Use the upstream version of libwebp, v0.4.3.

third_party/libwebp/enc/quant.c

+// Copyright 2011 Google Inc. All Rights Reserved.
+//
+// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license
+// that can be found in the COPYING file in the root of the source
+// tree. An additional intellectual property rights grant can be found
+// in the file PATENTS. All contributing project authors may
+// be found in the AUTHORS file in the root of the source tree.
+// -----------------------------------------------------------------------------
+//
+//   Quantization
+//
+// Author: Skal (pascal.massimino@gmail.com)
+
+#include <assert.h>
+#include <math.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>  // for abs()
+
+#include "./vp8enci.h"
+#include "./cost.h"
+
+#define DO_TRELLIS_I4  1
+#define DO_TRELLIS_I16 1   // not a huge gain, but ok at low bitrate.
+#define DO_TRELLIS_UV  0   // disable trellis for UV. Risky. Not worth.
+#define USE_TDISTO 1
+
+#define MID_ALPHA 64      // neutral value for susceptibility
+#define MIN_ALPHA 30      // lowest usable value for susceptibility
+#define MAX_ALPHA 100     // higher meaningful value for susceptibility
+
+#define SNS_TO_DQ 0.9     // Scaling constant between the sns value and the QP
+                          // power-law modulation. Must be strictly less than 1.
+
+#define I4_PENALTY 4000   // Rate-penalty for quick i4/i16 decision
+
+// number of non-zero coeffs below which we consider the block very flat
+// (and apply a penalty to complex predictions)
+#define FLATNESS_LIMIT_I16 10      // I16 mode
+#define FLATNESS_LIMIT_I4  3       // I4 mode
+#define FLATNESS_LIMIT_UV  2       // UV mode
+#define FLATNESS_PENALTY   140     // roughly ~1bit per block
+
+#define MULT_8B(a, b) (((a) * (b) + 128) >> 8)
+
+// #define DEBUG_BLOCK
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+#if defined(DEBUG_BLOCK)
+
+#include <stdio.h>
+#include <stdlib.h>
+
+static void PrintBlockInfo(const VP8EncIterator* const it,
+                           const VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  int i, j;
+  const int is_i16 = (it->mb_->type_ == 1);
+  printf("SOURCE / OUTPUT / ABS DELTA\n");
+  for (j = 0; j < 24; ++j) {
+    if (j == 16) printf("\n");   // newline before the U/V block
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) printf("%3d ", it->yuv_in_[i + j * BPS]);
+    printf("     ");
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) printf("%3d ", it->yuv_out_[i + j * BPS]);
+    printf("     ");
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+      printf("%1d ", abs(it->yuv_out_[i + j * BPS] - it->yuv_in_[i + j * BPS]));
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+  printf("\nD:%d SD:%d R:%d H:%d nz:0x%x score:%d\n",
+    (int)rd->D, (int)rd->SD, (int)rd->R, (int)rd->H, (int)rd->nz,
+    (int)rd->score);
+  if (is_i16) {
+    printf("Mode: %d\n", rd->mode_i16);
+    printf("y_dc_levels:");
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) printf("%3d ", rd->y_dc_levels[i]);
+    printf("\n");
+  } else {
+    printf("Modes[16]: ");
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) printf("%d ", rd->modes_i4[i]);
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+  printf("y_ac_levels:\n");
+  for (j = 0; j < 16; ++j) {
+    for (i = is_i16 ? 1 : 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+      printf("%4d ", rd->y_ac_levels[j][i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+  printf("\n");
+  printf("uv_levels (mode=%d):\n", rd->mode_uv);
+  for (j = 0; j < 8; ++j) {
+    for (i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+      printf("%4d ", rd->uv_levels[j][i]);
+    }
+    printf("\n");
+  }
+}
+
+#endif   // DEBUG_BLOCK
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static WEBP_INLINE int clip(int v, int m, int M) {
+  return v < m ? m : v > M ? M : v;
+}
+
+static const uint8_t kZigzag[16] = {
+  0, 1, 4, 8, 5, 2, 3, 6, 9, 12, 13, 10, 7, 11, 14, 15
+};
+
+static const uint8_t kDcTable[128] = {
+  4,     5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  10,
+  11,   12,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  17,
+  18,   19,  20,  20,  21,  21,  22,  22,
+  23,   23,  24,  25,  25,  26,  27,  28,
+  29,   30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,  36,
+  37,   37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,
+  44,   45,  46,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,
+  51,   52,  53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,
+  59,   60,  61,  62,  63,  64,  65,  66,
+  67,   68,  69,  70,  71,  72,  73,  74,
+  75,   76,  76,  77,  78,  79,  80,  81,
+  82,   83,  84,  85,  86,  87,  88,  89,
+  91,   93,  95,  96,  98, 100, 101, 102,
+  104, 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, 116, 118,
+  122, 124, 126, 128, 130, 132, 134, 136,
+  138, 140, 143, 145, 148, 151, 154, 157
+};
+
+static const uint16_t kAcTable[128] = {
+  4,     5,   6,   7,   8,   9,  10,  11,
+  12,   13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,
+  20,   21,  22,  23,  24,  25,  26,  27,
+  28,   29,  30,  31,  32,  33,  34,  35,
+  36,   37,  38,  39,  40,  41,  42,  43,
+  44,   45,  46,  47,  48,  49,  50,  51,
+  52,   53,  54,  55,  56,  57,  58,  60,
+  62,   64,  66,  68,  70,  72,  74,  76,
+  78,   80,  82,  84,  86,  88,  90,  92,
+  94,   96,  98, 100, 102, 104, 106, 108,
+  110, 112, 114, 116, 119, 122, 125, 128,
+  131, 134, 137, 140, 143, 146, 149, 152,
+  155, 158, 161, 164, 167, 170, 173, 177,
+  181, 185, 189, 193, 197, 201, 205, 209,
+  213, 217, 221, 225, 229, 234, 239, 245,
+  249, 254, 259, 264, 269, 274, 279, 284
+};
+
+static const uint16_t kAcTable2[128] = {
+  8,     8,   9,  10,  12,  13,  15,  17,
+  18,   20,  21,  23,  24,  26,  27,  29,
+  31,   32,  34,  35,  37,  38,  40,  41,
+  43,   44,  46,  48,  49,  51,  52,  54,
+  55,   57,  58,  60,  62,  63,  65,  66,
+  68,   69,  71,  72,  74,  75,  77,  79,
+  80,   82,  83,  85,  86,  88,  89,  93,
+  96,   99, 102, 105, 108, 111, 114, 117,
+  120, 124, 127, 130, 133, 136, 139, 142,
+  145, 148, 151, 155, 158, 161, 164, 167,
+  170, 173, 176, 179, 184, 189, 193, 198,
+  203, 207, 212, 217, 221, 226, 230, 235,
+  240, 244, 249, 254, 258, 263, 268, 274,
+  280, 286, 292, 299, 305, 311, 317, 323,
+  330, 336, 342, 348, 354, 362, 370, 379,
+  385, 393, 401, 409, 416, 424, 432, 440
+};
+
+static const uint8_t kBiasMatrices[3][2] = {  // [luma-ac,luma-dc,chroma][dc,ac]
+  { 96, 110 }, { 96, 108 }, { 110, 115 }
+};
+
+// Sharpening by (slightly) raising the hi-frequency coeffs.
