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| +mock is a library for testing in Python. It allows you to replace parts of
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| +your system under test with mock objects and make assertions about how they
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| +have been used.
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| +
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| +mock is now part of the Python standard library, available as `unittest.mock
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| +<http://docs.python.org/py3k/library/unittest.mock.html#module-unittest.mock>`_
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| +in Python 3.3 onwards.
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| +
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| +mock provides a core `MagicMock` class removing the need to create a host of
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| +stubs throughout your test suite. After performing an action, you can make
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| +assertions about which methods / attributes were used and arguments they were
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| +called with. You can also specify return values and set needed attributes in
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| +the normal way.
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| +
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| +mock is tested on Python versions 2.4-2.7 and Python 3. mock is also tested
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| +with the latest versions of Jython and pypy.
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| +
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| +The mock module also provides utility functions / objects to assist with
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| +testing, particularly monkey patching.
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| +
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| +* `PDF documentation for 1.0.1
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| + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/downloads/mock-1.0.1.pdf>`_
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| +* `mock on google code (repository and issue tracker)
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| + <http://code.google.com/p/mock/>`_
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| +* `mock documentation
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| + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/>`_
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| +* `mock on PyPI <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/mock/>`_
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| +* `Mailing list (testing-in-python@lists.idyll.org)
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| + <http://lists.idyll.org/listinfo/testing-in-python>`_
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| +
|
| +Mock is very easy to use and is designed for use with
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| +`unittest <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_. Mock is based on
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| +the 'action -> assertion' pattern instead of 'record -> replay' used by many
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| +mocking frameworks. See the `mock documentation`_ for full details.
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| +
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| +Mock objects create all attributes and methods as you access them and store
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| +details of how they have been used. You can configure them, to specify return
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| +values or limit what attributes are available, and then make assertions about
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| +how they have been used::
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| +
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| + >>> from mock import Mock
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| + >>> real = ProductionClass()
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| + >>> real.method = Mock(return_value=3)
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| + >>> real.method(3, 4, 5, key='value')
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| + 3
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| + >>> real.method.assert_called_with(3, 4, 5, key='value')
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| +
|
| +`side_effect` allows you to perform side effects, return different values or
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| +raise an exception when a mock is called::
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| +
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| + >>> mock = Mock(side_effect=KeyError('foo'))
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| + >>> mock()
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| + Traceback (most recent call last):
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| + ...
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| + KeyError: 'foo'
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| + >>> values = {'a': 1, 'b': 2, 'c': 3}
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| + >>> def side_effect(arg):
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| + ... return values[arg]
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| + ...
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| + >>> mock.side_effect = side_effect
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| + >>> mock('a'), mock('b'), mock('c')
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| + (3, 2, 1)
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| + >>> mock.side_effect = [5, 4, 3, 2, 1]
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| + >>> mock(), mock(), mock()
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| + (5, 4, 3)
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| +
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| +Mock has many other ways you can configure it and control its behaviour. For
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| +example the `spec` argument configures the mock to take its specification from
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| +another object. Attempting to access attributes or methods on the mock that
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| +don't exist on the spec will fail with an `AttributeError`.
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| +
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| +The `patch` decorator / context manager makes it easy to mock classes or
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| +objects in a module under test. The object you specify will be replaced with a
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| +mock (or other object) during the test and restored when the test ends::
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| +
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| + >>> from mock import patch
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| + >>> @patch('test_module.ClassName1')
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| + ... @patch('test_module.ClassName2')
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| + ... def test(MockClass2, MockClass1):
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| + ... test_module.ClassName1()
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| + ... test_module.ClassName2()
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| +
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| + ... assert MockClass1.called
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| + ... assert MockClass2.called
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| + ...
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| + >>> test()
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| +
|
| +.. note::
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| +
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| + When you nest patch decorators the mocks are passed in to the decorated
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| + function in the same order they applied (the normal *python* order that
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| + decorators are applied). This means from the bottom up, so in the example
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| + above the mock for `test_module.ClassName2` is passed in first.
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| +
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| + With `patch` it matters that you patch objects in the namespace where they
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| + are looked up. This is normally straightforward, but for a quick guide
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| + read `where to patch
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| + <http://www.voidspace.org.uk/python/mock/patch.html#where-to-patch>`_.
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| +
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| +As well as a decorator `patch` can be used as a context manager in a with
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| +statement::
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| +
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| + >>> with patch.object(ProductionClass, 'method') as mock_method:
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| + ... mock_method.return_value = None
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| + ... real = ProductionClass()
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| + ... real.method(1, 2, 3)
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| + ...
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| + >>> mock_method.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
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| +
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| +There is also `patch.dict` for setting values in a dictionary just during the
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| +scope of a test and restoring the dictionary to its original state when the
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| +test ends::
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| +
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| + >>> foo = {'key': 'value'}
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| + >>> original = foo.copy()
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| + >>> with patch.dict(foo, {'newkey': 'newvalue'}, clear=True):
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| + ... assert foo == {'newkey': 'newvalue'}
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| + ...
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| + >>> assert foo == original
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| +
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| +Mock supports the mocking of Python magic methods. The easiest way of
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| +using magic methods is with the `MagicMock` class. It allows you to do
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| +things like::
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| +
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| + >>> from mock import MagicMock
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| + >>> mock = MagicMock()
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| + >>> mock.__str__.return_value = 'foobarbaz'
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| + >>> str(mock)
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| + 'foobarbaz'
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| + >>> mock.__str__.assert_called_once_with()
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| +
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| +Mock allows you to assign functions (or other Mock instances) to magic methods
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| +and they will be called appropriately. The MagicMock class is just a Mock
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| +variant that has all of the magic methods pre-created for you (well - all the
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| +useful ones anyway).
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| +
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| +The following is an example of using magic methods with the ordinary Mock
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| +class::
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| +
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| + >>> from mock import Mock
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| + >>> mock = Mock()
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| + >>> mock.__str__ = Mock(return_value = 'wheeeeee')
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| + >>> str(mock)
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| + 'wheeeeee'
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| +
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| +For ensuring that the mock objects your tests use have the same api as the
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| +objects they are replacing, you can use "auto-speccing". Auto-speccing can
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| +be done through the `autospec` argument to patch, or the `create_autospec`
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| +function. Auto-speccing creates mock objects that have the same attributes
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| +and methods as the objects they are replacing, and any functions and methods
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| +(including constructors) have the same call signature as the real object.
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| +
|
| +This ensures that your mocks will fail in the same way as your production
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| +code if they are used incorrectly::
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| +
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| + >>> from mock import create_autospec
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| + >>> def function(a, b, c):
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| + ... pass
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| + ...
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| + >>> mock_function = create_autospec(function, return_value='fishy')
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| + >>> mock_function(1, 2, 3)
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| + 'fishy'
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| + >>> mock_function.assert_called_once_with(1, 2, 3)
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| + >>> mock_function('wrong arguments')
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| + Traceback (most recent call last):
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| + ...
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| + TypeError: <lambda>() takes exactly 3 arguments (1 given)
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| +
|
| +`create_autospec` can also be used on classes, where it copies the signature of
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| +the `__init__` method, and on callable objects where it copies the signature of
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| +the `__call__` method.
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| +
|
| +The distribution contains tests and documentation. The tests require
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| +`unittest2 <http://pypi.python.org/pypi/unittest2>`_ to run.
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| +
|
| +Docs from the in-development version of `mock` can be found at
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| +`mock.readthedocs.org <http://mock.readthedocs.org>`_.
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|
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