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packages/dart_style/README.md

+The dart_style package defines an automatic, opinionated formatter for Dart
+code. It replaces the whitespace in your program with what it deems to be the
+best formatting for it. Resulting code should following the [Dart style guide][]
+but, moreso, should look nice to most human readers, most of the time.
+
+[dart style guide]: https://www.dartlang.org/articles/style-guide/
+
+It handles indentation, inline whitespace and (by far the most difficult),
+intelligent line wrapping. It has no problems with nested collections, function
+expressions, long argument lists, or otherwise tricky code.
+
+## Usage
+
+The package exposes a simple command-line wrapper around the core formatting
+library. The easiest way to invoke it is to [globally activate][] the package
+and let pub put its executable on your path:
+
+    $ pub global activate dart_style
+    $ dartfmt ...
+
+[globally activate]: https://www.dartlang.org/tools/pub/cmd/pub-global.html
+
+If you don't want `dartformat` on your path, you can run it explicitly:
+
+    $ pub global activate dart_style --no-executables
+    $ pub global run dart_style:format ...
+
+The formatter takes a list of paths, which can point to directories or files.
+If the path is a directory, it processes every `.dart` file in that directory
+or any of its subdirectories.
+
+By default, it formats each file and just prints the resulting code to stdout.
+If you pass `-w`, it will instead overwrite your existing files with the
+formatted results.
+
+You may pass a `--line-length` option to control the width of the page that it
+wraps lines to fit within, but you're strongly encouraged to keep the default
+line length of 80 columns.
+
+### Validating files
+
+If you want to use the formatter in something like a [presubmit script][] or
+[commit hook][], you can use the `--dry-run` option. If you pass that, the
+formatter prints the paths of the files whose contents would change if the
+formatter were run normally. If it prints no output, then everything is already
+correctly formatted.
+
+[presubmit script]: http://www.chromium.org/developers/how-tos/depottools/presubmit-scripts
+[commit hook]: http://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks
+
+### Using it programmatically
+
+The package also exposes a single dart_style library containing a programmatic
+API for formatting code. Simple usage looks like this:
+
+    import 'package:dart_style/dart_style.dart';
+
+    main() {
+      var formatter = new DartFormatter();
+
+      try {
+        print(formatter.format("""
+        library an_entire_compilation_unit;
+
+        class SomeClass {}
+        """));
+
+        print(formatter.formatStatement("aSingle(statement);"));
+      } on FormatterException catch (ex) {
+        print(ex);
+      }
+    }
+
+## FAQ
+
+### Why have a formatter?
+
+The has a few goals, in order of descending priority:
+    
+1.  **Produce consistently formatted code.** Consistent style improves
+    readability because you aren't distracted by variance in style between
+    different parts of a program. It makes it easier to contribute to others'
+    code because their style will already be familiar to you.
+    
+2.  **End debates about style issues in code reviews.** This consumes an
+    astonishingly large quantity of very valuable engineering energy. Style
+    debates are time-consuming, upset people, and rarely change anyone's mind.
+    They make code reviews take longer and be more acromonious.
+    
+3.  **Free users from having to think about and apply formatting.** When
+    writing code, you don't have to try to figure out the best way to split a
+    line and then pain-stakingly add in the line breaks. When you do a global
+    refactor that changes the length of some identifier, you don't have to go
+    back and rewrap all of the lines. When you're in the zone, you can just
+    pump out code and let the formatter tidy it up for you as you go.
+    
+4.  **Produce beautiful, readable output that helps users understand the code.**
+    We could solve all of the above goals with a formatter that just removed
+    *all* whitespace, but that wouldn't be very human-friendly. So, finally,
+    the formatter tries very hard to produce output that is not just consistent
+    but readable to a human. It tries to use indentation and line breaks to
+    highlight the structure and organization of the code.
+    
+    In several cases, the formatter has pointed out bugs where the existing
+    indentation was misleading and didn't represent what the code actually did.
+    For example, automated formatted would have helped make Apple's
+    ["gotofail"][gotofail] security bug easier to notice:
+    
+    ```c
+    if ((err = SSLHashSHA1.update(&hashCtx, &signedParams)) != 0)
+        goto fail;
+        goto fail;
+    if ((err = SSLHashSHA1.final(&hashCtx, &hashOut)) != 0)
+        goto fail;
+    ```
+    
+    The formatter would change this to:
+    
+    ```c
+    if ((err = SSLHashSHA1.update(&hashCtx, &signedParams)) != 0)
+        goto fail;
+    goto fail; // <-- not clearly not under the "if".
+    if ((err = SSLHashSHA1.final(&hashCtx, &hashOut)) != 0)
+        goto fail;
+    ```
+
+[gotofail]: https://gotofail.com/
+
+### I don't like the output!
+
+First of all, that's not a question. But, yes, sometimes you may dislike the
+output of the formatter. This may be a bug or it may be a deliberate stylistic
+choice of the formatter that you disagree with. The simplest way to find out is
+to file an [issue][].
