsyncRequest> req(
+        new StaticAsyncRequest(issuers_callback, std::move(issuers)));
+    base::ThreadTaskRunnerHandle::Get()->PostTask(FROM_HERE, req->callback());
+    *out_req = std::move(req);
+  }
+  int num_async_gets() const { return num_async_gets_; }
+
+ private:
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic static_cert_issuer_source_;
+
+  int num_async_gets_ = 0;
+};
+
+// Reads a data file from the unit-test data.
+std::string ReadTestFileToString(const std::string& file_name) {
+  // Compute the full path, relative to the src/ directory.
+  base::FilePath src_root;
+  PathService::Get(base::DIR_SOURCE_ROOT, &src_root);
+  base::FilePath filepath = src_root.AppendASCII(file_name);
+
+  // Read the full contents of the file.
+  std::string file_data;
+  if (!base::ReadFileToString(filepath, &file_data)) {
+    ADD_FAILURE() << "Couldn't read file: " << filepath.value();
+    return std::string();
+  }
+
+  return file_data;
+}
+
+// Reads a verify_certificate_chain_unittest-style test case from |file_name|.
+// Test cases are comprised of a certificate chain, trust store, a timestamp to
+// validate at, and the expected result of verification (though the expected
+// result is ignored here).
+void ReadVerifyCertChainTestFromFile(const std::string& file_name,
+                                     std::vector<std::string>* chain,
+                                     scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>* root,
+                                     der::GeneralizedTime* time) {
+  chain->clear();
+
+  std::string file_data = ReadTestFileToString(file_name);
+
+  std::vector<std::string> pem_headers;
+
+  const char kCertificateHeader[] = "CERTIFICATE";
+  const char kTrustedCertificateHeader[] = "TRUSTED_CERTIFICATE";
+  const char kTimeHeader[] = "TIME";
+
+  pem_headers.push_back(kCertificateHeader);
+  pem_headers.push_back(kTrustedCertificateHeader);
+  pem_headers.push_back(kTimeHeader);
+
+  bool has_time = false;
+
+  PEMTokenizer pem_tokenizer(file_data, pem_headers);
+  while (pem_tokenizer.GetNext()) {
+    const std::string& block_type = pem_tokenizer.block_type();
+    const std::string& block_data = pem_tokenizer.data();
+
+    if (block_type == kCertificateHeader) {
+      chain->push_back(block_data);
+    } else if (block_type == kTrustedCertificateHeader) {
+      *root = ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(block_data, {});
+      ASSERT_TRUE(*root);
+    } else if (block_type == kTimeHeader) {
+      ASSERT_FALSE(has_time) << "Duplicate " << kTimeHeader;
+      has_time = true;
+      ASSERT_TRUE(der::ParseUTCTime(der::Input(&block_data), time));
+    }
+  }
+
+  ASSERT_TRUE(has_time);
+}
+
+::testing::AssertionResult ReadTestPem(const std::string& file_name,
+                                       const std::string& block_name,
+                                       std::string* result) {
+  const PemBlockMapping mappings[] = {
+      {block_name.c_str(), result},
+  };
+
+  return ReadTestDataFromPemFile(file_name, mappings);
+}
+
+::testing::AssertionResult ReadTestCert(
+    const std::string& file_name,
+    scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>* result) {
+  std::string der;
+  ::testing::AssertionResult r = ReadTestPem(
+      "net/data/ssl/certificates/" + file_name, "CERTIFICATE", &der);
+  if (!r)
+    return r;
+  *result = ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(der, {});
+  if (!*result)
+    return ::testing::AssertionFailure() << "CreateFromCertificateCopy failed";
+  return ::testing::AssertionSuccess();
+}
+
+// Run the path builder, and wait for async completion if necessary. The return
+// value signifies whether the path builder completed synchronously or
+// asynchronously, not that RunPathBuilder itself is asynchronous.
