Checkin a version of gmock, modified to use our boost_tuple in VS2005.

testing/gmock/include/gmock/gmock-matchers.h

+// Copyright 2007, Google Inc.
+// All rights reserved.
+//
+// Redistribution and use in source and binary forms, with or without
+// modification, are permitted provided that the following conditions are
+// met:
+//
+//     * Redistributions of source code must retain the above copyright
+// notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer.
+//     * Redistributions in binary form must reproduce the above
+// copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
+// in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
+// distribution.
+//     * Neither the name of Google Inc. nor the names of its
+// contributors may be used to endorse or promote products derived from
+// this software without specific prior written permission.
+//
+// THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED BY THE COPYRIGHT HOLDERS AND CONTRIBUTORS
+// "AS IS" AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR
+// A PARTICULAR PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE COPYRIGHT
+// OWNER OR CONTRIBUTORS BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL,
+// SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT
+// LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE,
+// DATA, OR PROFITS; OR BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY
+// THEORY OF LIABILITY, WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT
+// (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE
+// OF THIS SOFTWARE, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
+//
+// Author: wan@google.com (Zhanyong Wan)
+
+// Google Mock - a framework for writing C++ mock classes.
+//
+// This file implements some commonly used argument matchers.  More
+// matchers can be defined by the user implementing the
+// MatcherInterface<T> interface if necessary.
+
+#ifndef GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MATCHERS_H_
+#define GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MATCHERS_H_
+
+#include <algorithm>
+#include <limits>
+#include <ostream>  // NOLINT
+#include <sstream>
+#include <string>
+#include <vector>
+
+#include <gmock/gmock-printers.h>
+#include <gmock/internal/gmock-internal-utils.h>
+#include <gmock/internal/gmock-port.h>
+#include <gtest/gtest.h>
+
+namespace testing {
+
+// To implement a matcher Foo for type T, define:
+//   1. a class FooMatcherImpl that implements the
+//      MatcherInterface<T> interface, and
+//   2. a factory function that creates a Matcher<T> object from a
+//      FooMatcherImpl*.
+//
+// The two-level delegation design makes it possible to allow a user
+// to write "v" instead of "Eq(v)" where a Matcher is expected, which
+// is impossible if we pass matchers by pointers.  It also eases
+// ownership management as Matcher objects can now be copied like
+// plain values.
+
+// The implementation of a matcher.
+template <typename T>
+class MatcherInterface {
+ public:
+  virtual ~MatcherInterface() {}
+
+  // Returns true iff the matcher matches x.
+  virtual bool Matches(T x) const = 0;
+
+  // Describes this matcher to an ostream.
+  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const = 0;
+
+  // Describes the negation of this matcher to an ostream.  For
+  // example, if the description of this matcher is "is greater than
+  // 7", the negated description could be "is not greater than 7".
+  // You are not required to override this when implementing
+  // MatcherInterface, but it is highly advised so that your matcher
+  // can produce good error messages.
+  virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "not (";
+    DescribeTo(os);
+    *os << ")";
+  }
+
+  // Explains why x matches, or doesn't match, the matcher.  Override
+  // this to provide any additional information that helps a user
+  // understand the match result.
+  virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T /* x */, ::std::ostream* /* os */) const {
+    // By default, nothing more needs to be explained, as Google Mock
+    // has already printed the value of x when this function is
+    // called.
+  }
+};
+
+namespace internal {
+
+// An internal class for implementing Matcher<T>, which will derive
+// from it.  We put functionalities common to all Matcher<T>
+// specializations here to avoid code duplication.
+template <typename T>
+class MatcherBase {
+ public:
+  // Returns true iff this matcher matches x.
+  bool Matches(T x) const { return impl_->Matches(x); }
+
+  // Describes this matcher to an ostream.
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { impl_->DescribeTo(os); }
+
+  // Describes the negation of this matcher to an ostream.
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    impl_->DescribeNegationTo(os);
+  }
+
+  // Explains why x matches, or doesn't match, the matcher.
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    impl_->ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+  }
+ protected:
+  MatcherBase() {}
+
+  // Constructs a matcher from its implementation.
+  explicit MatcherBase(const MatcherInterface<T>* impl)
+      : impl_(impl) {}
+
+  virtual ~MatcherBase() {}
+ private:
+  // shared_ptr (util/gtl/shared_ptr.h) and linked_ptr have similar
+  // interfaces.  The former dynamically allocates a chunk of memory
+  // to hold the reference count, while the latter tracks all
+  // references using a circular linked list without allocating
+  // memory.  It has been observed that linked_ptr performs better in
+  // typical scenarios.  However, shared_ptr can out-perform
+  // linked_ptr when there are many more uses of the copy constructor
+  // than the default constructor.
+  //
+  // If performance becomes a problem, we should see if using
+  // shared_ptr helps.
+  ::testing::internal::linked_ptr<const MatcherInterface<T> > impl_;
+};
+
+// The default implementation of ExplainMatchResultTo() for
+// polymorphic matchers.
+template <typename PolymorphicMatcherImpl, typename T>
+inline void ExplainMatchResultTo(const PolymorphicMatcherImpl& /* impl */,
+                                 const T& /* x */,
+                                 ::std::ostream* /* os */) {
+  // By default, nothing more needs to be said, as Google Mock already
+  // prints the value of x elsewhere.
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// A Matcher<T> is a copyable and IMMUTABLE (except by assignment)
+// object that can check whether a value of type T matches.  The
+// implementation of Matcher<T> is just a linked_ptr to const
+// MatcherInterface<T>, so copying is fairly cheap.  Don't inherit
+// from Matcher!
+template <typename T>
+class Matcher : public internal::MatcherBase<T> {
+ public:
+  // Constructs a null matcher.  Needed for storing Matcher objects in
+  // STL containers.
+  Matcher() {}
+
+  // Constructs a matcher from its implementation.
+  explicit Matcher(const MatcherInterface<T>* impl)
+      : internal::MatcherBase<T>(impl) {}
+
+  // Implicit constructor here allows people to write
+  // EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(5)) instead of EXPECT_CALL(foo, Bar(Eq(5))) sometimes
+  Matcher(T value);  // NOLINT
+};
+
+// The following two specializations allow the user to write str
+// instead of Eq(str) and "foo" instead of Eq("foo") when a string
+// matcher is expected.
+template <>
+class Matcher<const internal::string&>
+    : public internal::MatcherBase<const internal::string&> {
+ public:
+  Matcher() {}
+
+  explicit Matcher(const MatcherInterface<const internal::string&>* impl)
+      : internal::MatcherBase<const internal::string&>(impl) {}
+
+  // Allows the user to write str instead of Eq(str) sometimes, where
+  // str is a string object.
+  Matcher(const internal::string& s);  // NOLINT
+
+  // Allows the user to write "foo" instead of Eq("foo") sometimes.
+  Matcher(const char* s);  // NOLINT
+};
+
+template <>
+class Matcher<internal::string>
+    : public internal::MatcherBase<internal::string> {
+ public:
+  Matcher() {}
+
+  explicit Matcher(const MatcherInterface<internal::string>* impl)
+      : internal::MatcherBase<internal::string>(impl) {}
+
+  // Allows the user to write str instead of Eq(str) sometimes, where
+  // str is a string object.
+  Matcher(const internal::string& s);  // NOLINT
+
+  // Allows the user to write "foo" instead of Eq("foo") sometimes.
+  Matcher(const char* s);  // NOLINT
+};
+
+// The PolymorphicMatcher class template makes it easy to implement a
+// polymorphic matcher (i.e. a matcher that can match values of more
+// than one type, e.g. Eq(n) and NotNull()).
+//
+// To define a polymorphic matcher, a user first provides a Impl class
+// that has a Matches() method, a DescribeTo() method, and a
+// DescribeNegationTo() method.  The Matches() method is usually a
+// method template (such that it works with multiple types).  Then the
+// user creates the polymorphic matcher using
+// MakePolymorphicMatcher().  To provide additional explanation to the
+// match result, define a FREE function (or function template)
+//
+//   void ExplainMatchResultTo(const Impl& matcher, const Value& value,
+//                             ::std::ostream* os);
+//
+// in the SAME NAME SPACE where Impl is defined.  See the definition
+// of NotNull() for a complete example.
+template <class Impl>
+class PolymorphicMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit PolymorphicMatcher(const Impl& impl) : impl_(impl) {}
+
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const {
+    return Matcher<T>(new MonomorphicImpl<T>(impl_));
+  }
+ private:
+  template <typename T>
+  class MonomorphicImpl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+   public:
+    explicit MonomorphicImpl(const Impl& impl) : impl_(impl) {}
+
+    virtual bool Matches(T x) const { return impl_.Matches(x); }
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      impl_.DescribeTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      impl_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+      using ::testing::internal::ExplainMatchResultTo;
+
+      // C++ uses Argument-Dependent Look-up (aka Koenig Look-up) to
+      // resolve the call to ExplainMatchResultTo() here.  This
+      // means that if there's a ExplainMatchResultTo() function
+      // defined in the name space where class Impl is defined, it
+      // will be picked by the compiler as the better match.
+      // Otherwise the default implementation of it in
+      // ::testing::internal will be picked.
+      //
+      // This look-up rule lets a writer of a polymorphic matcher
+      // customize the behavior of ExplainMatchResultTo() when he
+      // cares to.  Nothing needs to be done by the writer if he
+      // doesn't need to customize it.
