[Tracing] Enable heap dumps with both type info and backtraces

base/trace_event/heap_profiler_heap_dump_writer.cc

 // Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.
 // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
 // found in the LICENSE file.
 
 #include "base/trace_event/heap_profiler_heap_dump_writer.h"
 
 #include <algorithm>
 #include <iterator>
+#include <set>

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:04:00]

remove, you have this in the .h

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 20:58:04]

Done.

+#include <tuple>

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:03:59]

I think this is not needed anymore

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 20:58:04]

It is required for |std::tie| which is required for |operator<|.

 #include <utility>
 #include <vector>
 
+#include "base/containers/hash_tables.h"
 #include "base/format_macros.h"
+#include "base/logging.h"
+#include "base/macros.h"

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:03:59]

remove, you have this in the .h

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 20:58:05]

Done.

 #include "base/strings/stringprintf.h"
+#include "base/trace_event/heap_profiler_allocation_context.h"
 #include "base/trace_event/heap_profiler_stack_frame_deduplicator.h"
 #include "base/trace_event/heap_profiler_type_name_deduplicator.h"
 #include "base/trace_event/trace_event_argument.h"
 
+// Most of what the |HeapDumpWriter| does is aggregating detailed information
+// about the heap and deciding what to dump. The Input to this process is a list
+// of |AllocationContext|s and size pairs.
+//
+// The pairs are grouped into |Bucket|s. A bucket is a group of (context, size)
+// pairs where the properties of the contexts share a prefix. (Type name is
+// considered a list of length one here.) First all pairs are put into one
+// bucket that represents the entire heap. Then this bucket is recursively
+// broken down into smaller buckets. Each bucket keeps track of whether further
+// breakdown is possible.
+
 namespace base {
 namespace trace_event {
-
+namespace internal {
 namespace {
 
-template <typename T>
-bool PairSizeGt(const std::pair<T, size_t>& lhs,
-                const std::pair<T, size_t>& rhs) {
-  return lhs.second > rhs.second;
-}
-
-// Converts a |hash_map<T, size_t>| into a vector of (T, size_t) pairs that is
-// ordered from high |size_t| to low |size_t|.
-template <typename T>
-std::vector<std::pair<T, size_t>> SortBySizeDescending(
-    const hash_map<T, size_t>& grouped) {
-  std::vector<std::pair<T, size_t>> sorted;
-  sorted.reserve(grouped.size());
-  std::copy(grouped.begin(), grouped.end(), std::back_inserter(sorted));
-  std::sort(sorted.begin(), sorted.end(), PairSizeGt<T>);
-  return sorted;
+// Denotes a property of |AllocationContext| to break down by.
+enum class BreakDownMode { kByBacktrace, kByTypeName };
+
+// A group of bytes for which the context shares a prefix.
+struct BASE_EXPORT Bucket {

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:03:59]

don't think this needs BASE_EXPORT

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 20:58:05]

You are right. Fixed.