+
+[issue]: https://github.com/dart-lang/dart_style/issues
+
+Now that the formatter is fairly mature, it's more likely that the output is
+deliberate. If your bug gets closed as "as designed", try not to be too sad.
+Even if the formatter doesn't follow your personal preferences, what it *does*
+do is spare you the effort of hand-formatting, and ensure your code is
+*consistently* formatted. I hope you'll appreciate the real value in both of
+those.
+
+### How stable is it?
+
+You can rely on the formatter to not break your code or change its semantics.
+If it does do so, this is a critical bug and we'll fix it quickly.
+
+The rules the formatter uses to determine the "best" way to split a line may
+change over time. We don't promise that code produced by the formatter today
+will be identical to the same code run through a later version of the formatter.
+We do hope that you'll like the output of the later version more.
+
+### Why can't I tell the formatter to ignore a region of code?
+
+Even a really sophisticated formatter can't beat a human in *all* cases. Our
+semantic knowledge of the code can let us show more than the formatter can. One
+escape hatch would be to have a comment telling the formatter "leave this
+alone".
+
+This might help the fourth goal above, but does so at the expense of the first
+three. We want code that is *consistent* and we want you to stop thinking about
+formatting. If you can decide to turn off the formatter, now you have regions
+of code that are inconsistent by design.
+
+Further, you're right back into debates about how the code in there should be
+formatted, with the extra bonus of now debating whether or not that annotation
+should be used and where. None of this is making your life better.
+
+Yes, *maybe* you can hand-format some things better than the formatter. (Though,
+in most cases where users have asked for this, I've seen formatting errors in
+the examples they provided!) But does doing that really add enough value to
+make up for re-opening that can of worms?
+
+### Why does the formatter mess up my collection literals?
+
+Large collection literals are often used to define big chunks of structured
+data, like:
+
+```dart
+/// Maps ASCII character values to what kind of character they represent.
+const characterTypes = const [
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, white, white, other, other, white,              
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, other, white,                                   
+  punct, other, punct, punct, punct, punct, other,       
+  brace, brace, punct, punct, comma, punct, punct, punct,
+  digit, digit, digit, digit, digit,                     
+  digit, digit, digit, digit, digit,                     
+  punct, punct, punct, punct, punct, punct, punct,       
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, brace, punct, brace, punct, alpha, other,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, brace, punct, brace, punct               
+];
+```
+
+The formatter doesn't know those newlines are meaningful, so it wipes it out
+to:
+
+```dart
+/// Maps ASCII character values to what kind of character they represent.
+const characterTypes = const [
+  other,
+  other,
+  other,
+  
+  // lots more ...
+  
+  punct,
+  brace,
+  punct             
+];
+```
+
+In many cases, ignoring these newlines is a good thing. If you've removed a few
+items from a list, it's a win for the formatter to repack it into one line if
+it fits. But here it clearly loses useful information.
+
+Fortunately, in most cases, structured collections like this have comments
+describing their structure:
+
+```dart
+const characterTypes = const [
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, white, white, other, other, white,
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, other, other, other, other, other, other, other,
+  other, other, white,
+  punct, other, punct, punct, punct, punct, other, //          !"#$%&´
+  brace, brace, punct, punct, comma, punct, punct, punct, //   ()*+,-./
+  digit, digit, digit, digit, digit, //                        01234
+  digit, digit, digit, digit, digit, //                        56789
+  punct, punct, punct, punct, punct, punct, punct, //          :;<=>?@
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, //   ABCDEFGH
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, brace, punct, brace, punct, alpha, other, //   YZ[\]^_'
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, //   abcdefgh
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha, alpha,
+  alpha, alpha, brace, punct, brace, punct  //                 yz{|}~
+];
+```
+
+In that case, the formatter is smart enough to recognize this and preserve your
+original newlines. So, if you have a collection that you have carefully split
+into lines, add at least one line comment somewhere inside it to get it to
+preserve all of the newlines in it.
+
+### Why doesn't the formatter handle multi-line `if` statements better?
+
+If you have a statement like:
+
+```dart
+if (someVeryLongConditional || anotherLongConditional) function(argument, argument);
+```
+
+It will format it like:
+
+```dart
+if (someVeryLongConditional || anotherLongConditional) function(
+    argument, argument);
+```
+
+You might expect it to break before `function`. But the Dart style guide
+explicitly forbids multi-line `if` statements that do not use `{}` bodies.
+Given that, there's never a reason for the formatter to allow splitting after
+the condition. This is true of other control flow statements too, of course.
+
+### Why doesn't the formatter add curlies or otherwise clean up code then?
+
+The formatter has a simple, restricted charter: it rewrites *only the
+non-semantic whitespace of your program.* It makes absolutely no other changes
+to your code.
+
+This helps keep the scope of the project limited. The set of "clean-ups" you
+may want to do is unbounded and much fuzzier to define.
+
+It also makes it more reliable to run the formatter automatically in things
+like presubmit scripts where a human may not be vetting the output. If the
+formatter only touches whitespace, it's easier for a human to trust its output.