+// Hack-ish but helpful for mid-bitrate range. Use with care.
+#define SHARPEN_BITS 11  // number of descaling bits for sharpening bias
+static const uint8_t kFreqSharpening[16] = {
+  0,  30, 60, 90,
+  30, 60, 90, 90,
+  60, 90, 90, 90,
+  90, 90, 90, 90
+};
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Initialize quantization parameters in VP8Matrix
+
+// Returns the average quantizer
+static int ExpandMatrix(VP8Matrix* const m, int type) {
+  int i, sum;
+  for (i = 0; i < 2; ++i) {
+    const int is_ac_coeff = (i > 0);
+    const int bias = kBiasMatrices[type][is_ac_coeff];
+    m->iq_[i] = (1 << QFIX) / m->q_[i];
+    m->bias_[i] = BIAS(bias);
+    // zthresh_ is the exact value such that QUANTDIV(coeff, iQ, B) is:
+    //   * zero if coeff <= zthresh
+    //   * non-zero if coeff > zthresh
+    m->zthresh_[i] = ((1 << QFIX) - 1 - m->bias_[i]) / m->iq_[i];
+  }
+  for (i = 2; i < 16; ++i) {
+    m->q_[i] = m->q_[1];
+    m->iq_[i] = m->iq_[1];
+    m->bias_[i] = m->bias_[1];
+    m->zthresh_[i] = m->zthresh_[1];
+  }
+  for (sum = 0, i = 0; i < 16; ++i) {
+    if (type == 0) {  // we only use sharpening for AC luma coeffs
+      m->sharpen_[i] = (kFreqSharpening[i] * m->q_[i]) >> SHARPEN_BITS;
+    } else {
+      m->sharpen_[i] = 0;
+    }
+    sum += m->q_[i];
+  }
+  return (sum + 8) >> 4;
+}
+
+static void SetupMatrices(VP8Encoder* enc) {
+  int i;
+  const int tlambda_scale =
+    (enc->method_ >= 4) ? enc->config_->sns_strength
+                        : 0;
+  const int num_segments = enc->segment_hdr_.num_segments_;
+  for (i = 0; i < num_segments; ++i) {
+    VP8SegmentInfo* const m = &enc->dqm_[i];
+    const int q = m->quant_;
+    int q4, q16, quv;
+    m->y1_.q_[0] = kDcTable[clip(q + enc->dq_y1_dc_, 0, 127)];
+    m->y1_.q_[1] = kAcTable[clip(q,                  0, 127)];
+
+    m->y2_.q_[0] = kDcTable[ clip(q + enc->dq_y2_dc_, 0, 127)] * 2;
+    m->y2_.q_[1] = kAcTable2[clip(q + enc->dq_y2_ac_, 0, 127)];
+
+    m->uv_.q_[0] = kDcTable[clip(q + enc->dq_uv_dc_, 0, 117)];
+    m->uv_.q_[1] = kAcTable[clip(q + enc->dq_uv_ac_, 0, 127)];
+
+    q4  = ExpandMatrix(&m->y1_, 0);
+    q16 = ExpandMatrix(&m->y2_, 1);
+    quv = ExpandMatrix(&m->uv_, 2);
+
+    m->lambda_i4_          = (3 * q4 * q4) >> 7;
+    m->lambda_i16_         = (3 * q16 * q16);
+    m->lambda_uv_          = (3 * quv * quv) >> 6;
+    m->lambda_mode_        = (1 * q4 * q4) >> 7;
+    m->lambda_trellis_i4_  = (7 * q4 * q4) >> 3;
+    m->lambda_trellis_i16_ = (q16 * q16) >> 2;
+    m->lambda_trellis_uv_  = (quv *quv) << 1;
+    m->tlambda_            = (tlambda_scale * q4) >> 5;
+
+    m->min_disto_ = 10 * m->y1_.q_[0];   // quantization-aware min disto
+    m->max_edge_  = 0;
+  }
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Initialize filtering parameters
+
+// Very small filter-strength values have close to no visual effect. So we can
+// save a little decoding-CPU by turning filtering off for these.
+#define FSTRENGTH_CUTOFF 2
+
+static void SetupFilterStrength(VP8Encoder* const enc) {
+  int i;
+  // level0 is in [0..500]. Using '-f 50' as filter_strength is mid-filtering.
+  const int level0 = 5 * enc->config_->filter_strength;
+  for (i = 0; i < NUM_MB_SEGMENTS; ++i) {
+    VP8SegmentInfo* const m = &enc->dqm_[i];
+    // We focus on the quantization of AC coeffs.
+    const int qstep = kAcTable[clip(m->quant_, 0, 127)] >> 2;
+    const int base_strength =
+        VP8FilterStrengthFromDelta(enc->filter_hdr_.sharpness_, qstep);
+    // Segments with lower complexity ('beta') will be less filtered.
+    const int f = base_strength * level0 / (256 + m->beta_);
+    m->fstrength_ = (f < FSTRENGTH_CUTOFF) ? 0 : (f > 63) ? 63 : f;
+  }
+  // We record the initial strength (mainly for the case of 1-segment only).
+  enc->filter_hdr_.level_ = enc->dqm_[0].fstrength_;
+  enc->filter_hdr_.simple_ = (enc->config_->filter_type == 0);
+  enc->filter_hdr_.sharpness_ = enc->config_->filter_sharpness;
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// Note: if you change the values below, remember that the max range
+// allowed by the syntax for DQ_UV is [-16,16].