+CompletionStatus RunPathBuilder(CertPathBuilder* path_builder) {
+  TestClosure callback;
+  CompletionStatus rv = path_builder->Run(callback.closure());
+
+  if (rv == CompletionStatus::ASYNC) {
+    DVLOG(1) << "waiting for async completion...";
+    callback.WaitForResult();
+    DVLOG(1) << "async completed.";
+  }
+  return rv;
+}
+
+class PathBuilderMultiRootTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  PathBuilderMultiRootTest() : signature_policy_(1024) {}
+
+  void SetUp() override {
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-A-by-B.pem", &a_by_b_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-B-by-C.pem", &b_by_c_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-B-by-F.pem", &b_by_f_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-C-by-D.pem", &c_by_d_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-C-by-E.pem", &c_by_e_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-D-by-D.pem", &d_by_d_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-E-by-E.pem", &e_by_e_));
+    ASSERT_TRUE(ReadTestCert("multi-root-F-by-E.pem", &f_by_e_));
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> a_by_b_, b_by_c_, b_by_f_, c_by_d_, c_by_e_,
+      d_by_d_, e_by_e_, f_by_e_;
+
+  SimpleSignaturePolicy signature_policy_;
+  der::GeneralizedTime time_ = {2016, 4, 11, 0, 0, 0};
+};
+
+// If the target cert is a trust anchor, it should verify and should not include
+// anything else in the path.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TargetIsTrustAnchor) {
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(a_by_b_);
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(b_by_f_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(a_by_b_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[0]);
+}
+
+// If the target cert is directly issued by a trust anchor, it should verify
+// without any intermediate certs being provided.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TargetDirectlySignedByTrustAnchor) {
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(b_by_f_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(a_by_b_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b_by_f_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[1]);
+}
+
+// Test that async cert queries are not made if the path can be successfully
+// built with synchronously available certs.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TriesSyncFirst) {
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(e_by_e_);
+
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(a_by_b_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(b_by_f_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(f_by_e_);
+
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs;
+  async_certs.AddCert(b_by_c_);
+  async_certs.AddCert(c_by_e_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, async_certs.num_async_gets());
+}
+
+// Test that async cert queries are not made if no callback is provided.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, SychronousOnlyMode) {
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(e_by_e_);
+
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(f_by_e_);
+
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs;
+  async_certs.AddCert(b_by_f_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, path_builder.Run(base::Closure()));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.result());
+  EXPECT_EQ(0, async_certs.num_async_gets());
+}
+
+// If async queries are needed, all async sources will be queried
+// simultaneously.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TestAsyncSimultaneous) {
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(e_by_e_);
+
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(a_by_b_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(b_by_c_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(b_by_f_);
+
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs1;
+  async_certs1.AddCert(c_by_e_);
+
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs2;
+  async_certs2.AddCert(f_by_e_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs1);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs2);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, async_certs1.num_async_gets());
+  EXPECT_EQ(1, async_certs2.num_async_gets());
+}
+
+// Test that PathBuilder does not generate longer paths than necessary if one of
+// the supplied certs is itself a trust anchor.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TestLongChain) {
+  // Both D(D) and C(D) are trusted roots.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(d_by_d_);
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(c_by_d_);
+
+  // Certs A(B), B(C), and C(D) are all supplied.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(a_by_b_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(b_by_c_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(c_by_d_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  // The result path should be A(B) <- B(C) <- C(D)
+  // not the longer but also valid A(B) <- B(C) <- C(D) <- D(D)
+  EXPECT_EQ(3U, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path.size());
+}
+
+// Test that PathBuilder will backtrack and try a different path if the first
+// one doesn't work out.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderMultiRootTest, TestBacktracking) {
+  // Only D(D) is a trusted root.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(d_by_d_);
+
+  // Certs A(B), B(F), and F(E) are supplied synchronously, thus the path
+  // A(B) <- B(F) <- F(E) should be built first, though it won't verify.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(a_by_b_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(b_by_f_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(f_by_e_);
+
+  // Certs B(C), and C(D) are supplied asynchronously, so the path
+  // A(B) <- B(C) <- C(D) <- D(D) should be tried second.