+      ExplainMatchResultTo(impl_, x, os);
+    }
+   private:
+    const Impl impl_;
+  };
+
+  const Impl impl_;
+};
+
+// Creates a matcher from its implementation.  This is easier to use
+// than the Matcher<T> constructor as it doesn't require you to
+// explicitly write the template argument, e.g.
+//
+//   MakeMatcher(foo);
+// vs
+//   Matcher<const string&>(foo);
+template <typename T>
+inline Matcher<T> MakeMatcher(const MatcherInterface<T>* impl) {
+  return Matcher<T>(impl);
+};
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher from its implementation.  This is
+// easier to use than the PolymorphicMatcher<Impl> constructor as it
+// doesn't require you to explicitly write the template argument, e.g.
+//
+//   MakePolymorphicMatcher(foo);
+// vs
+//   PolymorphicMatcher<TypeOfFoo>(foo);
+template <class Impl>
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<Impl> MakePolymorphicMatcher(const Impl& impl) {
+  return PolymorphicMatcher<Impl>(impl);
+}
+
+// In order to be safe and clear, casting between different matcher
+// types is done explicitly via MatcherCast<T>(m), which takes a
+// matcher m and returns a Matcher<T>.  It compiles only when T can be
+// statically converted to the argument type of m.
+template <typename T, typename M>
+Matcher<T> MatcherCast(M m);
+
+// TODO(vladl@google.com): Modify the implementation to reject casting
+// Matcher<int> to Matcher<double>.
+// Implements SafeMatcherCast().
+//
+// This overload handles polymorphic matchers only since monomorphic
+// matchers are handled by the next one.
+template <typename T, typename M>
+inline Matcher<T> SafeMatcherCast(M polymorphic_matcher) {
+  return Matcher<T>(polymorphic_matcher);
+}
+
+// This overload handles monomorphic matchers.
+//
+// In general, if type T can be implicitly converted to type U, we can
+// safely convert a Matcher<U> to a Matcher<T> (i.e. Matcher is
+// contravariant): just keep a copy of the original Matcher<U>, convert the
+// argument from type T to U, and then pass it to the underlying Matcher<U>.
+// The only exception is when U is a reference and T is not, as the
+// underlying Matcher<U> may be interested in the argument's address, which
+// is not preserved in the conversion from T to U.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+Matcher<T> SafeMatcherCast(const Matcher<U>& matcher) {
+  // Enforce that T can be implicitly converted to U.
+  GMOCK_COMPILE_ASSERT_((internal::ImplicitlyConvertible<T, U>::value),
+                        T_must_be_implicitly_convertible_to_U);
+  // Enforce that we are not converting a non-reference type T to a reference
+  // type U.
+  GMOCK_COMPILE_ASSERT_(
+      internal::is_reference<T>::value || !internal::is_reference<U>::value,
+      cannot_convert_non_referentce_arg_to_reference);
+  // In case both T and U are arithmetic types, enforce that the
+  // conversion is not lossy.
+  typedef GMOCK_REMOVE_CONST_(GMOCK_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(T)) RawT;
+  typedef GMOCK_REMOVE_CONST_(GMOCK_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(U)) RawU;
+  const bool kTIsOther = GMOCK_KIND_OF_(RawT) == internal::kOther;
+  const bool kUIsOther = GMOCK_KIND_OF_(RawU) == internal::kOther;
+  GMOCK_COMPILE_ASSERT_(
+      kTIsOther || kUIsOther ||
+      (internal::LosslessArithmeticConvertible<RawT, RawU>::value),
+      conversion_of_arithmetic_types_must_be_lossless);
+  return MatcherCast<T>(matcher);
+}
+
+// A<T>() returns a matcher that matches any value of type T.
+template <typename T>
+Matcher<T> A();
+
+// Anything inside the 'internal' namespace IS INTERNAL IMPLEMENTATION
+// and MUST NOT BE USED IN USER CODE!!!
+namespace internal {
+
+// Appends the explanation on the result of matcher.Matches(value) to
+// os iff the explanation is not empty.
+template <typename T>
+void ExplainMatchResultAsNeededTo(const Matcher<T>& matcher, T value,
+                                  ::std::ostream* os) {
+  ::std::stringstream reason;
+  matcher.ExplainMatchResultTo(value, &reason);
+  const internal::string s = reason.str();
+  if (s != "") {
+    *os << " (" << s << ")";
+  }
+}
+
+// An internal helper class for doing compile-time loop on a tuple's
+// fields.
+template <size_t N>
+class TuplePrefix {
+ public:
+  // TuplePrefix<N>::Matches(matcher_tuple, value_tuple) returns true
+  // iff the first N fields of matcher_tuple matches the first N
+  // fields of value_tuple, respectively.
+  template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+  static bool Matches(const MatcherTuple& matcher_tuple,
+                      const ValueTuple& value_tuple) {
+    using ::std::tr1::get;
+    return TuplePrefix<N - 1>::Matches(matcher_tuple, value_tuple)
+        && get<N - 1>(matcher_tuple).Matches(get<N - 1>(value_tuple));
+  }
+
+  // TuplePrefix<N>::DescribeMatchFailuresTo(matchers, values, os)
+  // describes failures in matching the first N fields of matchers
+  // against the first N fields of values.  If there is no failure,
+  // nothing will be streamed to os.
+  template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+  static void DescribeMatchFailuresTo(const MatcherTuple& matchers,
+                                      const ValueTuple& values,
+                                      ::std::ostream* os) {
+    using ::std::tr1::tuple_element;
+    using ::std::tr1::get;
+
+    // First, describes failures in the first N - 1 fields.
+    TuplePrefix<N - 1>::DescribeMatchFailuresTo(matchers, values, os);
+
+    // Then describes the failure (if any) in the (N - 1)-th (0-based)
+    // field.
+    typename tuple_element<N - 1, MatcherTuple>::type matcher =
+        get<N - 1>(matchers);
+    typedef typename tuple_element<N - 1, ValueTuple>::type Value;
+    Value value = get<N - 1>(values);
+    if (!matcher.Matches(value)) {
+      // TODO(wan): include in the message the name of the parameter
+      // as used in MOCK_METHOD*() when possible.
+      *os << "  Expected arg #" << N - 1 << ": ";
+      get<N - 1>(matchers).DescribeTo(os);
+      *os << "\n           Actual: ";
+      // We remove the reference in type Value to prevent the
+      // universal printer from printing the address of value, which
+      // isn't interesting to the user most of the time.  The
+      // matcher's ExplainMatchResultTo() method handles the case when
+      // the address is interesting.
+      internal::UniversalPrinter<GMOCK_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(Value)>::
+          Print(value, os);
+      ExplainMatchResultAsNeededTo<Value>(matcher, value, os);
+      *os << "\n";
+    }
+  }
+};
+
+// The base case.
+template <>
+class TuplePrefix<0> {
+ public:
+  template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+  static bool Matches(const MatcherTuple& /* matcher_tuple */,
+                      const ValueTuple& /* value_tuple */) {
+    return true;
+  }
+
+  template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+  static void DescribeMatchFailuresTo(const MatcherTuple& /* matchers */,
+                                      const ValueTuple& /* values */,
+                                      ::std::ostream* /* os */) {}
+};
+
+// TupleMatches(matcher_tuple, value_tuple) returns true iff all
+// matchers in matcher_tuple match the corresponding fields in
+// value_tuple.  It is a compiler error if matcher_tuple and
+// value_tuple have different number of fields or incompatible field
+// types.
+template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+bool TupleMatches(const MatcherTuple& matcher_tuple,
+                  const ValueTuple& value_tuple) {
+  using ::std::tr1::tuple_size;
+  // Makes sure that matcher_tuple and value_tuple have the same
+  // number of fields.
+  GMOCK_COMPILE_ASSERT_(tuple_size<MatcherTuple>::value ==
+                        tuple_size<ValueTuple>::value,
+                        matcher_and_value_have_different_numbers_of_fields);
+  return TuplePrefix<tuple_size<ValueTuple>::value>::
+      Matches(matcher_tuple, value_tuple);
+}
+
+// Describes failures in matching matchers against values.  If there
+// is no failure, nothing will be streamed to os.
+template <typename MatcherTuple, typename ValueTuple>
+void DescribeMatchFailureTupleTo(const MatcherTuple& matchers,
+                                 const ValueTuple& values,
+                                 ::std::ostream* os) {
+  using ::std::tr1::tuple_size;
+  TuplePrefix<tuple_size<MatcherTuple>::value>::DescribeMatchFailuresTo(
+      matchers, values, os);
+}
+
+// The MatcherCastImpl class template is a helper for implementing
+// MatcherCast().  We need this helper in order to partially
+// specialize the implementation of MatcherCast() (C++ allows
+// class/struct templates to be partially specialized, but not
+// function templates.).
+
+// This general version is used when MatcherCast()'s argument is a
+// polymorphic matcher (i.e. something that can be converted to a
+// Matcher but is not one yet; for example, Eq(value)).
+template <typename T, typename M>
+class MatcherCastImpl {
+ public:
+  static Matcher<T> Cast(M polymorphic_matcher) {
+    return Matcher<T>(polymorphic_matcher);
+  }
+};
+
+// This more specialized version is used when MatcherCast()'s argument
+// is already a Matcher.  This only compiles when type T can be
+// statically converted to type U.