+#define MAX_DQ_UV (6)
+#define MIN_DQ_UV (-4)
+
+// We want to emulate jpeg-like behaviour where the expected "good" quality
+// is around q=75. Internally, our "good" middle is around c=50. So we
+// map accordingly using linear piece-wise function
+static double QualityToCompression(double c) {
+  const double linear_c = (c < 0.75) ? c * (2. / 3.) : 2. * c - 1.;
+  // The file size roughly scales as pow(quantizer, 3.). Actually, the
+  // exponent is somewhere between 2.8 and 3.2, but we're mostly interested
+  // in the mid-quant range. So we scale the compressibility inversely to
+  // this power-law: quant ~= compression ^ 1/3. This law holds well for
+  // low quant. Finer modeling for high-quant would make use of kAcTable[]
+  // more explicitly.
+  const double v = pow(linear_c, 1 / 3.);
+  return v;
+}
+
+static double QualityToJPEGCompression(double c, double alpha) {
+  // We map the complexity 'alpha' and quality setting 'c' to a compression
+  // exponent empirically matched to the compression curve of libjpeg6b.
+  // On average, the WebP output size will be roughly similar to that of a
+  // JPEG file compressed with same quality factor.
+  const double amin = 0.30;
+  const double amax = 0.85;
+  const double exp_min = 0.4;
+  const double exp_max = 0.9;
+  const double slope = (exp_min - exp_max) / (amax - amin);
+  // Linearly interpolate 'expn' from exp_min to exp_max
+  // in the [amin, amax] range.
+  const double expn = (alpha > amax) ? exp_min
+                    : (alpha < amin) ? exp_max
+                    : exp_max + slope * (alpha - amin);
+  const double v = pow(c, expn);
+  return v;
+}
+
+static int SegmentsAreEquivalent(const VP8SegmentInfo* const S1,
+                                 const VP8SegmentInfo* const S2) {
+  return (S1->quant_ == S2->quant_) && (S1->fstrength_ == S2->fstrength_);
+}
+
+static void SimplifySegments(VP8Encoder* const enc) {
+  int map[NUM_MB_SEGMENTS] = { 0, 1, 2, 3 };
+  const int num_segments = enc->segment_hdr_.num_segments_;
+  int num_final_segments = 1;
+  int s1, s2;
+  for (s1 = 1; s1 < num_segments; ++s1) {    // find similar segments
+    const VP8SegmentInfo* const S1 = &enc->dqm_[s1];
+    int found = 0;
+    // check if we already have similar segment
+    for (s2 = 0; s2 < num_final_segments; ++s2) {
+      const VP8SegmentInfo* const S2 = &enc->dqm_[s2];
+      if (SegmentsAreEquivalent(S1, S2)) {
+        found = 1;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    map[s1] = s2;
+    if (!found) {
+      if (num_final_segments != s1) {
+        enc->dqm_[num_final_segments] = enc->dqm_[s1];
+      }
+      ++num_final_segments;
+    }
+  }
+  if (num_final_segments < num_segments) {  // Remap
+    int i = enc->mb_w_ * enc->mb_h_;
+    while (i-- > 0) enc->mb_info_[i].segment_ = map[enc->mb_info_[i].segment_];
+    enc->segment_hdr_.num_segments_ = num_final_segments;
+    // Replicate the trailing segment infos (it's mostly cosmetics)
+    for (i = num_final_segments; i < num_segments; ++i) {
+      enc->dqm_[i] = enc->dqm_[num_final_segments - 1];
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+void VP8SetSegmentParams(VP8Encoder* const enc, float quality) {
+  int i;
+  int dq_uv_ac, dq_uv_dc;
+  const int num_segments = enc->segment_hdr_.num_segments_;
+  const double amp = SNS_TO_DQ * enc->config_->sns_strength / 100. / 128.;
+  const double Q = quality / 100.;
+  const double c_base = enc->config_->emulate_jpeg_size ?
+      QualityToJPEGCompression(Q, enc->alpha_ / 255.) :
+      QualityToCompression(Q);
+  for (i = 0; i < num_segments; ++i) {
+    // We modulate the base coefficient to accommodate for the quantization
+    // susceptibility and allow denser segments to be quantized more.
+    const double expn = 1. - amp * enc->dqm_[i].alpha_;
+    const double c = pow(c_base, expn);
+    const int q = (int)(127. * (1. - c));
+    assert(expn > 0.);
+    enc->dqm_[i].quant_ = clip(q, 0, 127);
+  }
+
+  // purely indicative in the bitstream (except for the 1-segment case)
+  enc->base_quant_ = enc->dqm_[0].quant_;
+
+  // fill-in values for the unused segments (required by the syntax)
+  for (i = num_segments; i < NUM_MB_SEGMENTS; ++i) {
+    enc->dqm_[i].quant_ = enc->base_quant_;
+  }
+
+  // uv_alpha_ is normally spread around ~60. The useful range is
+  // typically ~30 (quite bad) to ~100 (ok to decimate UV more).
+  // We map it to the safe maximal range of MAX/MIN_DQ_UV for dq_uv.
+  dq_uv_ac = (enc->uv_alpha_ - MID_ALPHA) * (MAX_DQ_UV - MIN_DQ_UV)
+                                          / (MAX_ALPHA - MIN_ALPHA);
+  // we rescale by the user-defined strength of adaptation
+  dq_uv_ac = dq_uv_ac * enc->config_->sns_strength / 100;
+  // and make it safe.
+  dq_uv_ac = clip(dq_uv_ac, MIN_DQ_UV, MAX_DQ_UV);
+  // We also boost the dc-uv-quant a little, based on sns-strength, since
+  // U/V channels are quite more reactive to high quants (flat DC-blocks
+  // tend to appear, and are unpleasant).