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs;
+  async_certs.AddCert(b_by_c_);
+  async_certs.AddCert(c_by_d_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(a_by_b_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  // The result path should be A(B) <- B(C) <- C(D) <- D(D)
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(a_by_b_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(b_by_c_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(c_by_d_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(d_by_d_, result.paths[result.best_result_index]->path[3]);
+}
+
+class PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest : public ::testing::Test {
+ public:
+  PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest() : signature_policy_(1024) {}
+
+  void SetUp() override {
+    std::vector<std::string> path;
+
+    ReadVerifyCertChainTestFromFile(
+        "net/data/verify_certificate_chain_unittest/key-rollover-oldchain.pem",
+        &path, &oldroot_, &time_);
+    ASSERT_EQ(2U, path.size());
+    target_ = ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(path[0], {});
+    oldintermediary_ =
+        ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(path[1], {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(target_);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(oldintermediary_);
+
+    ReadVerifyCertChainTestFromFile(
+        "net/data/verify_certificate_chain_unittest/"
+        "key-rollover-longrolloverchain.pem",
+        &path, &oldroot_, &time_);
+    ASSERT_EQ(4U, path.size());
+    newintermediary_ =
+        ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(path[1], {});
+    newroot_ = ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(path[2], {});
+    newrootrollover_ =
+        ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(path[3], {});
+    ASSERT_TRUE(newintermediary_);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(newroot_);
+    ASSERT_TRUE(newrootrollover_);
+  }
+
+ protected:
+  //    oldroot-------->newrootrollover  newroot
+  //       |                      |        |
+  //       v                      v        v
+  // oldintermediary           newintermediary
+  //       |                          |
+  //       +------------+-------------+
+  //                    |
+  //                    v
+  //                  target
+  scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> target_, oldintermediary_, newintermediary_,
+      oldroot_, newroot_, newrootrollover_;
+
+  SimpleSignaturePolicy signature_policy_;
+  der::GeneralizedTime time_;
+};
+
+// Tests that if only the old root cert is trusted, the path builder can build a
+// path through the new intermediate and rollover cert to the old root.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestRolloverOnlyOldRootTrusted) {
+  // Only oldroot is trusted.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(oldroot_);
+
+  // Old intermediary cert is not provided, so the pathbuilder will need to go
+  // through the rollover cert.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newintermediary_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newrootrollover_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  // Path builder will first attempt: target <- newintermediary <- oldroot
+  // but it will fail since newintermediary is signed by newroot.
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, result.paths.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // Path builder will next attempt:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newrootrollover <- oldroot
+  // which will succeed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, result.best_result_index);
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newrootrollover_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[1]->path[3]);
+}
+
+// Tests that if both old and new roots are trusted it can build a path through
+// either.
+// TODO(mattm): Once prioritization is implemented, it should test that it
+// always builds the path through the new intermediary and new root.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestRolloverBothRootsTrusted) {
+  // Both oldroot and newroot are trusted.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(oldroot_);
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+
+  // Both old and new intermediates + rollover cert are provided.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(oldintermediary_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newintermediary_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newrootrollover_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  // Path builder willattempt one of:
+  // target <- oldintermediary <- oldroot
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot
+  // either will succeed.
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, result.paths.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  if (result.paths[0]->path[1] != newintermediary_) {
+    DVLOG(1) << "USED OLD";
+    EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+  } else {
+    DVLOG(1) << "USED NEW";
+    EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+    EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+  }
+}
+
+// Tests that multiple trust root matches on a single path will be considered.
+// Both roots have the same subject but different keys. Only one of them will
+// verify.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestMultipleRootMatchesOnlyOneWorks) {
+  // Both newroot and oldroot are trusted.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  // Note: The test assumes newroot will be tried before oldroot.
+  // Currently this depends on the order the roots are added.
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(oldroot_);
+
+  // Only oldintermediary is supplied, so the path with newroot should fail,
+  // oldroot should succeed.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(oldintermediary_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder will first attempt: target <- oldintermediary <- newroot
+  // but it will fail since oldintermediary is signed by oldroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // Path builder will next attempt:
+  // target <- old intermediary <- oldroot
+  // which should succeed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+}
+
+// Tests that the path builder doesn't build longer than necessary paths.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestRolloverLongChain) {
+  // Only oldroot is trusted.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(oldroot_);
+
+  // New intermediate and new root are provided synchronously.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newintermediary_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newroot_);
+
+  // Rollover cert is only provided asynchronously. This will force the
+  // pathbuilder to first try building a longer than necessary path.
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs;
+  async_certs.AddCert(newrootrollover_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder will first attempt: target <- newintermediary <- oldroot
+  // but it will fail since newintermediary is signed by newroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // Path builder will next attempt:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot <- oldroot
+  // but it will fail since newroot is self-signed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[1]->path[3]);
+
+  // Path builder will skip:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot <- newrootrollover <- ...
+  // Since newroot and newrootrollover have the same Name+SAN+SPKI.
+
+  // Finally path builder will use:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newrootrollover <- oldroot
+  EXPECT_EQ(2U, result.best_result_index);
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[2]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(4U, result.paths[2]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[2]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[2]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newrootrollover_, result.paths[2]->path[2]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldroot_, result.paths[2]->path[3]);
+}
+
+// If the target cert is a trust root, that alone is a valid path.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestEndEntityIsTrustRoot) {
+  // Trust newintermediary.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newintermediary_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  // Newintermediary is also the target cert.