+template <typename T, typename U>
+class MatcherCastImpl<T, Matcher<U> > {
+ public:
+  static Matcher<T> Cast(const Matcher<U>& source_matcher) {
+    return Matcher<T>(new Impl(source_matcher));
+  }
+ private:
+  class Impl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+   public:
+    explicit Impl(const Matcher<U>& source_matcher)
+        : source_matcher_(source_matcher) {}
+
+    // We delegate the matching logic to the source matcher.
+    virtual bool Matches(T x) const {
+      return source_matcher_.Matches(static_cast<U>(x));
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      source_matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      source_matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+      source_matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo(static_cast<U>(x), os);
+    }
+   private:
+    const Matcher<U> source_matcher_;
+  };
+};
+
+// This even more specialized version is used for efficiently casting
+// a matcher to its own type.
+template <typename T>
+class MatcherCastImpl<T, Matcher<T> > {
+ public:
+  static Matcher<T> Cast(const Matcher<T>& matcher) { return matcher; }
+};
+
+// Implements A<T>().
+template <typename T>
+class AnyMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+ public:
+  virtual bool Matches(T /* x */) const { return true; }
+  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { *os << "is anything"; }
+  virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    // This is mostly for completeness' safe, as it's not very useful
+    // to write Not(A<bool>()).  However we cannot completely rule out
+    // such a possibility, and it doesn't hurt to be prepared.
+    *os << "never matches";
+  }
+};
+
+// Implements _, a matcher that matches any value of any
+// type.  This is a polymorphic matcher, so we need a template type
+// conversion operator to make it appearing as a Matcher<T> for any
+// type T.
+class AnythingMatcher {
+ public:
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const { return A<T>(); }
+};
+
+// Implements a matcher that compares a given value with a
+// pre-supplied value using one of the ==, <=, <, etc, operators.  The
+// two values being compared don't have to have the same type.
+//
+// The matcher defined here is polymorphic (for example, Eq(5) can be
+// used to match an int, a short, a double, etc).  Therefore we use
+// a template type conversion operator in the implementation.
+//
+// We define this as a macro in order to eliminate duplicated source
+// code.
+//
+// The following template definition assumes that the Rhs parameter is
+// a "bare" type (i.e. neither 'const T' nor 'T&').
+#define GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(name, op, relation) \
+  template <typename Rhs> class name##Matcher { \
+   public: \
+    explicit name##Matcher(const Rhs& rhs) : rhs_(rhs) {} \
+    template <typename Lhs> \
+    operator Matcher<Lhs>() const { \
+      return MakeMatcher(new Impl<Lhs>(rhs_)); \
+    } \
+   private: \
+    template <typename Lhs> \
+    class Impl : public MatcherInterface<Lhs> { \
+     public: \
+      explicit Impl(const Rhs& rhs) : rhs_(rhs) {} \
+      virtual bool Matches(Lhs lhs) const { return lhs op rhs_; } \
+      virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { \
+        *os << "is " relation  " "; \
+        UniversalPrinter<Rhs>::Print(rhs_, os); \
+      } \
+      virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const { \
+        *os << "is not " relation  " "; \
+        UniversalPrinter<Rhs>::Print(rhs_, os); \
+      } \
+     private: \
+      Rhs rhs_; \
+    }; \
+    Rhs rhs_; \
+  }
+
+// Implements Eq(v), Ge(v), Gt(v), Le(v), Lt(v), and Ne(v)
+// respectively.
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Eq, ==, "equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Ge, >=, "greater than or equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Gt, >, "greater than");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Le, <=, "less than or equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Lt, <, "less than");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_(Ne, !=, "not equal to");
+
+#undef GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON_MATCHER_
+
+// Implements the polymorphic NotNull() matcher, which matches any
+// pointer that is not NULL.
+class NotNullMatcher {
+ public:
+  template <typename T>
+  bool Matches(T* p) const { return p != NULL; }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { *os << "is not NULL"; }
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "is NULL";
+  }
+};
+
+// Ref(variable) matches any argument that is a reference to
+// 'variable'.  This matcher is polymorphic as it can match any
+// super type of the type of 'variable'.
+//
+// The RefMatcher template class implements Ref(variable).  It can
+// only be instantiated with a reference type.  This prevents a user
+// from mistakenly using Ref(x) to match a non-reference function
+// argument.  For example, the following will righteously cause a
+// compiler error:
+//
+//   int n;
+//   Matcher<int> m1 = Ref(n);   // This won't compile.
+//   Matcher<int&> m2 = Ref(n);  // This will compile.
+template <typename T>
+class RefMatcher;
+
+template <typename T>
+class RefMatcher<T&> {
+  // Google Mock is a generic framework and thus needs to support
+  // mocking any function types, including those that take non-const
+  // reference arguments.  Therefore the template parameter T (and
+  // Super below) can be instantiated to either a const type or a
+  // non-const type.
+ public:
+  // RefMatcher() takes a T& instead of const T&, as we want the
+  // compiler to catch using Ref(const_value) as a matcher for a
+  // non-const reference.
+  explicit RefMatcher(T& x) : object_(x) {}  // NOLINT
+
+  template <typename Super>
+  operator Matcher<Super&>() const {
+    // By passing object_ (type T&) to Impl(), which expects a Super&,
+    // we make sure that Super is a super type of T.  In particular,
+    // this catches using Ref(const_value) as a matcher for a
+    // non-const reference, as you cannot implicitly convert a const
+    // reference to a non-const reference.
+    return MakeMatcher(new Impl<Super>(object_));
+  }
+ private:
+  template <typename Super>
+  class Impl : public MatcherInterface<Super&> {
+   public:
+    explicit Impl(Super& x) : object_(x) {}  // NOLINT
+
+    // Matches() takes a Super& (as opposed to const Super&) in
+    // order to match the interface MatcherInterface<Super&>.
+    virtual bool Matches(Super& x) const { return &x == &object_; }  // NOLINT
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "references the variable ";
+      UniversalPrinter<Super&>::Print(object_, os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "does not reference the variable ";
+      UniversalPrinter<Super&>::Print(object_, os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(Super& x,  // NOLINT
+                                      ::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "is located @" << static_cast<const void*>(&x);
+    }
+   private:
+    const Super& object_;
+  };
+
+  T& object_;
+};
+
+// Polymorphic helper functions for narrow and wide string matchers.
+inline bool CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(const char* lhs, const char* rhs) {
+  return String::CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+inline bool CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(const wchar_t* lhs,
+                                         const wchar_t* rhs) {
+  return String::CaseInsensitiveWideCStringEquals(lhs, rhs);
+}
+
+// String comparison for narrow or wide strings that can have embedded NUL
+// characters.
+template <typename StringType>
+bool CaseInsensitiveStringEquals(const StringType& s1,
+                                 const StringType& s2) {
+  // Are the heads equal?
+  if (!CaseInsensitiveCStringEquals(s1.c_str(), s2.c_str())) {
+    return false;
+  }
+
+  // Skip the equal heads.
+  const typename StringType::value_type nul = 0;
+  const size_t i1 = s1.find(nul), i2 = s2.find(nul);
+
+  // Are we at the end of either s1 or s2?
+  if (i1 == StringType::npos || i2 == StringType::npos) {
+    return i1 == i2;
+  }
+
+  // Are the tails equal?
+  return CaseInsensitiveStringEquals(s1.substr(i1 + 1), s2.substr(i2 + 1));
+}
+
+// String matchers.
+
+// Implements equality-based string matchers like StrEq, StrCaseNe, and etc.
+template <typename StringType>
+class StrEqualityMatcher {
+ public:
+  typedef typename StringType::const_pointer ConstCharPointer;
+
+  StrEqualityMatcher(const StringType& str, bool expect_eq,
+                     bool case_sensitive)
+      : string_(str), expect_eq_(expect_eq), case_sensitive_(case_sensitive) {}
+
+  // When expect_eq_ is true, returns true iff s is equal to string_;
+  // otherwise returns true iff s is not equal to string_.
+  bool Matches(ConstCharPointer s) const {
+    if (s == NULL) {
+      return !expect_eq_;
+    }
+    return Matches(StringType(s));
+  }
+
+  bool Matches(const StringType& s) const {
+    const bool eq = case_sensitive_ ? s == string_ :
+        CaseInsensitiveStringEquals(s, string_);
+    return expect_eq_ == eq;
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    DescribeToHelper(expect_eq_, os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    DescribeToHelper(!expect_eq_, os);
+  }
+ private:
+  void DescribeToHelper(bool expect_eq, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "is ";
+    if (!expect_eq) {
+      *os << "not ";
+    }
+    *os << "equal to ";
+    if (!case_sensitive_) {
+      *os << "(ignoring case) ";
+    }
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(string_, os);
+  }
+
+  const StringType string_;
+  const bool expect_eq_;
+  const bool case_sensitive_;
+};
+
+// Implements the polymorphic HasSubstr(substring) matcher, which
+// can be used as a Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to a
+// string.
+template <typename StringType>
+class HasSubstrMatcher {
+ public:
+  typedef typename StringType::const_pointer ConstCharPointer;
+
+  explicit HasSubstrMatcher(const StringType& substring)
+      : substring_(substring) {}
+
+  // These overloaded methods allow HasSubstr(substring) to be used as a
+  // Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to string.  Returns true
+  // iff s contains substring_ as a substring.