+  dq_uv_dc = -4 * enc->config_->sns_strength / 100;
+  dq_uv_dc = clip(dq_uv_dc, -15, 15);   // 4bit-signed max allowed
+
+  enc->dq_y1_dc_ = 0;       // TODO(skal): dq-lum
+  enc->dq_y2_dc_ = 0;
+  enc->dq_y2_ac_ = 0;
+  enc->dq_uv_dc_ = dq_uv_dc;
+  enc->dq_uv_ac_ = dq_uv_ac;
+
+  SetupFilterStrength(enc);   // initialize segments' filtering, eventually
+
+  if (num_segments > 1) SimplifySegments(enc);
+
+  SetupMatrices(enc);         // finalize quantization matrices
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Form the predictions in cache
+
+// Must be ordered using {DC_PRED, TM_PRED, V_PRED, H_PRED} as index
+const int VP8I16ModeOffsets[4] = { I16DC16, I16TM16, I16VE16, I16HE16 };
+const int VP8UVModeOffsets[4] = { C8DC8, C8TM8, C8VE8, C8HE8 };
+
+// Must be indexed using {B_DC_PRED -> B_HU_PRED} as index
+const int VP8I4ModeOffsets[NUM_BMODES] = {
+  I4DC4, I4TM4, I4VE4, I4HE4, I4RD4, I4VR4, I4LD4, I4VL4, I4HD4, I4HU4
+};
+
+void VP8MakeLuma16Preds(const VP8EncIterator* const it) {
+  const uint8_t* const left = it->x_ ? it->y_left_ : NULL;
+  const uint8_t* const top = it->y_ ? it->y_top_ : NULL;
+  VP8EncPredLuma16(it->yuv_p_, left, top);
+}
+
+void VP8MakeChroma8Preds(const VP8EncIterator* const it) {
+  const uint8_t* const left = it->x_ ? it->u_left_ : NULL;
+  const uint8_t* const top = it->y_ ? it->uv_top_ : NULL;
+  VP8EncPredChroma8(it->yuv_p_, left, top);
+}
+
+void VP8MakeIntra4Preds(const VP8EncIterator* const it) {
+  VP8EncPredLuma4(it->yuv_p_, it->i4_top_);
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Quantize
+
+// Layout:
+// +----+
+// |YYYY| 0
+// |YYYY| 4
+// |YYYY| 8
+// |YYYY| 12
+// +----+
+// |UUVV| 16
+// |UUVV| 20
+// +----+
+
+const int VP8Scan[16] = {  // Luma
+  0 +  0 * BPS,  4 +  0 * BPS, 8 +  0 * BPS, 12 +  0 * BPS,
+  0 +  4 * BPS,  4 +  4 * BPS, 8 +  4 * BPS, 12 +  4 * BPS,
+  0 +  8 * BPS,  4 +  8 * BPS, 8 +  8 * BPS, 12 +  8 * BPS,
+  0 + 12 * BPS,  4 + 12 * BPS, 8 + 12 * BPS, 12 + 12 * BPS,
+};
+
+static const int VP8ScanUV[4 + 4] = {
+  0 + 0 * BPS,   4 + 0 * BPS, 0 + 4 * BPS,  4 + 4 * BPS,    // U
+  8 + 0 * BPS,  12 + 0 * BPS, 8 + 4 * BPS, 12 + 4 * BPS     // V
+};
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Distortion measurement
+
+static const uint16_t kWeightY[16] = {
+  38, 32, 20, 9, 32, 28, 17, 7, 20, 17, 10, 4, 9, 7, 4, 2
+};
+
+static const uint16_t kWeightTrellis[16] = {
+#if USE_TDISTO == 0
+  16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16
+#else
+  30, 27, 19, 11,
+  27, 24, 17, 10,
+  19, 17, 12,  8,
+  11, 10,  8,  6
+#endif
+};
+
+// Init/Copy the common fields in score.
+static void InitScore(VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  rd->D  = 0;
+  rd->SD = 0;
+  rd->R  = 0;
+  rd->H  = 0;
+  rd->nz = 0;
+  rd->score = MAX_COST;
+}
+
+static void CopyScore(VP8ModeScore* const dst, const VP8ModeScore* const src) {
+  dst->D  = src->D;
+  dst->SD = src->SD;
+  dst->R  = src->R;
+  dst->H  = src->H;
+  dst->nz = src->nz;      // note that nz is not accumulated, but just copied.
+  dst->score = src->score;
+}
+
+static void AddScore(VP8ModeScore* const dst, const VP8ModeScore* const src) {
+  dst->D  += src->D;
+  dst->SD += src->SD;
+  dst->R  += src->R;
+  dst->H  += src->H;
+  dst->nz |= src->nz;     // here, new nz bits are accumulated.
+  dst->score += src->score;
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Performs trellis-optimized quantization.
+
+// Trellis node
+typedef struct {
+  int8_t prev;            // best previous node
+  int8_t sign;            // sign of coeff_i
+  int16_t level;          // level
+} Node;
+
+// Score state
+typedef struct {
+  score_t score;          // partial RD score
+  const uint16_t* costs;  // shortcut to cost tables
+} ScoreState;
+
+// If a coefficient was quantized to a value Q (using a neutral bias),
+// we test all alternate possibilities between [Q-MIN_DELTA, Q+MAX_DELTA]
+// We don't test negative values though.
+#define MIN_DELTA 0   // how much lower level to try
+#define MAX_DELTA 1   // how much higher
+#define NUM_NODES (MIN_DELTA + 1 + MAX_DELTA)
+#define NODE(n, l) (nodes[(n)][(l) + MIN_DELTA])
+#define SCORE_STATE(n, l) (score_states[n][(l) + MIN_DELTA])
+
+static WEBP_INLINE void SetRDScore(int lambda, VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  // TODO: incorporate the "* 256" in the tables?
+  rd->score = (rd->R + rd->H) * lambda + 256 * (rd->D + rd->SD);
+}
+
+static WEBP_INLINE score_t RDScoreTrellis(int lambda, score_t rate,
+                                          score_t distortion) {
+  return rate * lambda + 256 * distortion;
+}
+
+static int TrellisQuantizeBlock(const VP8Encoder* const enc,
+                                int16_t in[16], int16_t out[16],
+                                int ctx0, int coeff_type,
+                                const VP8Matrix* const mtx,
+                                int lambda) {
+  const ProbaArray* const probas = enc->proba_.coeffs_[coeff_type];
+  const CostArray* const costs = enc->proba_.level_cost_[coeff_type];
+  const int first = (coeff_type == 0) ? 1 : 0;
+  Node nodes[16][NUM_NODES];
+  ScoreState score_states[2][NUM_NODES];
+  ScoreState* ss_cur = &SCORE_STATE(0, MIN_DELTA);
+  ScoreState* ss_prev = &SCORE_STATE(1, MIN_DELTA);
+  int best_path[3] = {-1, -1, -1};   // store best-last/best-level/best-previous
+  score_t best_score;
+  int n, m, p, last;
+
+  {
+    score_t cost;
+    const int thresh = mtx->q_[1] * mtx->q_[1] / 4;
+    const int last_proba = probas[VP8EncBands[first]][ctx0][0];
+
+    // compute the position of the last interesting coefficient
+    last = first - 1;
+    for (n = 15; n >= first; --n) {
+      const int j = kZigzag[n];
+      const int err = in[j] * in[j];
+      if (err > thresh) {
+        last = n;
+        break;
+      }
+    }
+    // we don't need to go inspect up to n = 16 coeffs. We can just go up
+    // to last + 1 (inclusive) without losing much.