+  Bucket() : size(0), backtrace_cursor(0), is_broken_down_by_type_name(false) {}
+
+  std::vector<std::pair<const AllocationContext*, size_t>> bytes_by_context;
+
+  // The sum of the sizes of |bytes_by_context|.
+  size_t size;
+
+  // The index of the stack frame that has not yet been broken down by. For all
+  // elements in this bucket, the stack frames 0 up to (but not including) the
+  // cursor, must be equal.
+  size_t backtrace_cursor;
+
+  // When true, the type name for all elements in this bucket must be equal.
+  bool is_broken_down_by_type_name;
+};
+
+// Comparison operator to order buckets by their size.
+bool operator<(const Bucket& lhs, const Bucket& rhs) {
+  return lhs.size < rhs.size;
+}
+
+// Groups the allocations in the bucket by |breakBy|. The buckets in the
+// returned list will have |backtrace_cursor| advanced or
+// |is_broken_down_by_type_name| set depending on the property to group by.
+std::vector<Bucket> GetSubbuckets(const Bucket& bucket, BreakDownMode breakBy) {
+  base::hash_map<const char*, Bucket> breakdown;
+
+  if (breakBy == BreakDownMode::kByBacktrace) {
+    for (const auto& context_and_size : bucket.bytes_by_context) {
+      const Backtrace& backtrace = context_and_size.first->backtrace;
+      const char* const* begin = std::begin(backtrace.frames);
+      const char* const* end = std::end(backtrace.frames);
+      const char* const* cursor = begin + bucket.backtrace_cursor;
+
+      // The backtrace in the context is padded with null pointers, but these
+      // should not be considered for breakdown. Adjust end to point past the
+      // last non-null frame.
+      while (begin != end && *(end - 1) == nullptr)
+        end--;
+
+      DCHECK_LE(cursor, end);
+
+      if (cursor != end) {
+        Bucket& subbucket = breakdown[*cursor];
+        subbucket.size += context_and_size.second;
+        subbucket.bytes_by_context.push_back(context_and_size);
+        subbucket.backtrace_cursor = bucket.backtrace_cursor + 1;
+        subbucket.is_broken_down_by_type_name =
+            bucket.is_broken_down_by_type_name;
+        DCHECK_GT(subbucket.size, 0u);
+      }
+    }
+  } else if (breakBy == BreakDownMode::kByTypeName) {
+    if (!bucket.is_broken_down_by_type_name) {
+      for (const auto& context_and_size : bucket.bytes_by_context) {
+        const AllocationContext* context = context_and_size.first;
+        Bucket& subbucket = breakdown[context->type_name];
+        subbucket.size += context_and_size.second;
+        subbucket.bytes_by_context.push_back(context_and_size);
+        subbucket.backtrace_cursor = bucket.backtrace_cursor;
+        subbucket.is_broken_down_by_type_name = true;
+        DCHECK_GT(subbucket.size, 0u);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  std::vector<Bucket> buckets;
+  buckets.reserve(breakdown.size());
+  for (auto key_bucket : breakdown)
+    buckets.push_back(key_bucket.second);
+
+  return buckets;
+}
+
+// Breaks down the bucket by |breakBy|. Returns only buckets that contribute
+// significantly to the total size. The long tail is omitted.
+std::vector<Bucket> BreakDownBy(const Bucket& bucket, BreakDownMode breakBy) {
+  std::vector<Bucket> buckets = GetSubbuckets(bucket, breakBy);
+
+  // Ensure that |buckets| is a max-heap (the data structure, not memory heap),
+  // so its front contains the largest bucket. Buckets should be iterated
+  // ordered by size, but sorting the vector is overkill because the long tail
+  // of small buckets will be discarded. By using a max-heap, the optimal case
+  // where all but the first bucket are discarded is O(n). The worst case where
+  // no bucket is discarded is doing a heap sort, which is O(n log n).
+  std::make_heap(buckets.begin(), buckets.end());
+
+  // Keep including buckets until adding one would increase the number of
+  // bytes accounted for by less than a percent. The large buckets end up in
+  // [it, end()), [begin(), it) is the part that contains the max-heap of small
+  // buckets. TODO(ruuda): tweak the heuristic.
+  size_t accounted_for = 0;
+  std::vector<Bucket>::iterator it;
+  for (it = buckets.end(); it != buckets.begin(); --it) {
+    // Compute contribution to number of bytes accounted for in percent, rounded
+    // down due to integer division. Buckets are iterated by descending size,
+    // so later buckets cannot have a larger contribution than this one.
+    accounted_for += buckets.front().size;
+    size_t contribution = buckets.front().size * 100 / accounted_for;
+    if (contribution == 0)
+      break;
+
+    // Put the largest bucket in [begin, it) at |it - 1| and max-heapify
+    // [begin, it - 1). This puts the next largest bucket at |buckets.front()|.
+    std::pop_heap(buckets.begin(), it);
+  }
+
+  // At this point, |buckets| looks like this (numbers are bucket sizes):
+  //
+  // <-- max-heap of small buckets --->
+  //                                  <-- large buckets by ascending size -->
+  // [ 19 | 11 | 13 | 7 | 2 | 5 | ... | 83 | 89 | 97 ]
+  //   ^                                ^              ^
+  //   |                                |              |
+  //   begin()                          it             end()
+
+  // Discard the long tail of buckets that contribute less than a percent.
+  buckets.erase(buckets.begin(), it);

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:04:00]

I wonder whether resize() here is more efficient or erase(begin()) is smart
enough. (just curious, non need to change the code)

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 20:58:04]

Resize discards elements at the end, I want to discard elements at the
beginning. I hope that |erase| is smart enough to move every element at most
once but I did not check this.

I considered using a |deque| instead for efficient removal from the front, but
|deque| does not have |reserve|. Either way we shouln’t optimise prematurely.