+  bool Matches(ConstCharPointer s) const {
+    return s != NULL && Matches(StringType(s));
+  }
+
+  bool Matches(const StringType& s) const {
+    return s.find(substring_) != StringType::npos;
+  }
+
+  // Describes what this matcher matches.
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "has substring ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(substring_, os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "has no substring ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(substring_, os);
+  }
+ private:
+  const StringType substring_;
+};
+
+// Implements the polymorphic StartsWith(substring) matcher, which
+// can be used as a Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to a
+// string.
+template <typename StringType>
+class StartsWithMatcher {
+ public:
+  typedef typename StringType::const_pointer ConstCharPointer;
+
+  explicit StartsWithMatcher(const StringType& prefix) : prefix_(prefix) {
+  }
+
+  // These overloaded methods allow StartsWith(prefix) to be used as a
+  // Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to string.  Returns true
+  // iff s starts with prefix_.
+  bool Matches(ConstCharPointer s) const {
+    return s != NULL && Matches(StringType(s));
+  }
+
+  bool Matches(const StringType& s) const {
+    return s.length() >= prefix_.length() &&
+        s.substr(0, prefix_.length()) == prefix_;
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "starts with ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(prefix_, os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "doesn't start with ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(prefix_, os);
+  }
+ private:
+  const StringType prefix_;
+};
+
+// Implements the polymorphic EndsWith(substring) matcher, which
+// can be used as a Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to a
+// string.
+template <typename StringType>
+class EndsWithMatcher {
+ public:
+  typedef typename StringType::const_pointer ConstCharPointer;
+
+  explicit EndsWithMatcher(const StringType& suffix) : suffix_(suffix) {}
+
+  // These overloaded methods allow EndsWith(suffix) to be used as a
+  // Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to string.  Returns true
+  // iff s ends with suffix_.
+  bool Matches(ConstCharPointer s) const {
+    return s != NULL && Matches(StringType(s));
+  }
+
+  bool Matches(const StringType& s) const {
+    return s.length() >= suffix_.length() &&
+        s.substr(s.length() - suffix_.length()) == suffix_;
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "ends with ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(suffix_, os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "doesn't end with ";
+    UniversalPrinter<StringType>::Print(suffix_, os);
+  }
+ private:
+  const StringType suffix_;
+};
+
+#if GMOCK_HAS_REGEX
+
+// Implements polymorphic matchers MatchesRegex(regex) and
+// ContainsRegex(regex), which can be used as a Matcher<T> as long as
+// T can be converted to a string.
+class MatchesRegexMatcher {
+ public:
+  MatchesRegexMatcher(const RE* regex, bool full_match)
+      : regex_(regex), full_match_(full_match) {}
+
+  // These overloaded methods allow MatchesRegex(regex) to be used as
+  // a Matcher<T> as long as T can be converted to string.  Returns
+  // true iff s matches regular expression regex.  When full_match_ is
+  // true, a full match is done; otherwise a partial match is done.
+  bool Matches(const char* s) const {
+    return s != NULL && Matches(internal::string(s));
+  }
+
+  bool Matches(const internal::string& s) const {
+    return full_match_ ? RE::FullMatch(s, *regex_) :
+        RE::PartialMatch(s, *regex_);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << (full_match_ ? "matches" : "contains")
+        << " regular expression ";
+    UniversalPrinter<internal::string>::Print(regex_->pattern(), os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "doesn't " << (full_match_ ? "match" : "contain")
+        << " regular expression ";
+    UniversalPrinter<internal::string>::Print(regex_->pattern(), os);
+  }
+ private:
+  const internal::linked_ptr<const RE> regex_;
+  const bool full_match_;
+};
+
+#endif  // GMOCK_HAS_REGEX
+
+// Implements a matcher that compares the two fields of a 2-tuple
+// using one of the ==, <=, <, etc, operators.  The two fields being
+// compared don't have to have the same type.
+//
+// The matcher defined here is polymorphic (for example, Eq() can be
+// used to match a tuple<int, short>, a tuple<const long&, double>,
+// etc).  Therefore we use a template type conversion operator in the
+// implementation.
+//
+// We define this as a macro in order to eliminate duplicated source
+// code.
+#define GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(name, op, relation) \
+  class name##2Matcher { \
+   public: \
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> \
+    operator Matcher<const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2>&>() const { \
+      return MakeMatcher(new Impl<T1, T2>); \
+    } \
+   private: \
+    template <typename T1, typename T2> \
+    class Impl : public MatcherInterface<const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2>&> { \
+     public: \
+      virtual bool Matches(const ::std::tr1::tuple<T1, T2>& args) const { \
+        return ::std::tr1::get<0>(args) op ::std::tr1::get<1>(args); \
+      } \
+      virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const { \
+        *os << "argument #0 is " relation " argument #1"; \
+      } \
+      virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const { \
+        *os << "argument #0 is not " relation " argument #1"; \
+      } \
+    }; \
+  }
+
+// Implements Eq(), Ge(), Gt(), Le(), Lt(), and Ne() respectively.
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Eq, ==, "equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Ge, >=, "greater than or equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Gt, >, "greater than");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Le, <=, "less than or equal to");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Lt, <, "less than");
+GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_(Ne, !=, "not equal to");
+
+#undef GMOCK_IMPLEMENT_COMPARISON2_MATCHER_
+
+// Implements the Not(...) matcher for a particular argument type T.
+// We do not nest it inside the NotMatcher class template, as that
+// will prevent different instantiations of NotMatcher from sharing
+// the same NotMatcherImpl<T> class.
+template <typename T>
+class NotMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+ public:
+  explicit NotMatcherImpl(const Matcher<T>& matcher)
+      : matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  virtual bool Matches(T x) const {
+    return !matcher_.Matches(x);
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+  }
+ private:
+  const Matcher<T> matcher_;
+};
+
+// Implements the Not(m) matcher, which matches a value that doesn't
+// match matcher m.
+template <typename InnerMatcher>
+class NotMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit NotMatcher(InnerMatcher matcher) : matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  // This template type conversion operator allows Not(m) to be used
+  // to match any type m can match.
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const {
+    return Matcher<T>(new NotMatcherImpl<T>(SafeMatcherCast<T>(matcher_)));
+  }
+ private:
+  InnerMatcher matcher_;
+};
+
+// Implements the AllOf(m1, m2) matcher for a particular argument type
+// T. We do not nest it inside the BothOfMatcher class template, as
+// that will prevent different instantiations of BothOfMatcher from
+// sharing the same BothOfMatcherImpl<T> class.
+template <typename T>
+class BothOfMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+ public:
+  BothOfMatcherImpl(const Matcher<T>& matcher1, const Matcher<T>& matcher2)
+      : matcher1_(matcher1), matcher2_(matcher2) {}
+
+  virtual bool Matches(T x) const {
+    return matcher1_.Matches(x) && matcher2_.Matches(x);
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "(";
+    matcher1_.DescribeTo(os);
+    *os << ") and (";
+    matcher2_.DescribeTo(os);
+    *os << ")";
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "not ";
+    DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    if (Matches(x)) {
+      // When both matcher1_ and matcher2_ match x, we need to
+      // explain why *both* of them match.
+      ::std::stringstream ss1;
+      matcher1_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, &ss1);
+      const internal::string s1 = ss1.str();
+
+      ::std::stringstream ss2;
+      matcher2_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, &ss2);
+      const internal::string s2 = ss2.str();
+
+      if (s1 == "") {
+        *os << s2;
+      } else {
+        *os << s1;
+        if (s2 != "") {
+          *os << "; " << s2;
+        }
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise we only need to explain why *one* of them fails
+      // to match.
+      if (!matcher1_.Matches(x)) {
+        matcher1_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+      } else {
+        matcher2_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  const Matcher<T> matcher1_;
+  const Matcher<T> matcher2_;
+};
+
+// Used for implementing the AllOf(m_1, ..., m_n) matcher, which
+// matches a value that matches all of the matchers m_1, ..., and m_n.
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2>
+class BothOfMatcher {
+ public:
+  BothOfMatcher(Matcher1 matcher1, Matcher2 matcher2)
+      : matcher1_(matcher1), matcher2_(matcher2) {}
+
+  // This template type conversion operator allows a
+  // BothOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2> object to match any type that
+  // both Matcher1 and Matcher2 can match.
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const {
+    return Matcher<T>(new BothOfMatcherImpl<T>(SafeMatcherCast<T>(matcher1_),
+                                               SafeMatcherCast<T>(matcher2_)));
+  }
+ private:
+  Matcher1 matcher1_;
+  Matcher2 matcher2_;
+};
+
+// Implements the AnyOf(m1, m2) matcher for a particular argument type
+// T.  We do not nest it inside the AnyOfMatcher class template, as
+// that will prevent different instantiations of AnyOfMatcher from
+// sharing the same EitherOfMatcherImpl<T> class.