+    if (last < 15) ++last;
+
+    // compute 'skip' score. This is the max score one can do.
+    cost = VP8BitCost(0, last_proba);
+    best_score = RDScoreTrellis(lambda, cost, 0);
+
+    // initialize source node.
+    for (m = -MIN_DELTA; m <= MAX_DELTA; ++m) {
+      const score_t rate = (ctx0 == 0) ? VP8BitCost(1, last_proba) : 0;
+      ss_cur[m].score = RDScoreTrellis(lambda, rate, 0);
+      ss_cur[m].costs = costs[VP8EncBands[first]][ctx0];
+    }
+  }
+
+  // traverse trellis.
+  for (n = first; n <= last; ++n) {
+    const int j = kZigzag[n];
+    const uint32_t Q  = mtx->q_[j];
+    const uint32_t iQ = mtx->iq_[j];
+    const uint32_t B = BIAS(0x00);     // neutral bias
+    // note: it's important to take sign of the _original_ coeff,
+    // so we don't have to consider level < 0 afterward.
+    const int sign = (in[j] < 0);
+    const uint32_t coeff0 = (sign ? -in[j] : in[j]) + mtx->sharpen_[j];
+    int level0 = QUANTDIV(coeff0, iQ, B);
+    if (level0 > MAX_LEVEL) level0 = MAX_LEVEL;
+
+    {   // Swap current and previous score states
+      ScoreState* const tmp = ss_cur;
+      ss_cur = ss_prev;
+      ss_prev = tmp;
+    }
+
+    // test all alternate level values around level0.
+    for (m = -MIN_DELTA; m <= MAX_DELTA; ++m) {
+      Node* const cur = &NODE(n, m);
+      int level = level0 + m;
+      const int ctx = (level > 2) ? 2 : level;
+      const int band = VP8EncBands[n + 1];
+      score_t base_score, last_pos_score;
+      score_t best_cur_score = MAX_COST;
+      int best_prev = 0;   // default, in case
+
+      ss_cur[m].score = MAX_COST;
+      ss_cur[m].costs = costs[band][ctx];
+      if (level > MAX_LEVEL || level < 0) {   // node is dead?
+        continue;
+      }
+
+      // Compute extra rate cost if last coeff's position is < 15
+      {
+        const score_t last_pos_cost =
+            (n < 15) ? VP8BitCost(0, probas[band][ctx][0]) : 0;
+        last_pos_score = RDScoreTrellis(lambda, last_pos_cost, 0);
+      }
+
+      {
+        // Compute delta_error = how much coding this level will
+        // subtract to max_error as distortion.
+        // Here, distortion = sum of (|coeff_i| - level_i * Q_i)^2
+        const int new_error = coeff0 - level * Q;
+        const int delta_error =
+            kWeightTrellis[j] * (new_error * new_error - coeff0 * coeff0);
+        base_score = RDScoreTrellis(lambda, 0, delta_error);
+      }
+
+      // Inspect all possible non-dead predecessors. Retain only the best one.
+      for (p = -MIN_DELTA; p <= MAX_DELTA; ++p) {
+        // Dead nodes (with ss_prev[p].score >= MAX_COST) are automatically
+        // eliminated since their score can't be better than the current best.
+        const score_t cost = VP8LevelCost(ss_prev[p].costs, level);
+        // Examine node assuming it's a non-terminal one.
+        const score_t score =
+            base_score + ss_prev[p].score + RDScoreTrellis(lambda, cost, 0);
+        if (score < best_cur_score) {
+          best_cur_score = score;
+          best_prev = p;
+        }
+      }
+      // Store best finding in current node.
+      cur->sign = sign;
+      cur->level = level;
+      cur->prev = best_prev;
+      ss_cur[m].score = best_cur_score;
+
+      // Now, record best terminal node (and thus best entry in the graph).
+      if (level != 0) {
+        const score_t score = best_cur_score + last_pos_score;
+        if (score < best_score) {
+          best_score = score;
+          best_path[0] = n;                     // best eob position
+          best_path[1] = m;                     // best node index
+          best_path[2] = best_prev;             // best predecessor
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Fresh start
+  memset(in + first, 0, (16 - first) * sizeof(*in));
+  memset(out + first, 0, (16 - first) * sizeof(*out));
+  if (best_path[0] == -1) {
+    return 0;   // skip!
+  }
+
+  {
+    // Unwind the best path.
+    // Note: best-prev on terminal node is not necessarily equal to the
+    // best_prev for non-terminal. So we patch best_path[2] in.
+    int nz = 0;
+    int best_node = best_path[1];
+    n = best_path[0];
+    NODE(n, best_node).prev = best_path[2];   // force best-prev for terminal
+
+    for (; n >= first; --n) {
+      const Node* const node = &NODE(n, best_node);
+      const int j = kZigzag[n];
+      out[n] = node->sign ? -node->level : node->level;
+      nz |= node->level;
+      in[j] = out[n] * mtx->q_[j];
+      best_node = node->prev;
+    }
+    return (nz != 0);
+  }
+}
+
+#undef NODE
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Performs: difference, transform, quantize, back-transform, add
+// all at once. Output is the reconstructed block in *yuv_out, and the
+// quantized levels in *levels.
+
+static int ReconstructIntra16(VP8EncIterator* const it,
+                              VP8ModeScore* const rd,
+                              uint8_t* const yuv_out,
+                              int mode) {
+  const VP8Encoder* const enc = it->enc_;
+  const uint8_t* const ref = it->yuv_p_ + VP8I16ModeOffsets[mode];
+  const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF;
+  const VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &enc->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  int nz = 0;
+  int n;
+  int16_t tmp[16][16], dc_tmp[16];
+
+  for (n = 0; n < 16; ++n) {
+    VP8FTransform(src + VP8Scan[n], ref + VP8Scan[n], tmp[n]);
+  }
+  VP8FTransformWHT(tmp[0], dc_tmp);
+  nz |= VP8EncQuantizeBlockWHT(dc_tmp, rd->y_dc_levels, &dqm->y2_) << 24;
+
+  if (DO_TRELLIS_I16 && it->do_trellis_) {
+    int x, y;
+    VP8IteratorNzToBytes(it);
+    for (y = 0, n = 0; y < 4; ++y) {
+      for (x = 0; x < 4; ++x, ++n) {
+        const int ctx = it->top_nz_[x] + it->left_nz_[y];
+        const int non_zero =
+            TrellisQuantizeBlock(enc, tmp[n], rd->y_ac_levels[n], ctx, 0,
+                                 &dqm->y1_, dqm->lambda_trellis_i16_);
+        it->top_nz_[x] = it->left_nz_[y] = non_zero;
+        rd->y_ac_levels[n][0] = 0;
+        nz |= non_zero << n;
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (n = 0; n < 16; ++n) {
+      // Zero-out the first coeff, so that: a) nz is correct below, and
+      // b) finding 'last' non-zero coeffs in SetResidualCoeffs() is simplified.