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(newintermediary_, &trust_store,
+                               &signature_policy_, time_, &result);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, result.paths.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+}
+
+// If target has same Name+SAN+SPKI as a necessary intermediate, test if a path
+// can still be built.
+// Since LoopChecker will prevent the intermediate from being included, this
+// currently does NOT verify. This case shouldn't occur in the web PKI.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest,
+       TestEndEntityHasSameNameAndSpkiAsIntermediate) {
+  // Trust oldroot.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(oldroot_);
+
+  // New root rollover is provided synchronously.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newrootrollover_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  // Newroot is the target cert.
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(newroot_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_,
+                               time_, &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  // This could actually be OK, but CertPathBuilder does not build the
+  // newroot <- newrootrollover <- oldroot path.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.result());
+}
+
+// If target has same Name+SAN+SPKI as the trust root, test that a (trivial)
+// path can still be built.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest,
+       TestEndEntityHasSameNameAndSpkiAsTrustAnchor) {
+  // Trust newrootrollover.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newrootrollover_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  // Newroot is the target cert.
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(newroot_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_,
+                               time_, &result);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(result.paths.empty());
+  const CertPathBuilder::ResultPath* best_result =
+      result.paths[result.best_result_index].get();
+
+  // Newroot has same name+SPKI as newrootrollover, thus the path is valid and
+  // only contains newroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, best_result->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, best_result->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, best_result->path[0]);
+}
+
+// Test that PathBuilder will not try the same path twice if multiple
+// CertIssuerSources provide the same certificate.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestDuplicateIntermediates) {
+  // Create a separate copy of oldintermediary.
+  scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> oldintermediary_dupe(
+      ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(
+          oldintermediary_->der_cert().AsStringPiece(), {}));
+
+  // Only newroot is a trusted root.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+
+  // The oldintermediary is supplied synchronously by |sync_certs1| and
+  // another copy of oldintermediary is supplied synchronously by |sync_certs2|.
+  // The path target <- oldintermediary <- newroot  should be built first,
+  // though it won't verify. It should not be attempted again even though
+  // oldintermediary was supplied twice.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs1;
+  sync_certs1.AddCert(oldintermediary_);
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs2;
+  sync_certs2.AddCert(oldintermediary_dupe);
+
+  // The newintermediary is supplied asynchronously, so the path
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot should be tried second.
+  AsyncCertIssuerSourceStatic async_certs;
+  async_certs.AddCert(newintermediary_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs1);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs2);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&async_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder will first attempt: target <- oldintermediary <- newroot
+  // but it will fail since oldintermediary is signed by oldroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  // Compare the DER instead of ParsedCertificate pointer, don't care which copy
+  // of oldintermediary was used in the path.
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_->der_cert(), result.paths[0]->path[1]->der_cert());
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // Path builder will next attempt: target <- newintermediary <- newroot
+  // which will succeed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(1U, result.best_result_index);
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+}
+
+// Test that PathBuilder will not try the same path twice if the same cert is
+// presented via a CertIssuerSources and a TrustAnchor.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestDuplicateIntermediateAndRoot) {
+  // Create a separate copy of newroot.
+  scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> newroot_dupe(
+      ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(
+          newroot_->der_cert().AsStringPiece(), {}));
+
+  // Only newroot is a trusted root.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+
+  // The oldintermediary and newroot are supplied synchronously by |sync_certs|.
+  CertIssuerSourceStatic sync_certs;
+  sync_certs.AddCert(oldintermediary_);
+  sync_certs.AddCert(newroot_dupe);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&sync_certs);
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(CompletionStatus::SYNC, RunPathBuilder(&path_builder));
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(1U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder attempt: target <- oldintermediary <- newroot
+  // but it will fail since oldintermediary is signed by oldroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  // Compare the DER instead of ParsedCertificate pointer, don't care which copy
+  // of newroot was used in the path.
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_->der_cert(), result.paths[0]->path[2]->der_cert());
+}
+
+class MockCertIssuerSourceRequest : public CertIssuerSource::Request {
+ public:
+  MOCK_METHOD1(GetNext, CompletionStatus(scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>*));
+};
+
+class MockCertIssuerSource : public CertIssuerSource {
+ public:
+  MOCK_METHOD2(SyncGetIssuersOf,
+               void(const ParsedCertificate*,
+                    std::vector<scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate>>*));
+  MOCK_METHOD3(AsyncGetIssuersOf,
+               void(const ParsedCertificate*,
+                    const IssuerCallback&,
+                    std::unique_ptr<Request>*));
+};
+
+// Helper class to pass the Request to the PathBuilder when it calls
+// AsyncGetIssuersOf. (GoogleMock has a ByMove helper, but it apparently can
+// only be used with Return, not SetArgPointee.)