+template <typename T>
+class EitherOfMatcherImpl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+ public:
+  EitherOfMatcherImpl(const Matcher<T>& matcher1, const Matcher<T>& matcher2)
+      : matcher1_(matcher1), matcher2_(matcher2) {}
+
+  virtual bool Matches(T x) const {
+    return matcher1_.Matches(x) || matcher2_.Matches(x);
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "(";
+    matcher1_.DescribeTo(os);
+    *os << ") or (";
+    matcher2_.DescribeTo(os);
+    *os << ")";
+  }
+
+  virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "not ";
+    DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T x, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    if (Matches(x)) {
+      // If either matcher1_ or matcher2_ matches x, we just need
+      // to explain why *one* of them matches.
+      if (matcher1_.Matches(x)) {
+        matcher1_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+      } else {
+        matcher2_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, os);
+      }
+    } else {
+      // Otherwise we need to explain why *neither* matches.
+      ::std::stringstream ss1;
+      matcher1_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, &ss1);
+      const internal::string s1 = ss1.str();
+
+      ::std::stringstream ss2;
+      matcher2_.ExplainMatchResultTo(x, &ss2);
+      const internal::string s2 = ss2.str();
+
+      if (s1 == "") {
+        *os << s2;
+      } else {
+        *os << s1;
+        if (s2 != "") {
+          *os << "; " << s2;
+        }
+      }
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  const Matcher<T> matcher1_;
+  const Matcher<T> matcher2_;
+};
+
+// Used for implementing the AnyOf(m_1, ..., m_n) matcher, which
+// matches a value that matches at least one of the matchers m_1, ...,
+// and m_n.
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2>
+class EitherOfMatcher {
+ public:
+  EitherOfMatcher(Matcher1 matcher1, Matcher2 matcher2)
+      : matcher1_(matcher1), matcher2_(matcher2) {}
+
+  // This template type conversion operator allows a
+  // EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2> object to match any type that
+  // both Matcher1 and Matcher2 can match.
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const {
+    return Matcher<T>(new EitherOfMatcherImpl<T>(
+        SafeMatcherCast<T>(matcher1_), SafeMatcherCast<T>(matcher2_)));
+  }
+ private:
+  Matcher1 matcher1_;
+  Matcher2 matcher2_;
+};
+
+// Used for implementing Truly(pred), which turns a predicate into a
+// matcher.
+template <typename Predicate>
+class TrulyMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit TrulyMatcher(Predicate pred) : predicate_(pred) {}
+
+  // This method template allows Truly(pred) to be used as a matcher
+  // for type T where T is the argument type of predicate 'pred'.  The
+  // argument is passed by reference as the predicate may be
+  // interested in the address of the argument.
+  template <typename T>
+  bool Matches(T& x) const {  // NOLINT
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+    // MSVC warns about converting a value into bool (warning 4800).
+#pragma warning(push)          // Saves the current warning state.
+#pragma warning(disable:4800)  // Temporarily disables warning 4800.
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+    return predicate_(x);
+#if GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+#pragma warning(pop)           // Restores the warning state.
+#endif  // GTEST_OS_WINDOWS
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "satisfies the given predicate";
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "doesn't satisfy the given predicate";
+  }
+ private:
+  Predicate predicate_;
+};
+
+// Used for implementing Matches(matcher), which turns a matcher into
+// a predicate.
+template <typename M>
+class MatcherAsPredicate {
+ public:
+  explicit MatcherAsPredicate(M matcher) : matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  // This template operator() allows Matches(m) to be used as a
+  // predicate on type T where m is a matcher on type T.
+  //
+  // The argument x is passed by reference instead of by value, as
+  // some matcher may be interested in its address (e.g. as in
+  // Matches(Ref(n))(x)).
+  template <typename T>
+  bool operator()(const T& x) const {
+    // We let matcher_ commit to a particular type here instead of
+    // when the MatcherAsPredicate object was constructed.  This
+    // allows us to write Matches(m) where m is a polymorphic matcher
+    // (e.g. Eq(5)).
+    //
+    // If we write Matcher<T>(matcher_).Matches(x) here, it won't
+    // compile when matcher_ has type Matcher<const T&>; if we write
+    // Matcher<const T&>(matcher_).Matches(x) here, it won't compile
+    // when matcher_ has type Matcher<T>; if we just write
+    // matcher_.Matches(x), it won't compile when matcher_ is
+    // polymorphic, e.g. Eq(5).
+    //
+    // MatcherCast<const T&>() is necessary for making the code work
+    // in all of the above situations.
+    return MatcherCast<const T&>(matcher_).Matches(x);
+  }
+ private:
+  M matcher_;
+};
+
+// For implementing ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT().  The template
+// argument M must be a type that can be converted to a matcher.
+template <typename M>
+class PredicateFormatterFromMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit PredicateFormatterFromMatcher(const M& m) : matcher_(m) {}
+
+  // This template () operator allows a PredicateFormatterFromMatcher
+  // object to act as a predicate-formatter suitable for using with
+  // Google Test's EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1() macro.
+  template <typename T>
+  AssertionResult operator()(const char* value_text, const T& x) const {
+    // We convert matcher_ to a Matcher<const T&> *now* instead of
+    // when the PredicateFormatterFromMatcher object was constructed,
+    // as matcher_ may be polymorphic (e.g. NotNull()) and we won't
+    // know which type to instantiate it to until we actually see the
+    // type of x here.
+    //
+    // We write MatcherCast<const T&>(matcher_) instead of
+    // Matcher<const T&>(matcher_), as the latter won't compile when
+    // matcher_ has type Matcher<T> (e.g. An<int>()).
+    const Matcher<const T&> matcher = MatcherCast<const T&>(matcher_);
+    if (matcher.Matches(x)) {
+      return AssertionSuccess();
+    } else {
+      ::std::stringstream ss;
+      ss << "Value of: " << value_text << "\n"
+         << "Expected: ";
+      matcher.DescribeTo(&ss);
+      ss << "\n  Actual: ";
+      UniversalPrinter<T>::Print(x, &ss);
+      ExplainMatchResultAsNeededTo<const T&>(matcher, x, &ss);
+      return AssertionFailure(Message() << ss.str());
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  const M matcher_;
+};
+
+// A helper function for converting a matcher to a predicate-formatter
+// without the user needing to explicitly write the type.  This is
+// used for implementing ASSERT_THAT() and EXPECT_THAT().
+template <typename M>
+inline PredicateFormatterFromMatcher<M>
+MakePredicateFormatterFromMatcher(const M& matcher) {
+  return PredicateFormatterFromMatcher<M>(matcher);
+}
+
+// Implements the polymorphic floating point equality matcher, which
+// matches two float values using ULP-based approximation.  The
+// template is meant to be instantiated with FloatType being either
+// float or double.
+template <typename FloatType>
+class FloatingEqMatcher {
+ public:
+  // Constructor for FloatingEqMatcher.
+  // The matcher's input will be compared with rhs.  The matcher treats two
+  // NANs as equal if nan_eq_nan is true.  Otherwise, under IEEE standards,
+  // equality comparisons between NANs will always return false.
+  FloatingEqMatcher(FloatType rhs, bool nan_eq_nan) :
+    rhs_(rhs), nan_eq_nan_(nan_eq_nan) {}
+
+  // Implements floating point equality matcher as a Matcher<T>.
+  template <typename T>
+  class Impl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+   public:
+    Impl(FloatType rhs, bool nan_eq_nan) :
+      rhs_(rhs), nan_eq_nan_(nan_eq_nan) {}
+
+    virtual bool Matches(T value) const {
+      const FloatingPoint<FloatType> lhs(value), rhs(rhs_);
+
+      // Compares NaNs first, if nan_eq_nan_ is true.
+      if (nan_eq_nan_ && lhs.is_nan()) {
+        return rhs.is_nan();
+      }
+
+      return lhs.AlmostEquals(rhs);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      // os->precision() returns the previously set precision, which we
+      // store to restore the ostream to its original configuration
+      // after outputting.
+      const ::std::streamsize old_precision = os->precision(
+          ::std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits10 + 2);
+      if (FloatingPoint<FloatType>(rhs_).is_nan()) {
+        if (nan_eq_nan_) {
+          *os << "is NaN";
+        } else {
+          *os << "never matches";
+        }
+      } else {
+        *os << "is approximately " << rhs_;
+      }
+      os->precision(old_precision);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      // As before, get original precision.
+      const ::std::streamsize old_precision = os->precision(
+          ::std::numeric_limits<FloatType>::digits10 + 2);
+      if (FloatingPoint<FloatType>(rhs_).is_nan()) {
+        if (nan_eq_nan_) {
+          *os << "is not NaN";
+        } else {
+          *os << "is anything";
+        }
+      } else {
+        *os << "is not approximately " << rhs_;
+      }
+      // Restore original precision.
+      os->precision(old_precision);
+    }
+
+   private:
+    const FloatType rhs_;
+    const bool nan_eq_nan_;
+  };
+
+  // The following 3 type conversion operators allow FloatEq(rhs) and
+  // NanSensitiveFloatEq(rhs) to be used as a Matcher<float>, a
+  // Matcher<const float&>, or a Matcher<float&>, but nothing else.
+  // (While Google's C++ coding style doesn't allow arguments passed
+  // by non-const reference, we may see them in code not conforming to
+  // the style.  Therefore Google Mock needs to support them.)