+      tmp[n][0] = 0;
+      nz |= VP8EncQuantizeBlock(tmp[n], rd->y_ac_levels[n], &dqm->y1_) << n;
+      assert(rd->y_ac_levels[n][0] == 0);
+    }
+  }
+
+  // Transform back
+  VP8TransformWHT(dc_tmp, tmp[0]);
+  for (n = 0; n < 16; n += 2) {
+    VP8ITransform(ref + VP8Scan[n], tmp[n], yuv_out + VP8Scan[n], 1);
+  }
+
+  return nz;
+}
+
+static int ReconstructIntra4(VP8EncIterator* const it,
+                             int16_t levels[16],
+                             const uint8_t* const src,
+                             uint8_t* const yuv_out,
+                             int mode) {
+  const VP8Encoder* const enc = it->enc_;
+  const uint8_t* const ref = it->yuv_p_ + VP8I4ModeOffsets[mode];
+  const VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &enc->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  int nz = 0;
+  int16_t tmp[16];
+
+  VP8FTransform(src, ref, tmp);
+  if (DO_TRELLIS_I4 && it->do_trellis_) {
+    const int x = it->i4_ & 3, y = it->i4_ >> 2;
+    const int ctx = it->top_nz_[x] + it->left_nz_[y];
+    nz = TrellisQuantizeBlock(enc, tmp, levels, ctx, 3, &dqm->y1_,
+                              dqm->lambda_trellis_i4_);
+  } else {
+    nz = VP8EncQuantizeBlock(tmp, levels, &dqm->y1_);
+  }
+  VP8ITransform(ref, tmp, yuv_out, 0);
+  return nz;
+}
+
+static int ReconstructUV(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd,
+                         uint8_t* const yuv_out, int mode) {
+  const VP8Encoder* const enc = it->enc_;
+  const uint8_t* const ref = it->yuv_p_ + VP8UVModeOffsets[mode];
+  const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + U_OFF;
+  const VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &enc->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  int nz = 0;
+  int n;
+  int16_t tmp[8][16];
+
+  for (n = 0; n < 8; ++n) {
+    VP8FTransform(src + VP8ScanUV[n], ref + VP8ScanUV[n], tmp[n]);
+  }
+  if (DO_TRELLIS_UV && it->do_trellis_) {
+    int ch, x, y;
+    for (ch = 0, n = 0; ch <= 2; ch += 2) {
+      for (y = 0; y < 2; ++y) {
+        for (x = 0; x < 2; ++x, ++n) {
+          const int ctx = it->top_nz_[4 + ch + x] + it->left_nz_[4 + ch + y];
+          const int non_zero =
+              TrellisQuantizeBlock(enc, tmp[n], rd->uv_levels[n], ctx, 2,
+                                   &dqm->uv_, dqm->lambda_trellis_uv_);
+          it->top_nz_[4 + ch + x] = it->left_nz_[4 + ch + y] = non_zero;
+          nz |= non_zero << n;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  } else {
+    for (n = 0; n < 8; ++n) {
+      nz |= VP8EncQuantizeBlock(tmp[n], rd->uv_levels[n], &dqm->uv_) << n;
+    }
+  }
+
+  for (n = 0; n < 8; n += 2) {
+    VP8ITransform(ref + VP8ScanUV[n], tmp[n], yuv_out + VP8ScanUV[n], 1);
+  }
+  return (nz << 16);
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// RD-opt decision. Reconstruct each modes, evalue distortion and bit-cost.
+// Pick the mode is lower RD-cost = Rate + lambda * Distortion.
+
+static void StoreMaxDelta(VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm, const int16_t DCs[16]) {
+  // We look at the first three AC coefficients to determine what is the average
+  // delta between each sub-4x4 block.
+  const int v0 = abs(DCs[1]);
+  const int v1 = abs(DCs[4]);
+  const int v2 = abs(DCs[5]);
+  int max_v = (v0 > v1) ? v1 : v0;
+  max_v = (v2 > max_v) ? v2 : max_v;
+  if (max_v > dqm->max_edge_) dqm->max_edge_ = max_v;
+}
+
+static void SwapPtr(uint8_t** a, uint8_t** b) {
+  uint8_t* const tmp = *a;
+  *a = *b;
+  *b = tmp;
+}
+
+static void SwapOut(VP8EncIterator* const it) {
+  SwapPtr(&it->yuv_out_, &it->yuv_out2_);
+}
+
+static score_t IsFlat(const int16_t* levels, int num_blocks, score_t thresh) {
+  score_t score = 0;
+  while (num_blocks-- > 0) {      // TODO(skal): refine positional scoring?
+    int i;
+    for (i = 1; i < 16; ++i) {    // omit DC, we're only interested in AC
+      score += (levels[i] != 0);
+      if (score > thresh) return 0;
+    }
+    levels += 16;
+  }
+  return 1;
+}
+
+static void PickBestIntra16(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  const int kNumBlocks = 16;
+  VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &it->enc_->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  const int lambda = dqm->lambda_i16_;
+  const int tlambda = dqm->tlambda_;
+  const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF;
+  VP8ModeScore rd16;
+  int mode;
+
+  rd->mode_i16 = -1;
+  for (mode = 0; mode < NUM_PRED_MODES; ++mode) {
+    uint8_t* const tmp_dst = it->yuv_out2_ + Y_OFF;  // scratch buffer
+    int nz;
+
+    // Reconstruct
+    nz = ReconstructIntra16(it, &rd16, tmp_dst, mode);
+
+    // Measure RD-score
+    rd16.D = VP8SSE16x16(src, tmp_dst);
+    rd16.SD = tlambda ? MULT_8B(tlambda, VP8TDisto16x16(src, tmp_dst, kWeightY))
+            : 0;
+    rd16.H = VP8FixedCostsI16[mode];
+    rd16.R = VP8GetCostLuma16(it, &rd16);
+    if (mode > 0 &&
+        IsFlat(rd16.y_ac_levels[0], kNumBlocks, FLATNESS_LIMIT_I16)) {
+      // penalty to avoid flat area to be mispredicted by complex mode
+      rd16.R += FLATNESS_PENALTY * kNumBlocks;
+    }
+
+    // Since we always examine Intra16 first, we can overwrite *rd directly.