+
+  return buckets;
 }
 
 }  // namespace
 
+bool operator<(Entry lhs, Entry rhs) {
+  // There is no need to compare |size|. If the backtrace and type name are
+  // equal then the sizes must be equal as well.
+  return std::tie(lhs.stack_frame_id, lhs.type_id) <
+         std::tie(rhs.stack_frame_id, rhs.type_id);
+}
+
 HeapDumpWriter::HeapDumpWriter(StackFrameDeduplicator* stack_frame_deduplicator,
                                TypeNameDeduplicator* type_name_deduplicator)
-    : traced_value_(new TracedValue()),
-      stack_frame_deduplicator_(stack_frame_deduplicator),
+    : stack_frame_deduplicator_(stack_frame_deduplicator),
       type_name_deduplicator_(type_name_deduplicator) {}
 
 HeapDumpWriter::~HeapDumpWriter() {}
 
-void HeapDumpWriter::InsertAllocation(const AllocationContext& context,
-                                      size_t size) {
-  bytes_by_context_[context] += size;
-}
-
-scoped_refptr<TracedValue> HeapDumpWriter::WriteHeapDump() {
-  // Group by backtrace and by type ID, and compute the total heap size while
-  // iterating anyway.
-  size_t total_size = 0;
-  hash_map<Backtrace, size_t> bytes_by_backtrace;
-  hash_map<const char*, size_t> bytes_by_type;
-
-  for (auto context_size : bytes_by_context_) {
-    total_size += context_size.second;
-    bytes_by_backtrace[context_size.first.backtrace] += context_size.second;
-    bytes_by_type[context_size.first.type_name] += context_size.second;
-  }
-
-  auto sorted_bytes_by_backtrace = SortBySizeDescending(bytes_by_backtrace);
-  auto sorted_bytes_by_type = SortBySizeDescending(bytes_by_type);
-
-  traced_value_->BeginArray("entries");
-
-  // The global size, no column specified.
-  {
-    traced_value_->BeginDictionary();
-    WriteSize(total_size);
-    traced_value_->EndDictionary();
-  }
-
-  // Entries with the size per backtrace.
-  for (const auto& entry : sorted_bytes_by_backtrace) {
-    traced_value_->BeginDictionary();
-    // Insert a forward reference to the backtrace that will be written to the
-    // |stackFrames| dictionary later on.
-    int idx = stack_frame_deduplicator_->Insert(std::begin(entry.first.frames),
-                                                std::end(entry.first.frames));
-    WriteStackFrameIndex(idx);
-    WriteSize(entry.second);
-    traced_value_->EndDictionary();
-  }
-
-  // Entries with the size per type.
-  for (const auto& entry : sorted_bytes_by_type) {
-    traced_value_->BeginDictionary();
-    // Insert a forward reference to the type name that will be written to the
-    // trace when it is flushed.
-    WriteTypeId(type_name_deduplicator_->Insert(entry.first));
-    WriteSize(entry.second);
-    traced_value_->EndDictionary();
-  }
-
-  traced_value_->EndArray();  // "entries"
-
-  return traced_value_;
-}
-
-void HeapDumpWriter::WriteStackFrameIndex(int index) {
-  if (index == -1) {
-    // An empty backtrace (which will have index -1) is represented by the empty
-    // string, because there is no leaf frame to reference in |stackFrames|.
-    traced_value_->SetString("bt", "");
-  } else {
-    // Format index of the leaf frame as a string, because |stackFrames| is a
-    // dictionary, not an array.
-    SStringPrintf(&buffer_, "%i", index);
-    traced_value_->SetString("bt", buffer_);
-  }
-}
-
-void HeapDumpWriter::WriteTypeId(int type_id) {
-  // Format the type ID as a string.
-  SStringPrintf(&buffer_, "%i", type_id);
-  traced_value_->SetString("type", buffer_);
-}
-
-void HeapDumpWriter::WriteSize(size_t size) {
-  // Format size as hexadecimal string into |buffer_|.
-  SStringPrintf(&buffer_, "%" PRIx64, static_cast<uint64_t>(size));
-  traced_value_->SetString("size", buffer_);
-}
+bool HeapDumpWriter::AddEntryForBucket(const Bucket& bucket) {
+  // The contexts in the bucket are all different, but the [begin, cursor) range
+  // is equal for all contexts in the bucket, and the type names are the same if
+  // |is_broken_down_by_type_name| is set.
+  DCHECK(!bucket.bytes_by_context.empty());
+
+  const AllocationContext* context = bucket.bytes_by_context.front().first;
+
+  const char* const* backtrace_begin = std::begin(context->backtrace.frames);
+  const char* const* backtrace_end = backtrace_begin + bucket.backtrace_cursor;
+  DCHECK_LE(bucket.backtrace_cursor, arraysize(context->backtrace.frames));
+
+  Entry entry;
+  entry.stack_frame_id =
+      stack_frame_deduplicator_->Insert(backtrace_begin, backtrace_end);
+
+  // Deduplicate the type name, or use ID -1 if type name is not set.
+  entry.type_id = bucket.is_broken_down_by_type_name
+                      ? type_name_deduplicator_->Insert(context->type_name)
+                      : -1;
+
+  entry.size = bucket.size;
+
+  auto position_and_inserted = entries_.insert(entry);
+  return position_and_inserted.second;
+}
+
+void HeapDumpWriter::BreakDown(const Bucket& bucket) {
+  auto by_backtrace = BreakDownBy(bucket, BreakDownMode::kByBacktrace);
+  auto by_type_name = BreakDownBy(bucket, BreakDownMode::kByTypeName);
+
+  // Insert entries for the buckets. If a bucket was not present before, it has
+  // not been broken down before, so recursively continue breaking down in that
+  // case. There might be multiple routes to the same entry (first break down
+  // by type name, then by backtrace, or first by backtrace and then by type),
+  // so a set is used to avoid dumping and breaking down entries more than once.
+
+  for (const Bucket& subbucket : by_backtrace)
+    if (AddEntryForBucket(subbucket))
+      BreakDown(subbucket);