+class CertIssuerSourceRequestMover {
+ public:
+  CertIssuerSourceRequestMover(std::unique_ptr<CertIssuerSource::Request> req)
+      : request_(std::move(req)) {}
+  void MoveIt(const ParsedCertificate* cert,
+              const CertIssuerSource::IssuerCallback& issuers_callback,
+              std::unique_ptr<CertIssuerSource::Request>* out_req) {
+    *out_req = std::move(request_);
+  }
+
+ private:
+  std::unique_ptr<CertIssuerSource::Request> request_;
+};
+
+// Test that a single CertIssuerSource returning multiple async batches of
+// issuers is handled correctly. Due to the StrictMocks, it also tests that path
+// builder does not request issuers of certs that it shouldn't.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestMultipleAsyncCallbacksFromSingleSource) {
+  StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSource> cert_issuer_source;
+
+  // Only newroot is a trusted root.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  CertIssuerSource::IssuerCallback target_issuers_callback;
+  // Create the mock CertIssuerSource::Request...
+  std::unique_ptr<StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>>
+      target_issuers_req_owner(new StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>());
+  // Keep a raw pointer to the Request...
+  StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>* target_issuers_req =
+      target_issuers_req_owner.get();
+  // Setup helper class to pass ownership of the Request to the PathBuilder when
+  // it calls AsyncGetIssuersOf.
+  CertIssuerSourceRequestMover req_mover(std::move(target_issuers_req_owner));
+  {
+    ::testing::InSequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, SyncGetIssuersOf(target_.get(), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, AsyncGetIssuersOf(target_.get(), _, _))
+        .WillOnce(
+            DoAll(SaveArg<1>(&target_issuers_callback),
+                  Invoke(&req_mover, &CertIssuerSourceRequestMover::MoveIt)));
+  }
+
+  TestClosure callback;
+  CompletionStatus rv = path_builder.Run(callback.closure());
+  ASSERT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, rv);
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(target_issuers_callback.is_null());
+
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // First async batch: return oldintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*target_issuers_req, GetNext(_))
+      .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(oldintermediary_),
+                      Return(CompletionStatus::SYNC)))
+      .WillOnce(
+          DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(nullptr), Return(CompletionStatus::ASYNC)));
+  {
+    ::testing::InSequence s;
+    // oldintermediary_ does not create a valid path, so both sync and async
+    // lookups are expected.
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source,
+                SyncGetIssuersOf(oldintermediary_.get(), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source,
+                AsyncGetIssuersOf(oldintermediary_.get(), _, _));
+  }
+  target_issuers_callback.Run(target_issuers_req);
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(target_issuers_req);
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // Second async batch: return newintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*target_issuers_req, GetNext(_))
+      .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(newintermediary_),
+                      Return(CompletionStatus::SYNC)))
+      .WillOnce(
+          DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(nullptr), Return(CompletionStatus::ASYNC)));
+  // newroot_ is in the trust store, so this path will be completed
+  // synchronously. AsyncGetIssuersOf will not be called on newintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, SyncGetIssuersOf(newintermediary_.get(), _));
+  target_issuers_callback.Run(target_issuers_req);
+  // Note that VerifyAndClearExpectations(target_issuers_req) is not called
+  // here. PathBuilder could have destroyed it already, so just let the
+  // expectations get checked by the destructor.
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // Ensure pathbuilder finished and filled result.
+  callback.WaitForResult();
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder first attempts: target <- oldintermediary <- newroot
+  // but it will fail since oldintermediary is signed by oldroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // After the second batch of async results, path builder will attempt:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot which will succeed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+}
+
+// Test that PathBuilder will not try the same path twice if CertIssuerSources
+// asynchronously provide the same certificate multiple times.
+TEST_F(PathBuilderKeyRolloverTest, TestDuplicateAsyncIntermediates) {
+  StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSource> cert_issuer_source;
+
+  // Only newroot is a trusted root.
+  TrustStore trust_store;
+  trust_store.AddTrustedCertificate(newroot_);
+
+  CertPathBuilder::Result result;
+  CertPathBuilder path_builder(target_, &trust_store, &signature_policy_, time_,
+                               &result);
+  path_builder.AddCertIssuerSource(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  CertIssuerSource::IssuerCallback target_issuers_callback;
+  // Create the mock CertIssuerSource::Request...