+    SetRDScore(lambda, &rd16);
+    if (mode == 0 || rd16.score < rd->score) {
+      CopyScore(rd, &rd16);
+      rd->mode_i16 = mode;
+      rd->nz = nz;
+      memcpy(rd->y_ac_levels, rd16.y_ac_levels, sizeof(rd16.y_ac_levels));
+      memcpy(rd->y_dc_levels, rd16.y_dc_levels, sizeof(rd16.y_dc_levels));
+      SwapOut(it);
+    }
+  }
+  SetRDScore(dqm->lambda_mode_, rd);   // finalize score for mode decision.
+  VP8SetIntra16Mode(it, rd->mode_i16);
+
+  // we have a blocky macroblock (only DCs are non-zero) with fairly high
+  // distortion, record max delta so we can later adjust the minimal filtering
+  // strength needed to smooth these blocks out.
+  if ((rd->nz & 0xffff) == 0 && rd->D > dqm->min_disto_) {
+    StoreMaxDelta(dqm, rd->y_dc_levels);
+  }
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+// return the cost array corresponding to the surrounding prediction modes.
+static const uint16_t* GetCostModeI4(VP8EncIterator* const it,
+                                     const uint8_t modes[16]) {
+  const int preds_w = it->enc_->preds_w_;
+  const int x = (it->i4_ & 3), y = it->i4_ >> 2;
+  const int left = (x == 0) ? it->preds_[y * preds_w - 1] : modes[it->i4_ - 1];
+  const int top = (y == 0) ? it->preds_[-preds_w + x] : modes[it->i4_ - 4];
+  return VP8FixedCostsI4[top][left];
+}
+
+static int PickBestIntra4(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  const VP8Encoder* const enc = it->enc_;
+  const VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &enc->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  const int lambda = dqm->lambda_i4_;
+  const int tlambda = dqm->tlambda_;
+  const uint8_t* const src0 = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF;
+  uint8_t* const best_blocks = it->yuv_out2_ + Y_OFF;
+  int total_header_bits = 0;
+  VP8ModeScore rd_best;
+
+  if (enc->max_i4_header_bits_ == 0) {
+    return 0;
+  }
+
+  InitScore(&rd_best);
+  rd_best.H = 211;  // '211' is the value of VP8BitCost(0, 145)
+  SetRDScore(dqm->lambda_mode_, &rd_best);
+  VP8IteratorStartI4(it);
+  do {
+    const int kNumBlocks = 1;
+    VP8ModeScore rd_i4;
+    int mode;
+    int best_mode = -1;
+    const uint8_t* const src = src0 + VP8Scan[it->i4_];
+    const uint16_t* const mode_costs = GetCostModeI4(it, rd->modes_i4);
+    uint8_t* best_block = best_blocks + VP8Scan[it->i4_];
+    uint8_t* tmp_dst = it->yuv_p_ + I4TMP;    // scratch buffer.
+
+    InitScore(&rd_i4);
+    VP8MakeIntra4Preds(it);
+    for (mode = 0; mode < NUM_BMODES; ++mode) {
+      VP8ModeScore rd_tmp;
+      int16_t tmp_levels[16];
+
+      // Reconstruct
+      rd_tmp.nz =
+          ReconstructIntra4(it, tmp_levels, src, tmp_dst, mode) << it->i4_;
+
+      // Compute RD-score
+      rd_tmp.D = VP8SSE4x4(src, tmp_dst);
+      rd_tmp.SD =
+          tlambda ? MULT_8B(tlambda, VP8TDisto4x4(src, tmp_dst, kWeightY))
+                  : 0;
+      rd_tmp.H = mode_costs[mode];
+      rd_tmp.R = VP8GetCostLuma4(it, tmp_levels);
+      if (mode > 0 && IsFlat(tmp_levels, kNumBlocks, FLATNESS_LIMIT_I4)) {
+        rd_tmp.R += FLATNESS_PENALTY * kNumBlocks;
+      }
+
+      SetRDScore(lambda, &rd_tmp);
+      if (best_mode < 0 || rd_tmp.score < rd_i4.score) {
+        CopyScore(&rd_i4, &rd_tmp);
+        best_mode = mode;
+        SwapPtr(&tmp_dst, &best_block);
+        memcpy(rd_best.y_ac_levels[it->i4_], tmp_levels, sizeof(tmp_levels));
+      }
+    }
+    SetRDScore(dqm->lambda_mode_, &rd_i4);
+    AddScore(&rd_best, &rd_i4);
+    if (rd_best.score >= rd->score) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    total_header_bits += (int)rd_i4.H;   // <- equal to mode_costs[best_mode];
+    if (total_header_bits > enc->max_i4_header_bits_) {
+      return 0;
+    }
+    // Copy selected samples if not in the right place already.
+    if (best_block != best_blocks + VP8Scan[it->i4_]) {
+      VP8Copy4x4(best_block, best_blocks + VP8Scan[it->i4_]);
+    }
+    rd->modes_i4[it->i4_] = best_mode;
+    it->top_nz_[it->i4_ & 3] = it->left_nz_[it->i4_ >> 2] = (rd_i4.nz ? 1 : 0);
+  } while (VP8IteratorRotateI4(it, best_blocks));
+
+  // finalize state
+  CopyScore(rd, &rd_best);
+  VP8SetIntra4Mode(it, rd->modes_i4);
+  SwapOut(it);
+  memcpy(rd->y_ac_levels, rd_best.y_ac_levels, sizeof(rd->y_ac_levels));
+  return 1;   // select intra4x4 over intra16x16
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+
+static void PickBestUV(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  const int kNumBlocks = 8;
+  const VP8SegmentInfo* const dqm = &it->enc_->dqm_[it->mb_->segment_];
+  const int lambda = dqm->lambda_uv_;
+  const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + U_OFF;
+  uint8_t* const tmp_dst = it->yuv_out2_ + U_OFF;  // scratch buffer
+  uint8_t* const dst0 = it->yuv_out_ + U_OFF;
+  VP8ModeScore rd_best;
+  int mode;
+
+  rd->mode_uv = -1;
+  InitScore(&rd_best);
+  for (mode = 0; mode < NUM_PRED_MODES; ++mode) {
+    VP8ModeScore rd_uv;
+
+    // Reconstruct
+    rd_uv.nz = ReconstructUV(it, &rd_uv, tmp_dst, mode);
+
+    // Compute RD-score
+    rd_uv.D  = VP8SSE16x8(src, tmp_dst);
+    rd_uv.SD = 0;    // TODO: should we call TDisto? it tends to flatten areas.