+  operator Matcher<FloatType>() const {
+    return MakeMatcher(new Impl<FloatType>(rhs_, nan_eq_nan_));
+  }
+
+  operator Matcher<const FloatType&>() const {
+    return MakeMatcher(new Impl<const FloatType&>(rhs_, nan_eq_nan_));
+  }
+
+  operator Matcher<FloatType&>() const {
+    return MakeMatcher(new Impl<FloatType&>(rhs_, nan_eq_nan_));
+  }
+ private:
+  const FloatType rhs_;
+  const bool nan_eq_nan_;
+};
+
+// Implements the Pointee(m) matcher for matching a pointer whose
+// pointee matches matcher m.  The pointer can be either raw or smart.
+template <typename InnerMatcher>
+class PointeeMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit PointeeMatcher(const InnerMatcher& matcher) : matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  // This type conversion operator template allows Pointee(m) to be
+  // used as a matcher for any pointer type whose pointee type is
+  // compatible with the inner matcher, where type Pointer can be
+  // either a raw pointer or a smart pointer.
+  //
+  // The reason we do this instead of relying on
+  // MakePolymorphicMatcher() is that the latter is not flexible
+  // enough for implementing the DescribeTo() method of Pointee().
+  template <typename Pointer>
+  operator Matcher<Pointer>() const {
+    return MakeMatcher(new Impl<Pointer>(matcher_));
+  }
+ private:
+  // The monomorphic implementation that works for a particular pointer type.
+  template <typename Pointer>
+  class Impl : public MatcherInterface<Pointer> {
+   public:
+    typedef typename PointeeOf<GMOCK_REMOVE_CONST_(  // NOLINT
+        GMOCK_REMOVE_REFERENCE_(Pointer))>::type Pointee;
+
+    explicit Impl(const InnerMatcher& matcher)
+        : matcher_(MatcherCast<const Pointee&>(matcher)) {}
+
+    virtual bool Matches(Pointer p) const {
+      return GetRawPointer(p) != NULL && matcher_.Matches(*p);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "points to a value that ";
+      matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "does not point to a value that ";
+      matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(Pointer pointer,
+                                      ::std::ostream* os) const {
+      if (GetRawPointer(pointer) == NULL)
+        return;
+
+      ::std::stringstream ss;
+      matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo(*pointer, &ss);
+      const internal::string s = ss.str();
+      if (s != "") {
+        *os << "points to a value that " << s;
+      }
+    }
+   private:
+    const Matcher<const Pointee&> matcher_;
+  };
+
+  const InnerMatcher matcher_;
+};
+
+// Implements the Field() matcher for matching a field (i.e. member
+// variable) of an object.
+template <typename Class, typename FieldType>
+class FieldMatcher {
+ public:
+  FieldMatcher(FieldType Class::*field,
+               const Matcher<const FieldType&>& matcher)
+      : field_(field), matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  // Returns true iff the inner matcher matches obj.field.
+  bool Matches(const Class& obj) const {
+    return matcher_.Matches(obj.*field_);
+  }
+
+  // Returns true iff the inner matcher matches obj->field.
+  bool Matches(const Class* p) const {
+    return (p != NULL) && matcher_.Matches(p->*field_);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "the given field ";
+    matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "the given field ";
+    matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+  }
+
+  // The first argument of ExplainMatchResultTo() is needed to help
+  // Symbian's C++ compiler choose which overload to use.  Its type is
+  // true_type iff the Field() matcher is used to match a pointer.
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(false_type /* is_not_pointer */, const Class& obj,
+                            ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    ::std::stringstream ss;
+    matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo(obj.*field_, &ss);
+    const internal::string s = ss.str();
+    if (s != "") {
+      *os << "the given field " << s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(true_type /* is_pointer */, const Class* p,
+                            ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    if (p != NULL) {
+      // Since *p has a field, it must be a class/struct/union type
+      // and thus cannot be a pointer.  Therefore we pass false_type()
+      // as the first argument.
+      ExplainMatchResultTo(false_type(), *p, os);
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  const FieldType Class::*field_;
+  const Matcher<const FieldType&> matcher_;
+};
+
+// Explains the result of matching an object or pointer against a field matcher.
+template <typename Class, typename FieldType, typename T>
+void ExplainMatchResultTo(const FieldMatcher<Class, FieldType>& matcher,
+                          const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  matcher.ExplainMatchResultTo(
+      typename ::testing::internal::is_pointer<T>::type(), value, os);
+}
+
+// Implements the Property() matcher for matching a property
+// (i.e. return value of a getter method) of an object.
+template <typename Class, typename PropertyType>
+class PropertyMatcher {
+ public:
+  // The property may have a reference type, so 'const PropertyType&'
+  // may cause double references and fail to compile.  That's why we
+  // need GMOCK_REFERENCE_TO_CONST, which works regardless of
+  // PropertyType being a reference or not.
+  typedef GMOCK_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_(PropertyType) RefToConstProperty;
+
+  PropertyMatcher(PropertyType (Class::*property)() const,
+                  const Matcher<RefToConstProperty>& matcher)
+      : property_(property), matcher_(matcher) {}
+
+  // Returns true iff obj.property() matches the inner matcher.
+  bool Matches(const Class& obj) const {
+    return matcher_.Matches((obj.*property_)());
+  }
+
+  // Returns true iff p->property() matches the inner matcher.
+  bool Matches(const Class* p) const {
+    return (p != NULL) && matcher_.Matches((p->*property_)());
+  }
+
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "the given property ";
+    matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+  }
+
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "the given property ";
+    matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+  }
+
+  // The first argument of ExplainMatchResultTo() is needed to help
+  // Symbian's C++ compiler choose which overload to use.  Its type is
+  // true_type iff the Property() matcher is used to match a pointer.
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(false_type /* is_not_pointer */, const Class& obj,
+                            ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    ::std::stringstream ss;
+    matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo((obj.*property_)(), &ss);
+    const internal::string s = ss.str();
+    if (s != "") {
+      *os << "the given property " << s;
+    }
+  }
+
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(true_type /* is_pointer */, const Class* p,
+                            ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    if (p != NULL) {
+      // Since *p has a property method, it must be a
+      // class/struct/union type and thus cannot be a pointer.
+      // Therefore we pass false_type() as the first argument.
+      ExplainMatchResultTo(false_type(), *p, os);
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  PropertyType (Class::*property_)() const;
+  const Matcher<RefToConstProperty> matcher_;
+};
+
+// Explains the result of matching an object or pointer against a
+// property matcher.
+template <typename Class, typename PropertyType, typename T>
+void ExplainMatchResultTo(const PropertyMatcher<Class, PropertyType>& matcher,
+                          const T& value, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  matcher.ExplainMatchResultTo(
+      typename ::testing::internal::is_pointer<T>::type(), value, os);
+}
+
+// Type traits specifying various features of different functors for ResultOf.
+// The default template specifies features for functor objects.
+// Functor classes have to typedef argument_type and result_type
+// to be compatible with ResultOf.
+template <typename Functor>
+struct CallableTraits {
+  typedef typename Functor::result_type ResultType;
+  typedef Functor StorageType;
+
+  static void CheckIsValid(Functor functor) {}
+  template <typename T>
+  static ResultType Invoke(Functor f, T arg) { return f(arg); }
+};
+
+// Specialization for function pointers.
+template <typename ArgType, typename ResType>
+struct CallableTraits<ResType(*)(ArgType)> {
+  typedef ResType ResultType;
+  typedef ResType(*StorageType)(ArgType);
+
+  static void CheckIsValid(ResType(*f)(ArgType)) {
+    GMOCK_CHECK_(f != NULL)
+        << "NULL function pointer is passed into ResultOf().";
+  }
+  template <typename T>
+  static ResType Invoke(ResType(*f)(ArgType), T arg) {
+    return (*f)(arg);
+  }
+};
+
+// Implements the ResultOf() matcher for matching a return value of a
+// unary function of an object.
+template <typename Callable>
+class ResultOfMatcher {
+ public:
+  typedef typename CallableTraits<Callable>::ResultType ResultType;
+
+  ResultOfMatcher(Callable callable, const Matcher<ResultType>& matcher)
+      : callable_(callable), matcher_(matcher) {
+    CallableTraits<Callable>::CheckIsValid(callable_);
+  }
+
+  template <typename T>
+  operator Matcher<T>() const {
+    return Matcher<T>(new Impl<T>(callable_, matcher_));
+  }
+
+ private:
+  typedef typename CallableTraits<Callable>::StorageType CallableStorageType;
+
+  template <typename T>
+  class Impl : public MatcherInterface<T> {
+   public:
+    Impl(CallableStorageType callable, const Matcher<ResultType>& matcher)
+        : callable_(callable), matcher_(matcher) {}
+    // Returns true iff callable_(obj) matches the inner matcher.
+    // The calling syntax is different for different types of callables
+    // so we abstract it in CallableTraits<Callable>::Invoke().
+    virtual bool Matches(T obj) const {
+      return matcher_.Matches(
+          CallableTraits<Callable>::template Invoke<T>(callable_, obj));
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "result of the given callable ";
+      matcher_.DescribeTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+      *os << "result of the given callable ";
+      matcher_.DescribeNegationTo(os);
+    }
+
+    virtual void ExplainMatchResultTo(T obj, ::std::ostream* os) const {
+      ::std::stringstream ss;
+      matcher_.ExplainMatchResultTo(
+          CallableTraits<Callable>::template Invoke<T>(callable_, obj),
+          &ss);
+      const internal::string s = ss.str();
+      if (s != "")
+        *os << "result of the given callable " << s;
+    }
+   private:
+    // Functors often define operator() as non-const method even though
+    // they are actualy stateless. But we need to use them even when
+    // 'this' is a const pointer. It's the user's responsibility not to
+    // use stateful callables with ResultOf(), which does't guarantee
+    // how many times the callable will be invoked.