+  std::unique_ptr<StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>>
+      target_issuers_req_owner(new StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>());
+  // Keep a raw pointer to the Request...
+  StrictMock<MockCertIssuerSourceRequest>* target_issuers_req =
+      target_issuers_req_owner.get();
+  // Setup helper class to pass ownership of the Request to the PathBuilder when
+  // it calls AsyncGetIssuersOf.
+  CertIssuerSourceRequestMover req_mover(std::move(target_issuers_req_owner));
+  {
+    ::testing::InSequence s;
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, SyncGetIssuersOf(target_.get(), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, AsyncGetIssuersOf(target_.get(), _, _))
+        .WillOnce(
+            DoAll(SaveArg<1>(&target_issuers_callback),
+                  Invoke(&req_mover, &CertIssuerSourceRequestMover::MoveIt)));
+  }
+
+  TestClosure callback;
+  CompletionStatus rv = path_builder.Run(callback.closure());
+  ASSERT_EQ(CompletionStatus::ASYNC, rv);
+
+  ASSERT_FALSE(target_issuers_callback.is_null());
+
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // First async batch: return oldintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*target_issuers_req, GetNext(_))
+      .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(oldintermediary_),
+                      Return(CompletionStatus::SYNC)))
+      .WillOnce(
+          DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(nullptr), Return(CompletionStatus::ASYNC)));
+  {
+    ::testing::InSequence s;
+    // oldintermediary_ does not create a valid path, so both sync and async
+    // lookups are expected.
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source,
+                SyncGetIssuersOf(oldintermediary_.get(), _));
+    EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source,
+                AsyncGetIssuersOf(oldintermediary_.get(), _, _));
+  }
+  target_issuers_callback.Run(target_issuers_req);
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(target_issuers_req);
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // Second async batch: return a different copy of oldintermediary_ again.
+  scoped_refptr<ParsedCertificate> oldintermediary_dupe(
+      ParsedCertificate::CreateFromCertificateCopy(
+          oldintermediary_->der_cert().AsStringPiece(), {}));
+  EXPECT_CALL(*target_issuers_req, GetNext(_))
+      .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(oldintermediary_dupe),
+                      Return(CompletionStatus::SYNC)))
+      .WillOnce(
+          DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(nullptr), Return(CompletionStatus::ASYNC)));
+  target_issuers_callback.Run(target_issuers_req);
+  // oldintermediary was already processed above, it should not generate any
+  // more requests.
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(target_issuers_req);
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // Third async batch: return newintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(*target_issuers_req, GetNext(_))
+      .WillOnce(DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(newintermediary_),
+                      Return(CompletionStatus::SYNC)))
+      .WillOnce(
+          DoAll(SetArgPointee<0>(nullptr), Return(CompletionStatus::ASYNC)));
+  // newroot_ is in the trust store, so this path will be completed
+  // synchronously. AsyncGetIssuersOf will not be called on newintermediary_.
+  EXPECT_CALL(cert_issuer_source, SyncGetIssuersOf(newintermediary_.get(), _));
+  target_issuers_callback.Run(target_issuers_req);
+  // Note that VerifyAndClearExpectations(target_issuers_req) is not called
+  // here. PathBuilder could have destroyed it already, so just let the
+  // expectations get checked by the destructor.
+  ::testing::Mock::VerifyAndClearExpectations(&cert_issuer_source);
+
+  // Ensure pathbuilder finished and filled result.
+  callback.WaitForResult();
+
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.result());
+  ASSERT_EQ(2U, result.paths.size());
+
+  // Path builder first attempts: target <- oldintermediary <- newroot
+  // but it will fail since oldintermediary is signed by oldroot.
+  EXPECT_EQ(ERR_CERT_AUTHORITY_INVALID, result.paths[0]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[0]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[0]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(oldintermediary_, result.paths[0]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[0]->path[2]);
+
+  // The second async result does not generate any path.
+
+  // After the third batch of async results, path builder will attempt:
+  // target <- newintermediary <- newroot which will succeed.
+  EXPECT_EQ(OK, result.paths[1]->rv);
+  ASSERT_EQ(3U, result.paths[1]->path.size());
+  EXPECT_EQ(target_, result.paths[1]->path[0]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newintermediary_, result.paths[1]->path[1]);
+  EXPECT_EQ(newroot_, result.paths[1]->path[2]);
+}
+
+}  // namespace
+
+}  // namespace net