+    rd_uv.H  = VP8FixedCostsUV[mode];
+    rd_uv.R  = VP8GetCostUV(it, &rd_uv);
+    if (mode > 0 && IsFlat(rd_uv.uv_levels[0], kNumBlocks, FLATNESS_LIMIT_UV)) {
+      rd_uv.R += FLATNESS_PENALTY * kNumBlocks;
+    }
+
+    SetRDScore(lambda, &rd_uv);
+    if (mode == 0 || rd_uv.score < rd_best.score) {
+      CopyScore(&rd_best, &rd_uv);
+      rd->mode_uv = mode;
+      memcpy(rd->uv_levels, rd_uv.uv_levels, sizeof(rd->uv_levels));
+      memcpy(dst0, tmp_dst, UV_SIZE);   //  TODO: SwapUVOut() ?
+    }
+  }
+  VP8SetIntraUVMode(it, rd->mode_uv);
+  AddScore(rd, &rd_best);
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Final reconstruction and quantization.
+
+static void SimpleQuantize(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd) {
+  const VP8Encoder* const enc = it->enc_;
+  const int is_i16 = (it->mb_->type_ == 1);
+  int nz = 0;
+
+  if (is_i16) {
+    nz = ReconstructIntra16(it, rd, it->yuv_out_ + Y_OFF, it->preds_[0]);
+  } else {
+    VP8IteratorStartI4(it);
+    do {
+      const int mode =
+          it->preds_[(it->i4_ & 3) + (it->i4_ >> 2) * enc->preds_w_];
+      const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF + VP8Scan[it->i4_];
+      uint8_t* const dst = it->yuv_out_ + Y_OFF + VP8Scan[it->i4_];
+      VP8MakeIntra4Preds(it);
+      nz |= ReconstructIntra4(it, rd->y_ac_levels[it->i4_],
+                              src, dst, mode) << it->i4_;
+    } while (VP8IteratorRotateI4(it, it->yuv_out_ + Y_OFF));
+  }
+
+  nz |= ReconstructUV(it, rd, it->yuv_out_ + U_OFF, it->mb_->uv_mode_);
+  rd->nz = nz;
+}
+
+// Refine intra16/intra4 sub-modes based on distortion only (not rate).
+static void DistoRefine(VP8EncIterator* const it, int try_both_i4_i16) {
+  const int is_i16 = (it->mb_->type_ == 1);
+  score_t best_score = MAX_COST;
+
+  if (try_both_i4_i16 || is_i16) {
+    int mode;
+    int best_mode = -1;
+    for (mode = 0; mode < NUM_PRED_MODES; ++mode) {
+      const uint8_t* const ref = it->yuv_p_ + VP8I16ModeOffsets[mode];
+      const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF;
+      const score_t score = VP8SSE16x16(src, ref);
+      if (score < best_score) {
+        best_mode = mode;
+        best_score = score;
+      }
+    }
+    VP8SetIntra16Mode(it, best_mode);
+  }
+  if (try_both_i4_i16 || !is_i16) {
+    uint8_t modes_i4[16];
+    // We don't evaluate the rate here, but just account for it through a
+    // constant penalty (i4 mode usually needs more bits compared to i16).
+    score_t score_i4 = (score_t)I4_PENALTY;
+
+    VP8IteratorStartI4(it);
+    do {
+      int mode;
+      int best_sub_mode = -1;
+      score_t best_sub_score = MAX_COST;
+      const uint8_t* const src = it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF + VP8Scan[it->i4_];
+
+      // TODO(skal): we don't really need the prediction pixels here,
+      // but just the distortion against 'src'.
+      VP8MakeIntra4Preds(it);
+      for (mode = 0; mode < NUM_BMODES; ++mode) {
+        const uint8_t* const ref = it->yuv_p_ + VP8I4ModeOffsets[mode];
+        const score_t score = VP8SSE4x4(src, ref);
+        if (score < best_sub_score) {
+          best_sub_mode = mode;
+          best_sub_score = score;
+        }
+      }
+      modes_i4[it->i4_] = best_sub_mode;
+      score_i4 += best_sub_score;
+      if (score_i4 >= best_score) break;
+    } while (VP8IteratorRotateI4(it, it->yuv_in_ + Y_OFF));
+    if (score_i4 < best_score) {
+      VP8SetIntra4Mode(it, modes_i4);
+    }
+  }
+}
+
+//------------------------------------------------------------------------------
+// Entry point
+
+int VP8Decimate(VP8EncIterator* const it, VP8ModeScore* const rd,
+                VP8RDLevel rd_opt) {
+  int is_skipped;
+  const int method = it->enc_->method_;
+
+  InitScore(rd);
+
+  // We can perform predictions for Luma16x16 and Chroma8x8 already.
+  // Luma4x4 predictions needs to be done as-we-go.
+  VP8MakeLuma16Preds(it);
+  VP8MakeChroma8Preds(it);
+
+  if (rd_opt > RD_OPT_NONE) {
+    it->do_trellis_ = (rd_opt >= RD_OPT_TRELLIS_ALL);
+    PickBestIntra16(it, rd);
+    if (method >= 2) {
+      PickBestIntra4(it, rd);
+    }
+    PickBestUV(it, rd);
+    if (rd_opt == RD_OPT_TRELLIS) {   // finish off with trellis-optim now
+      it->do_trellis_ = 1;
+      SimpleQuantize(it, rd);
+    }
+  } else {
+    // For method == 2, pick the best intra4/intra16 based on SSE (~tad slower).
+    // For method <= 1, we refine intra4 or intra16 (but don't re-examine mode).
+    DistoRefine(it, (method >= 2));
+    SimpleQuantize(it, rd);
+  }
+  is_skipped = (rd->nz == 0);
+  VP8SetSkip(it, is_skipped);
+  return is_skipped;
+}
+