+    mutable CallableStorageType callable_;
+    const Matcher<ResultType> matcher_;
+  };  // class Impl
+
+  const CallableStorageType callable_;
+  const Matcher<ResultType> matcher_;
+};
+
+// Explains the result of matching a value against a functor matcher.
+template <typename T, typename Callable>
+void ExplainMatchResultTo(const ResultOfMatcher<Callable>& matcher,
+                          T obj, ::std::ostream* os) {
+  matcher.ExplainMatchResultTo(obj, os);
+}
+
+// Implements an equality matcher for any STL-style container whose elements
+// support ==. This matcher is like Eq(), but its failure explanations provide
+// more detailed information that is useful when the container is used as a set.
+// The failure message reports elements that are in one of the operands but not
+// the other. The failure messages do not report duplicate or out-of-order
+// elements in the containers (which don't properly matter to sets, but can
+// occur if the containers are vectors or lists, for example).
+//
+// Uses the container's const_iterator, value_type, operator ==,
+// begin(), and end().
+template <typename Container>
+class ContainerEqMatcher {
+ public:
+  explicit ContainerEqMatcher(const Container& rhs) : rhs_(rhs) {}
+  bool Matches(const Container& lhs) const { return lhs == rhs_; }
+  void DescribeTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "equals ";
+    UniversalPrinter<Container>::Print(rhs_, os);
+  }
+  void DescribeNegationTo(::std::ostream* os) const {
+    *os << "does not equal ";
+    UniversalPrinter<Container>::Print(rhs_, os);
+  }
+
+  void ExplainMatchResultTo(const Container& lhs,
+                            ::std::ostream* os) const {
+    // Something is different. Check for missing values first.
+    bool printed_header = false;
+    for (typename Container::const_iterator it = lhs.begin();
+         it != lhs.end(); ++it) {
+      if (std::find(rhs_.begin(), rhs_.end(), *it) == rhs_.end()) {
+        if (printed_header) {
+          *os << ", ";
+        } else {
+          *os << "Only in actual: ";
+          printed_header = true;
+        }
+        UniversalPrinter<typename Container::value_type>::Print(*it, os);
+      }
+    }
+
+    // Now check for extra values.
+    bool printed_header2 = false;
+    for (typename Container::const_iterator it = rhs_.begin();
+         it != rhs_.end(); ++it) {
+      if (std::find(lhs.begin(), lhs.end(), *it) == lhs.end()) {
+        if (printed_header2) {
+          *os << ", ";
+        } else {
+          *os << (printed_header ? "; not" : "Not") << " in actual: ";
+          printed_header2 = true;
+        }
+        UniversalPrinter<typename Container::value_type>::Print(*it, os);
+      }
+    }
+  }
+ private:
+  const Container rhs_;
+};
+
+template <typename Container>
+void ExplainMatchResultTo(const ContainerEqMatcher<Container>& matcher,
+                          const Container& lhs,
+                          ::std::ostream* os) {
+  matcher.ExplainMatchResultTo(lhs, os);
+}
+
+}  // namespace internal
+
+// Implements MatcherCast().
+template <typename T, typename M>
+inline Matcher<T> MatcherCast(M matcher) {
+  return internal::MatcherCastImpl<T, M>::Cast(matcher);
+}
+
+// _ is a matcher that matches anything of any type.
+//
+// This definition is fine as:
+//
+//   1. The C++ standard permits using the name _ in a namespace that
+//      is not the global namespace or ::std.
+//   2. The AnythingMatcher class has no data member or constructor,
+//      so it's OK to create global variables of this type.
+//   3. c-style has approved of using _ in this case.
+const internal::AnythingMatcher _ = {};
+// Creates a matcher that matches any value of the given type T.
+template <typename T>
+inline Matcher<T> A() { return MakeMatcher(new internal::AnyMatcherImpl<T>()); }
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any value of the given type T.
+template <typename T>
+inline Matcher<T> An() { return A<T>(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything equal to x.
+// Note: if the parameter of Eq() were declared as const T&, Eq("foo")
+// wouldn't compile.
+template <typename T>
+inline internal::EqMatcher<T> Eq(T x) { return internal::EqMatcher<T>(x); }
+
+// Constructs a Matcher<T> from a 'value' of type T.  The constructed
+// matcher matches any value that's equal to 'value'.
+template <typename T>
+Matcher<T>::Matcher(T value) { *this = Eq(value); }
+
+// Creates a monomorphic matcher that matches anything with type Lhs
+// and equal to rhs.  A user may need to use this instead of Eq(...)
+// in order to resolve an overloading ambiguity.
+//
+// TypedEq<T>(x) is just a convenient short-hand for Matcher<T>(Eq(x))
+// or Matcher<T>(x), but more readable than the latter.
+//
+// We could define similar monomorphic matchers for other comparison
+// operations (e.g. TypedLt, TypedGe, and etc), but decided not to do
+// it yet as those are used much less than Eq() in practice.  A user
+// can always write Matcher<T>(Lt(5)) to be explicit about the type,
+// for example.
+template <typename Lhs, typename Rhs>
+inline Matcher<Lhs> TypedEq(const Rhs& rhs) { return Eq(rhs); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything >= x.
+template <typename Rhs>
+inline internal::GeMatcher<Rhs> Ge(Rhs x) {
+  return internal::GeMatcher<Rhs>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything > x.
+template <typename Rhs>
+inline internal::GtMatcher<Rhs> Gt(Rhs x) {
+  return internal::GtMatcher<Rhs>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything <= x.
+template <typename Rhs>
+inline internal::LeMatcher<Rhs> Le(Rhs x) {
+  return internal::LeMatcher<Rhs>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything < x.
+template <typename Rhs>
+inline internal::LtMatcher<Rhs> Lt(Rhs x) {
+  return internal::LtMatcher<Rhs>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches anything != x.
+template <typename Rhs>
+inline internal::NeMatcher<Rhs> Ne(Rhs x) {
+  return internal::NeMatcher<Rhs>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches any non-NULL pointer.
+// This is convenient as Not(NULL) doesn't compile (the compiler
+// thinks that that expression is comparing a pointer with an integer).
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::NotNullMatcher > NotNull() {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::NotNullMatcher());
+}
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches any argument that
+// references variable x.
+template <typename T>
+inline internal::RefMatcher<T&> Ref(T& x) {  // NOLINT
+  return internal::RefMatcher<T&>(x);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any double argument approximately
+// equal to rhs, where two NANs are considered unequal.
+inline internal::FloatingEqMatcher<double> DoubleEq(double rhs) {
+  return internal::FloatingEqMatcher<double>(rhs, false);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any double argument approximately
+// equal to rhs, including NaN values when rhs is NaN.
+inline internal::FloatingEqMatcher<double> NanSensitiveDoubleEq(double rhs) {
+  return internal::FloatingEqMatcher<double>(rhs, true);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any float argument approximately
+// equal to rhs, where two NANs are considered unequal.
+inline internal::FloatingEqMatcher<float> FloatEq(float rhs) {
+  return internal::FloatingEqMatcher<float>(rhs, false);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any double argument approximately
+// equal to rhs, including NaN values when rhs is NaN.
+inline internal::FloatingEqMatcher<float> NanSensitiveFloatEq(float rhs) {
+  return internal::FloatingEqMatcher<float>(rhs, true);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches a pointer (raw or smart) that points
+// to a value that matches inner_matcher.
+template <typename InnerMatcher>
+inline internal::PointeeMatcher<InnerMatcher> Pointee(
+    const InnerMatcher& inner_matcher) {
+  return internal::PointeeMatcher<InnerMatcher>(inner_matcher);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches an object whose given field matches
+// 'matcher'.  For example,
+//   Field(&Foo::number, Ge(5))
+// matches a Foo object x iff x.number >= 5.
+template <typename Class, typename FieldType, typename FieldMatcher>
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<
+  internal::FieldMatcher<Class, FieldType> > Field(
+    FieldType Class::*field, const FieldMatcher& matcher) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(
+      internal::FieldMatcher<Class, FieldType>(
+          field, MatcherCast<const FieldType&>(matcher)));
+  // The call to MatcherCast() is required for supporting inner
+  // matchers of compatible types.  For example, it allows
+  //   Field(&Foo::bar, m)
+  // to compile where bar is an int32 and m is a matcher for int64.
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches an object whose given property
+// matches 'matcher'.  For example,
+//   Property(&Foo::str, StartsWith("hi"))
+// matches a Foo object x iff x.str() starts with "hi".
+template <typename Class, typename PropertyType, typename PropertyMatcher>
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<
+  internal::PropertyMatcher<Class, PropertyType> > Property(
+    PropertyType (Class::*property)() const, const PropertyMatcher& matcher) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(
+      internal::PropertyMatcher<Class, PropertyType>(
+          property,
+          MatcherCast<GMOCK_REFERENCE_TO_CONST_(PropertyType)>(matcher)));
+  // The call to MatcherCast() is required for supporting inner
+  // matchers of compatible types.  For example, it allows
+  //   Property(&Foo::bar, m)
+  // to compile where bar() returns an int32 and m is a matcher for int64.
