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| -# base::Optional
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| -
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| -`base::Optional<T>` is a container that might contain an instance of `T`.
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| -
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| -[TOC]
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| -
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| -## History
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| -
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| -[base::Optional<T>](https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/base/optional.h)
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| -is an implementation of [std::optional<T>](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/optional),
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| -initially a C++ experimental feature and now part of the C++17 standard. The
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| -Chromium's implementation is as close as possible to the specification. The
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| -differences are listed at the beginning of the header. The most important
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| -difference is that all the objects and types are part of the `base::` namespace
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| -instead of `std::`. Also, following Chromium coding style, the class is named
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| -`Optional` instead of `optional`.
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| -
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| -## API description
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| -
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| -For a deep API description, please have a look at [std::optional<T>](http://en.cppreference.com/w/cpp/utility/optional)
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| -or the [Chromium implementation](https://code.google.com/p/chromium/codesearch#chromium/src/base/optional.h).
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| -
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| -When initialized without a value, `base::Optional<T>` will be empty. When empty,
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| -the `operator bool` will return `false` and `value()` should not be called. An
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| -empty `base::Optional<T>` is equal to `base::nullopt_t`.
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| -```C++
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| -base::Optional<int> opt;
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| -opt == true; // false
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| -opt.value(); // illegal, will DCHECK
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| -opt == base::nullopt_t; // true
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| -```
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| -
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| -To avoid calling `value()` when an `base::Optional<T>` is empty, instead of
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| -doing checks, it is possible to use `value_or()` and pass a default value:
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| -```C++
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| -base::Optional<int> opt;
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| -opt.value_or(42); // will return 42
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| -```
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| -
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| -It is possible to initialize a `base::Optional<T>` from its constructor and
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| -`operator=` using `T` or another `base::Optional<T>`:
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| -```C++
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| -base::Optional<int> opt_1 = 1; // .value() == 1
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| -base::Optional<int> opt_2 = base::Optional<int>(2); // .value() == 2
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| -```
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| -
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| -All basic operators should be available on `base::Optional<T>`: it is possible
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| -to compare a `base::Optional<T>` with another or with a `T` or
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| -`base::nullopt_t`.
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| -```C++
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| -base::Optional<int> opt_1;
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| -base::Optional<int> opt_2 = 2;
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| -
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| -opt_1 == opt_2; // false
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| -opt_1 = 1;
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| -
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| -opt_1 <= opt_2; // true
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| -opt_1 == 1; // true
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| -opt_1 == base::nullopt_t; // false
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| -```
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| -
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| -`base::Optional<T>` has a helper function `make_optional<T&&>`:
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| -```C++
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| -base::Optional<int> opt = make_optional<int>(GetMagicNumber());
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| -```
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| -
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| -Finally, `base::Optional<T>` is integrated with `std::hash`, using
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| -`std::hash<T>` if it is not empty, a default value otherwise. `.emplace()` and
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| -`.swap()` can be used as members functions and `std::swap()` will work with two
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| -`base::Optional<T>` objects.
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| -
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| -## How is it implemented?
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| -
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| -`base::Optional<T>` is implemented using `base::AlignedMemory`. The object
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| -doesn't behave like a pointer and doesn't do dynamic memory allocation. In
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| -other words, it is guaranteed to have an object allocated when it is not empty.
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| -
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| -## When to use?
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| -
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| -A very common use case is for classes and structures that have an object not
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| -always available, because it is early initialized or because the underlying data
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| -structure doesn't require it.
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| -
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| -It is common to implement such patterns with dynamically allocated pointers,
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| -`nullptr` representing the absence of value. Other approaches involve
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| -`std::pair<T, bool>` where bool represents whether the object is actually
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| -present.
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| -
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| -It can also be used for simple types, for example when a structure wants to
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| -represent whether the user or the underlying data structure has some value
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| -unspecified, a `base::Optional<int>` would be easier to understand than a
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| -special value representing the lack of it. For example, using -1 as the
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| -undefined value when the expected value can't be negative.
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| -
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| -## When not to use?
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| -
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| -It is recommended to not use `base::Optional<T>` as a function parameter as it
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| -will force the callers to use `base::Optional<T>`. Instead, it is recommended to
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| -keep using `T*` for arguments that can be ommited, with `nullptr` representing
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| -no value.
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| -
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| -Furthermore, depending on `T`, MSVC might fail to compile code using
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| -`base::Optional<T>` as a parameter because of memory alignment issues.
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