[Ruud van Asseldonk, 2015/12/09 16:16:01]

I prefer to keep the call to |BreakDown| here instead of moving it into
|AddEntryForBucket|, because then this function is recursive directly. If we
move it into |AddEntryForBucket|, then there is the |BreakDown| ->
|AddEntryForBucket| -> |BreakDown| -> |AddEntryForBucket| -> ... recursion, and
it might be harder to see what is going on.

I did rename |InsertEntry| to |AddEntryForBucket|.

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:04:00]

Acknowledged.

+
+  for (const Bucket& subbucket : by_type_name)
+    if (AddEntryForBucket(subbucket))
+      BreakDown(subbucket);
+}
+
+const std::set<Entry>& HeapDumpWriter::Dump(

[Primiano Tucci (use gerrit), 2015/12/09 17:04:00]

I wonder if we can get a better name here. I think this is really
something like "Reduce" or "SummarizeAndCluster" or something like that.
Dump is a bit generic. I think the key thing you want to convey in the name is
that here you are doing some smart bucketing + threshold .

+    const hash_map<AllocationContext, size_t>& bytes_by_context) {
+  // Start with one bucket that represents the entire heap. Iterate by
+  // reference, because the allocation contexts are going to point to allocation
+  // contexts stored in |bytes_by_context|.
+  Bucket root_bucket;
+  for (const auto& context_and_size : bytes_by_context) {
+    const AllocationContext* context = &context_and_size.first;
+    const size_t size = context_and_size.second;
+    root_bucket.bytes_by_context.push_back(std::make_pair(context, size));
+    root_bucket.size += size;
+  }
+
+  AddEntryForBucket(root_bucket);
+
+  // Recursively break down the heap and fill |entries_| with entries to dump.
+  BreakDown(root_bucket);
+
+  return entries_;
+}
+
+scoped_refptr<TracedValue> Write(const std::set<Entry>& entries) {
+  std::string buffer;
+  scoped_refptr<TracedValue> traced_value = new TracedValue;
+
+  traced_value->BeginArray("entries");
+
+  for (const Entry& entry : entries) {
+    traced_value->BeginDictionary();
+
+    // Format size as hexadecimal string into |buffer|.
+    SStringPrintf(&buffer, "%" PRIx64, static_cast<uint64_t>(entry.size));
+    traced_value->SetString("size", buffer);
+
+    if (entry.stack_frame_id == -1) {
+      // An empty backtrace (which will have ID -1) is represented by the empty
+      // string, because there is no leaf frame to reference in |stackFrames|.
+      traced_value->SetString("bt", "");
+    } else {
+      // Format index of the leaf frame as a string, because |stackFrames| is a
+      // dictionary, not an array.
+      SStringPrintf(&buffer, "%i", entry.stack_frame_id);
+      traced_value->SetString("bt", buffer);
+    }
+
+    // Type ID -1 (cumulative size for all types) is represented by the absence
+    // of the "type" key in the dictionary.
+    if (entry.type_id != -1) {
+      // Format the type ID as a string.
+      SStringPrintf(&buffer, "%i", entry.type_id);
+      traced_value->SetString("type", buffer);
+    }
+
+    traced_value->EndDictionary();
+  }
+
+  traced_value->EndArray();  // "entries"
+  return traced_value;
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
 
 }  // namespace trace_event
 }  // namespace base