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches an object iff the result of applying
+// a callable to x matches 'matcher'.
+// For example,
+//   ResultOf(f, StartsWith("hi"))
+// matches a Foo object x iff f(x) starts with "hi".
+// callable parameter can be a function, function pointer, or a functor.
+// Callable has to satisfy the following conditions:
+//   * It is required to keep no state affecting the results of
+//     the calls on it and make no assumptions about how many calls
+//     will be made. Any state it keeps must be protected from the
+//     concurrent access.
+//   * If it is a function object, it has to define type result_type.
+//     We recommend deriving your functor classes from std::unary_function.
+template <typename Callable, typename ResultOfMatcher>
+internal::ResultOfMatcher<Callable> ResultOf(
+    Callable callable, const ResultOfMatcher& matcher) {
+  return internal::ResultOfMatcher<Callable>(
+          callable,
+          MatcherCast<typename internal::CallableTraits<Callable>::ResultType>(
+              matcher));
+  // The call to MatcherCast() is required for supporting inner
+  // matchers of compatible types.  For example, it allows
+  //   ResultOf(Function, m)
+  // to compile where Function() returns an int32 and m is a matcher for int64.
+}
+
+// String matchers.
+
+// Matches a string equal to str.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string> >
+    StrEq(const internal::string& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string>(
+      str, true, true));
+}
+
+// Matches a string not equal to str.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string> >
+    StrNe(const internal::string& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string>(
+      str, false, true));
+}
+
+// Matches a string equal to str, ignoring case.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string> >
+    StrCaseEq(const internal::string& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string>(
+      str, true, false));
+}
+
+// Matches a string not equal to str, ignoring case.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string> >
+    StrCaseNe(const internal::string& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::string>(
+      str, false, false));
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any string, std::string, or C string
+// that contains the given substring.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::HasSubstrMatcher<internal::string> >
+    HasSubstr(const internal::string& substring) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::HasSubstrMatcher<internal::string>(
+      substring));
+}
+
+// Matches a string that starts with 'prefix' (case-sensitive).
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StartsWithMatcher<internal::string> >
+    StartsWith(const internal::string& prefix) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StartsWithMatcher<internal::string>(
+      prefix));
+}
+
+// Matches a string that ends with 'suffix' (case-sensitive).
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::EndsWithMatcher<internal::string> >
+    EndsWith(const internal::string& suffix) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::EndsWithMatcher<internal::string>(
+      suffix));
+}
+
+#ifdef GMOCK_HAS_REGEX
+
+// Matches a string that fully matches regular expression 'regex'.
+// The matcher takes ownership of 'regex'.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::MatchesRegexMatcher> MatchesRegex(
+    const internal::RE* regex) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::MatchesRegexMatcher(regex, true));
+}
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::MatchesRegexMatcher> MatchesRegex(
+    const internal::string& regex) {
+  return MatchesRegex(new internal::RE(regex));
+}
+
+// Matches a string that contains regular expression 'regex'.
+// The matcher takes ownership of 'regex'.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::MatchesRegexMatcher> ContainsRegex(
+    const internal::RE* regex) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::MatchesRegexMatcher(regex, false));
+}
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::MatchesRegexMatcher> ContainsRegex(
+    const internal::string& regex) {
+  return ContainsRegex(new internal::RE(regex));
+}
+
+#endif  // GMOCK_HAS_REGEX
+
+#if GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING || GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+// Wide string matchers.
+
+// Matches a string equal to str.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    StrEq(const internal::wstring& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      str, true, true));
+}
+
+// Matches a string not equal to str.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    StrNe(const internal::wstring& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      str, false, true));
+}
+
+// Matches a string equal to str, ignoring case.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    StrCaseEq(const internal::wstring& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      str, true, false));
+}
+
+// Matches a string not equal to str, ignoring case.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    StrCaseNe(const internal::wstring& str) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StrEqualityMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      str, false, false));
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any wstring, std::wstring, or C wide string
+// that contains the given substring.
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::HasSubstrMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    HasSubstr(const internal::wstring& substring) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::HasSubstrMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      substring));
+}
+
+// Matches a string that starts with 'prefix' (case-sensitive).
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::StartsWithMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    StartsWith(const internal::wstring& prefix) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::StartsWithMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      prefix));
+}
+
+// Matches a string that ends with 'suffix' (case-sensitive).
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::EndsWithMatcher<internal::wstring> >
+    EndsWith(const internal::wstring& suffix) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::EndsWithMatcher<internal::wstring>(
+      suffix));
+}
+
+#endif  // GTEST_HAS_GLOBAL_WSTRING || GTEST_HAS_STD_WSTRING
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field == the second field.
+inline internal::Eq2Matcher Eq() { return internal::Eq2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field >= the second field.
+inline internal::Ge2Matcher Ge() { return internal::Ge2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field > the second field.
+inline internal::Gt2Matcher Gt() { return internal::Gt2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field <= the second field.
+inline internal::Le2Matcher Le() { return internal::Le2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field < the second field.
+inline internal::Lt2Matcher Lt() { return internal::Lt2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a polymorphic matcher that matches a 2-tuple where the
+// first field != the second field.
+inline internal::Ne2Matcher Ne() { return internal::Ne2Matcher(); }
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any value of type T that m doesn't
+// match.
+template <typename InnerMatcher>
+inline internal::NotMatcher<InnerMatcher> Not(InnerMatcher m) {
+  return internal::NotMatcher<InnerMatcher>(m);
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any value that matches all of the
+// given matchers.
+//
+// For now we only support up to 5 matchers.  Support for more
+// matchers can be added as needed, or the user can use nested
+// AllOf()s.
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2>
+inline internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2>
+AllOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2) {
+  return internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2>(m1, m2);
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3>
+inline internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher2, Matcher3> >
+AllOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3) {
+  return AllOf(m1, AllOf(m2, m3));
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3,
+          typename Matcher4>
+inline internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher2,
+               internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher3, Matcher4> > >
+AllOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3, Matcher4 m4) {
+  return AllOf(m1, AllOf(m2, m3, m4));
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3,
+          typename Matcher4, typename Matcher5>
+inline internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher2,
+               internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher3,
+                   internal::BothOfMatcher<Matcher4, Matcher5> > > >
+AllOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3, Matcher4 m4, Matcher5 m5) {
+  return AllOf(m1, AllOf(m2, m3, m4, m5));
+}
+
+// Creates a matcher that matches any value that matches at least one
+// of the given matchers.
+//
+// For now we only support up to 5 matchers.  Support for more
+// matchers can be added as needed, or the user can use nested
+// AnyOf()s.
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2>
+inline internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2>
+AnyOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2) {
+  return internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1, Matcher2>(m1, m2);
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3>
+inline internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher2, Matcher3> >
+AnyOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3) {
+  return AnyOf(m1, AnyOf(m2, m3));
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3,
+          typename Matcher4>
+inline internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher2,
+               internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher3, Matcher4> > >
+AnyOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3, Matcher4 m4) {
+  return AnyOf(m1, AnyOf(m2, m3, m4));
+}
+
+template <typename Matcher1, typename Matcher2, typename Matcher3,
+          typename Matcher4, typename Matcher5>
+inline internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher1,
+           internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher2,
+               internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher3,
+                   internal::EitherOfMatcher<Matcher4, Matcher5> > > >
+AnyOf(Matcher1 m1, Matcher2 m2, Matcher3 m3, Matcher4 m4, Matcher5 m5) {
+  return AnyOf(m1, AnyOf(m2, m3, m4, m5));
+}
+
+// Returns a matcher that matches anything that satisfies the given
+// predicate.  The predicate can be any unary function or functor
+// whose return type can be implicitly converted to bool.
+template <typename Predicate>
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::TrulyMatcher<Predicate> >
+Truly(Predicate pred) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::TrulyMatcher<Predicate>(pred));
+}
+
+// Returns a matcher that matches an equal container.
+// This matcher behaves like Eq(), but in the event of mismatch lists the
+// values that are included in one container but not the other. (Duplicate
+// values and order differences are not explained.)
+template <typename Container>
+inline PolymorphicMatcher<internal::ContainerEqMatcher<Container> >
+    ContainerEq(const Container& rhs) {
+  return MakePolymorphicMatcher(internal::ContainerEqMatcher<Container>(rhs));
+}
+
+// Returns a predicate that is satisfied by anything that matches the
+// given matcher.
+template <typename M>
+inline internal::MatcherAsPredicate<M> Matches(M matcher) {
+  return internal::MatcherAsPredicate<M>(matcher);
+}
+
+// These macros allow using matchers to check values in Google Test
+// tests.  ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher) and EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher)
+// succeed iff the value matches the matcher.  If the assertion fails,
+// the value and the description of the matcher will be printed.
+#define ASSERT_THAT(value, matcher) ASSERT_PRED_FORMAT1(\
+    ::testing::internal::MakePredicateFormatterFromMatcher(matcher), value)
+#define EXPECT_THAT(value, matcher) EXPECT_PRED_FORMAT1(\
+    ::testing::internal::MakePredicateFormatterFromMatcher(matcher), value)
+
+}  // namespace testing
+
+#endif  // GMOCK_INCLUDE_GMOCK_GMOCK_MATCHERS_H_